Xah9ih9csfl3{127),2014 DOI M I C H A T LLTONG T A N G TRl/dNG, TAG VIEC L A M DE P H A T T R I E N B E N VUTSfG BANG NGUYEN ANH* Muc tieu ciia phat trien va tang tniong, suy cho cung, la nham dem l^i hanh phiic cho ngiroi Cac quyen ca ban khong the tuac bo ciia nguoi bao gom quyen dirge song, quyen tir do, binh dang va dac biet la quyen mmi cau hanh phiic Edward Diener (2000) da dua hoc thuyet ve h^nh phiic, mot khai niem ma theo ong lien quan chat che toi chat lirong cuoc song nhu thu nhap cao, viec lam cho moi nguoi, tu ca nhan va binh dang xa hSi Day 1^ mot qua trinh hoan thien ve moi mat kinh te, xa hoi, moi truong, the ch6 nham d ^ bao rang tang truong cao hon dong nghia voi miic dp h^inh phiic hem ciia nguoi ddn Khi ban ve tang truong, cac nha kinh te thuong chO f nhieu den nhGng chi s6 thdng ke ve von tai chinh, quy mo xu^t - nhap khau, dku tu nuac ngoai, kSt cdu ting, va dac biSt la tong san phim qu6c noi (GDP) Tuy nhien, cuoc khung hoang kinh te - xa hoi toan cau hien da cho thay tang truong la mot van de phuc tap, va chi so GDP c6 nhiSu bat cap, nhat la khong phan anh dugc thirc trang bat binh ding xa hoi Kh6ng nen hieu tang truong dcm thuan la tang GDP binh quan d4u nguoi, ma phai gan voi phat trien ben vung, chu trpng toi ca cac to kinh te, van hoa - xa hoi va moi truong Toe d6 tang truong cao phai g i n voi cai thien chat lugng cu6c s6ng hay gia tang phuc Igi cho nguoi din Tang truong khong nhat thiet phai dat toe qua cao, ma chi cin mure hop ly nhung b^n viing TSng truong ben viing la tSng truong thoi gian tuong doi dai (ft nhdt 20 nam) gan voi giai quyet tot cae van de xa hgi va bao ve moi truong sinh thai Mot quoc gia khong the tang truong bang moi gia, tu viec tieu dung tai nguyen, moi truong, khoang san, hay danh dSi cae gia tii van hoa va chuan muc xa hgi cho muc tieu tang truong Chi so GDP truyen thong c6 van de gi? Ke tir xay cugc khung hoang tai chinh va dung truoc hiem hoa biln d6i moi truong toan cau, nhihig Icri k6u gpi tu duy, xem xet lai thuc chat cua t5ng truong GDP eang nhieu Nha kinh te My Joseph Stiglitz, nguoi doat giai Nobel, da nhan djnh: "Cw^c khung hoang tai chinh hien rat c6 ich bat nguoi ta nhan thdy GDP khong ly ' PCS TS, Vi^n Xa hgi hoc ' Tong san pham qu6c n^i GDP (vi^t tat ciia cum tir tiSng Anh: Gross Domestic Product) I^ t6ng gi^ trj tinh bang tien cua loan bp hSng hod vi djch vy mi m§t nude san xu^t tren iSnh th6 ciia nir6c d6 (khong phSn bi?t n6 thu^c v^ ngiiiri dan nude hay ngudi nu6c ngoai) mpt th6i gian nhit djnh (thudng la mgt nam) Tang tru6ng kinh tfi la miic gia tSng GDP nam sau so voi nam truac 4 Boi m&i ch&t litang tang trumg, tgo viec lam de phat trien ben vimg giai cho chung ta duac gi vi nUmg chuyen xay ra" (Stiglitz, Seii va Fitoussi, 2010) Thuc vay, CO tliS tMy nhitag nhupc diim va han chS sau day cua clli so GDP: • GDP la chi s8 luong vS kich ca ciia njn kinh tS nhung lai thiSu chuan xac danh gia mile s6ng cua xa hoi va nhit la khong phan anh dugc b& bmh dang xa hoi GDP khong phan anh tning thuc sil cong bSng va phan chia loi ich xa hoi Chi so GDP cao CO thS la kit qua san xuSt, kinh doanh cvia mot s& ca nhan va ting Ictp giau c6 xa hoi, phto Ion dan chiing van s6ng dual mile ngheo kh6 Tham chi, c6 thS chi CO mot nhom nho huong Igd tu tang truong GDP Trong rSt nhiSu truong hop thu nhap binh qufln dSu nguoi qu6c gia hay mot dia phuong c6 the cao nhimg nhieu nguoi dan van song doi ngheo • Chi s6 GDP khong tinh dSn su hai hoa qua trinh phat triSn, nhdt la d6i voi moi truong sinh thai Mot qu6c gia c6 thi dat t6c d6 tang truong GDP cao khai thac tai nguy§n khoang san nhung he luy va tac dpng tieu cue den moi truong lai rat Ion Tinh trang doanh nghiep dong gop dang ke cho tang truong GDP nhung dong thai lai g^y nhiem moi truong voi chat thai ran, nuoc thai va bui cong nghiep, v.v Thuc trang phan anh mot nghich ly la ho^t dong kinh te cua cac doanh nghiep duoc tinh GDP nhimg thiet hai ve moi truong ma ho g3y lai bi bo qua • Chi so GDP khong bao gom cac boat dong kinh \k nglm, kinh tl phi ti6n te, ciing nhu cac cong viec tinh nguyen, cham soc mien phi, va ca gia tri cua thoi gian nghi ngai ma nguoi rat can den Vi vay, tai cac quoc gia c6 khu vuc kinh xk phi chinh thiic phat trien thi s6 lieu ctia GDP se kem chinh xac va khong phan anh diing quy thuc trang kinh t6 - xa hoi • Cho dii GDP ciaa nhieu quoc gia gia tang nhimg mtic ngheo doi v&i khong duoc cai thien TrSn thd giod van c6 40% dan sd dang s6ng voi miic thu nhjp dual USD/ngay (World Bank, 2014) DiSu cho thiy giila GDP va giam ngheo khong c6 quan he tuong ung Chi 53 Gini tren thS gioi gia tang tit 0,43 dSn 0,71 vong 90 nam cho thay tang truong kinh tS toan cSu khong giup thu hep duoc bit binh dSng xa hoi Nguoi ngheo va nguoi y6u thS cang thua thiet tren binh dien toan ciu vi hi loai trtt xa hoi Mot nghien cilu gin day cho thiy su hai long cua nguoi dan khong gia tang ty 1? thuan viH tang truong GDP (Cassiers, 2013) • Chi so GDP khong phan anh duoc hanh phuc cua nguoi dan cung nhu su hai long ciia ho doi voi cuoc s6ng Cuoc khiing hoang tai chinh toan ciu canh bao nhan loai ring du thira vat chat va su thinh vupng khong thS bto viing hoi tai nguyen tren trai dit la hOu han Su hai long ciia nguoi dan chi c6 dugc su hai hoa voi thien nhito va dugc s5ng vfji nhiing qiiyen ca ban cua minh Chi s6 hanh phuc va chit lugng s6ng dang dugc nhilu nuoc tren the gitii xem xet theo duoi, tu Brazil dSn Anh, Nhat Ban tai Han Qu6c Day la nhitag qu6c gia dang tim mot huijng di moi cho su ph6n vinh ma dam bao cong bing xa hoi, chii trpng phat trien ma khong lam t6n hai cho moi truong, va dap ling dugc nhu ciu cua cac the he tuong lai Bang Nguyen Anh Richard Easterlin (2010), nha kinh t§ hgc noi tieng cua Hoa Ky da chiing minh mot nghich ly ring tang truong GDR khong lam hanh phuc gia tang ("nghich ly Easterlin")' Du c6 nhieu nguoi mua xe hoi hay tau biet thu sang song viec so hGu cac tai san dat tien chua chac da dem Isti them hanh phiic cho nguoi Tuong tu, eong nghe cao khong phai la "cay dua than" luon dem I§ii sy: phon vinh xa hoi, boi neu cong nghe dugc su dung nham khai thac tai nguyen nham tang GDP, gop phan tan pha moi truong thi khong phai la dieu mong muon Vay can sur dung chi so nao de bo sung, tham chi thay the cho GDP nham phan anh day du hon chat lugng song? Su hai long eiia nguoi dan can dugc dem nhu the nao dieu kien ciia mot th§ gioi kho doan dinh nhu hi$n nay? Cae quoe gia dang no luc tim kiem eau tra loi mac dii van chua dat dugc ket qua cuoi cung Bhutan da timg di dau no luc voi de xuat ehi s6 "Tong hanh phiic quoc gia" (GNH - Gross National Happiness) Quoe vuong Bhutan da kh6ng ngSn ngai bay to quan diem voi cau noi noi tieng: "Tong hanh phiic quoc gia (GNH) quan trgng hon tong san pham quoc n6i (GDP)" (Minh Thu, 2012) To ehiie Hgp tac va Phat trien Kinh te ehau Au (OECD) voi sir tham gia cua hon 30 nin kinh tk hang diu thi gioi da dua Chi s6 cuoc song tot dep hon (Better Life Index) thay cho danh gia thu&i tiiy dua tren GDP Day la mot cong cu cho phep sap xep cac quoc gia OECD theo 11 ehi bao bao g6m: (1) Nha (2) Thu nhap (3) Vi?e lam (4) Cong d6ng (5) Hgc hanh (6) Moi truong (7) Su tham gia cua cong dan (8) Sue khoe (9) Hai long cugc s6ng (10) An toan (11) Can bing giua eong viec va cugc song Chi so cho phep so sanh dugc cac quoe gia tir cac goc khac Vi du, neu eho rang su can bang giua cugc s6ng voi cong viee va moi truong la quan trgng nhat thi Dan Maeh va Thuy Dien la nhung nuoc diing dau the gioi, nhimg neu danh gia thu nhap va sue khoe la yeu to can thilt nhit thi My va Thuy Si Igi giu ngoi dau Duong nhien, mong muon va su hai long cua nguoi dan eo the khac giiJa cac xa hgi, tiiy theo nhan thue va trinh dSn tri khae Song dieu quan trgng la khong thS CO dugc hanh phiic don thuan voi tang truong GDP Trong no luc cua minh, Chinh phu Nhat Ban cimg dang tim toi mot chi so de lucmg su hai long va hanh phiie nguoi dan Chi s6 bao g6m nhan to la: (1) dieu kien kinh te va xa hoi (2) su khoe manh the chit v^ tinh thin, va (3) sir g i n ket xa hgi va gia dinh Day la huong di moi, nham can bing lai tae dgng thai qua ciia tang truong kinh tk d6i voi moi truong va eac gia tri x3 hgi Noi mgt each khac, phat triSn kinh te can song hanh voi viec bao ve moi truong tu nhien va quan tri tot xa hgi Cong dong quoc te, dae biet cae nuoc cong nghiep phat triSn, dang c6 gang th\re hien kiem soat hieu ling nha kinh, eat giam lugng thai CO2 va dong gop nghia vu tai ehinh de ling voi bien doi hau toan c^u ' Easterlin v^ egng sv (2010) kit lugn rSng: ngin han, hanh phflc \k GDP di doi v6i nhau, nhung dai h^n, h^nh phiic khong tang len GDP tang 6 B6i mai chit luang tang tntang tao vi?c lam M phat trien ben viing Co nen tiep tuc theo du8i muc tieu GDP dl nang cao chat lirffng tang truomg it Vif t Nam? Cau hoi bit ngu6n tir thuc tS dac thu cua nude ta, la sir d\mg chi tieu GDP dS luong nang luc diSu hanh ciia cdc cip, voi ap luc phai hoan cac chi tieu phat triSn kinh tS - xa hgi va kj hoach dS hang nam Hau het cac chien luge va nghi quySt dugc cac cip ban hanh dat muc tieu tang GDP kha cao so voi thuc te va cao hon nhiSu so voi muc tieu tang GDP chung cua ca nuoc Vi vay, kh6ng qua ng?c nhien mot tinh mi6n niii nhiSu kho khan nhu Lam D6ng c6 t6c tang trucmg GDP cao hai chtt s6 (14%), va thu nhap binh quan GDP diu nguoi cvia tinh la 42,5 trifiu d6ng (UBND tinh Lam Ding, 2014) Nguoi dan huyen Bao Lam c6 miic sing thip, ho ngheo nhiiu nhung nha du an khai thac quang bo-xit va thuc hi^n giai phong mat bing nen GDP binh quan diu nguoi cOa huyen rit cao ty le ho ngheo van rat Ion Do ap luc phai dat hoac vugt chi tieu tang truong nen cac dia phuong tinh toan da ep chi s6 gia xu6ng di lam cho tang trucmg GDP cao 16n Day la tang truong ao va theo nhu phan tich tren, kho c6 thi dua tren chi s5 GDP di danh gia vi chit sy cong Thuc ti cho thiy, kh6ng phai su tang truong nao ciing mang l?i hieu qu4 kinh ti - xa hoi nhu mong mu6n, tSng truong kinh tS qua miic c6 the khien cho nen kinh ti qua ndng va phan hoa giau ngheo gia tang, moi trucmg sinh thai bi de dga Moi quic gia timg thai ky phai tim nhutlg biSn phap tich cue de thuc hien muc tieu tang trucmg hgp ly, ben vimg Th\rc ttEing hien cho thay, ngoai chi tieu kinh te ca nuac c6 chi tieu cua 63 nin kinh ti dia phuong voi 63 so GDP cua cac tinh, Tham chi, cac cap qu^, huy?n ciing tinh toan, cong bo va su dung chi tieu GDP de phan anh toe tang truong Tinh trang tinh trimg, tang truong ao voi chi so GDP hien xay kha bien c^c dja phuong dua chay theo tang truong GDP, voi xu huong cang cao cang tit Theo Bo truong Bg Ke hoach va Dau tu Biii Quang Vinh, cac dia phuong c6 ciia khau nhu Thanh Ho Chi Minh hay Lao Cai, L^g Stm, Quang Tri, hang nam c6 thi xuit khiu - ty USD/ciia khau va dugc dua vao GDP, nhimg toan bg gia tri s ^ xuit khong phai cac tinh lam ma cac dia phuong khac nen din din bi trung lap va lam sai lech chi so GDP Tuong tu, mot hat gao c6 the dugc nhiiu dia phucmg cung tinh, noi san xuit tinh lin mot, roi vln hat gao toi dia phuong khac di dong goi xuit khiu lai dugc tinh lin thii hai Do moi din din thuc trang cac tinh cong bi tic tang GDP hiu hit tren 10% nhung GDP ca nuoc chi dat khoang - 6% (Huong Minh, 2014) Trong do, doi voi si dong nguoi lao dgng GDP khong phai la mii quan tam hang dau, ma la can chuyen cua chinh quyin, cua nguoi lanh dac Viec lam, sinh ki, com, ao, gao tien moi la nhung moi quan tam nhit cua nguoi dan Niu nhu ciu viec lam va thu nhap khong dugc dap ilng thi giam ngheo khong bin viing, va day s5 la mot cac nguyen nhan lam phat sinh cac he luy kinh ti - xa hgi khac Khi khong c6 viec, nien de sa vao cac te nan xa hgi nhu co bac, mai dam, ma tuy, bang hoai nhan each va tin thuong ca mgt the he tre Ngay cang co nhiiu lao dgng ma s6 dong la nien phai lam Bang Nguyen Anh eac cong viec tam thoi, nang suit va thu nhap deu thap Su khap khiing giiia ky nang tay ngh^ va doi hoi eua thi truong lao dgng la tro nggi Ion doi voi van de giai quyet vi6c lam va tang nang suit hien Truoe doi hoi cua thuc tS, cin doi moi chat lugng tang truong, gin voi chi tieu tao eong an viee lam Tao viec lam va chong lam phat la muc tieu ma tat ca cac ehinh phii tren the gioi deu tap trung giai quyet, ehii khong phai la GDP hay eac ehi tieu tuong tu Thay vao do, tao cong an viec lam cho nguoi dan phai la uu tien so mgt tir mue tieu phat trien vi nguoi Dieu quan trgng la tieu ehi danh gia hieu qua tang truong can dua tren ket qua tao viec lam Noi nao, nganh nao, linh vuc nao tao nhieu cong an vi?c lam thi noi do, nganh phai dugc coi trgng, chii khong phai eon so GDP phien dien va thieu khaeh quan Tao vice lam va giai quyet viec lam la muc tieu can dugc uu tiSn hang dau, la co so de danh gia nang luc lanh dao Voi lue lugng lao dgng ea nude uoc tinh d?t 54,4 trieu nguoi hien (trong lao dgng nam chiem 51,6%, lao dgng nit chidm 48,4%), dam bao viec lam on dinh va tao thSm nhieu viec lam moi la mgt thach thiic va la nhiem vu quan trgng Giai quy^t viec lam cho nien se gop phan on dinh, dam bao an sinh xa hgi (Dang Nguyen Anh, 2014) Hien nay, ty 1? that nghiep va thieu viec lam rat cao nhom dan s6 nien thiiu nhihig ky nang tay nghe va kinh nghiem can thi^t ma thi truong lao dgng doi hoi Theo bao eao eiia To chuc Lao dgng quoc te va T6ng eye Thdng ke (2013), nien tuoi 15 den 24 chiem 50,4% t6ng s6 nguoi thit nghiep Viet Nam Neu tinh them nhom tuoi 25 - 29 thi ty trgng cao hon M6i nam, co khoang 1,2-1,6 trieu nien gia nhap thi truong lao dflng, ein viec lam o Viet Nam Rat nhieu s6 hg phai vat va moi tim va giiJ dugc viee lara Duoi tac dgng eua cugc khimg hoang kinh te toan cau, thuc trang viec lam ciia nien thoi gian gin day diSn bien kha phiic tap Ciing theo bao cao noi tren, nam 2013 chi tao dugc khoang 1,5 trieu viec lam so voi muc tieu ke ho^eh giai quylt 1,6 tri?u viec lam Tuong irng voi thue trang tren, ty le thit nghiep rit cao cua nien thi hien la 18,8% va nien nong thon la 7,9% Ty le nien thit nghiep gia tang tir 4,1% (nSm 2009) len 5,2% (nam 2010), va tang len 5,5% (nam 2012) Rieng nam 2013 ty 1? thit nghi?p nien thi da len toi 10,2%, va dac biet la nhom tu6i 15-19 co ty le thit nghiep len toi 21,3% (Vi?n Khoa hgc lao dgng va xa hgi, 2013) Tao CO hgi de tat ca mgi nguoi, dae bi?t la nien khong eon di hge nhung van CO dugc viec lam on dinh la mgt nhi?m vu quan trgng hien ciing nhu ve lau dai Lao dgng tre a nong thon la ehia khoa cho sir tang truong, nang cao nang suat, hien dai hoa va tai ciu tnic san xuit nong nghiep Tuy nhien, rit nhieu nien nong thon hiu nhu Bdi mai chat luong tang trucmg, tao viec lam de phat trien hen vOng khong CO su lua chgn nao khac ngoai viec tham gia vao c4c cong viec nang suat thap, thu nhap thip, hoac nhOng cong viec gia dinh khong co thu nhap, nhit la linh vuc nong nghiep Da din luc, cac dia phuong cin coi trgng chi si viec lam va tao viec lam, nhit la cho nien Khong nen qua chii trgng vao muc tieu ting truong GDP vi su quan tam cua nguoi dan la viec lam, thu nhap va sinh ki chii khong phai GDP moi nam tang bao nhieu? Tao nhiiu viec lam, dac bi$t cho lao dgng tre, si gop phan in djnh, dam bao va an sinh xa hgi Hien nay, tinh trang hang chuc nghin sinh vien trucmg khong tim dugc viec lam phu hgp la mgt su lang phi Ion cho xa hgi, chit lugng giao due va hieu qua dao tao thip Trong do, cac doanh nghiep, co quan va cac nha tuyen dimg khong phat triin dugc nguin nhan luc, xa hoi van phai chju cac chi phi dao tao va ganh nang that nghiep Tinh trang chua dugc khJc phuc hay cai thien, va se tiip tuc dien cac nam toi (Dang Nguyen Anh, 2014) Thay loi kit Dii voi nhiiu quic gia, tang truomg kinh te la dieu kien tien quyet de khac phuc svr tut hau xa hon vi kinh ti Tang truong kinh ti la myc tieu quan trgng, nhung se la khong diing niu theo duii tang trudng kinh ti bing mgi gia va chay theo chi tieu GDP Dat muc tieu tang truong GDP khong ding nghia hay tuong ling voi viec nang cao muc sing nguoi dan va cai thi?n moi trudng sinh thai Can coi tang GDP chi la phuong tien nham nang cao chat lu(;mg cugc song, chii khong phai la dich cu6i cung Sir nham lin giua phucmg tien va muc dich qua trinh phat trien se c6 the phai tra gia Dieu doi hoi su thay doi tu hoach dinh ke hoach va danh gia chinh sach cac cap Nghich ly phat trien la chay theo cac so tang truong ma khong dat ngudi, siic khoe, hanh phiic ciia ngudi dan trung tam cua su phat trien, de moi buoc tang trudng kinh te phai dugc phan anh bang su cai thien tCrng budc chat lugng cugc song cua ngudi dan Siic manh phat trien ben vfing va th^nh c6ng ciia mOt dan tdc khong thS thieu an sinh xa hgi, viec lam cho ngudi dan la het siic can thiet Tao viec lam la tieu chi then chot doi voi mgt nen kinh te dang giai doan diu phat triin nhu d Viet Nam hien Giai quyet tot vin di vi$c lam la mgt nhimg nhan ti dam bao in djnh xa h§i, dam bao tang trudng va giam ngheo bin vitag, nang cao chit lugng cugc song cho ngudi lao dgng Day la yeu ti gop phan lam dii moi noi t^ nin kinh ti, thuc hi$n muc tieu tai ciu tnic kinh ti nhu Nghi quyit cua Dang va Nha nude da di Tai lieu tham khao D^ng Nguyen Anh 2014 Vi4c lam va giai quyit viec lam nien: Tbvc trgng va giaiphdp Bdo cao x hoi 2013 Viln Xa hpi hoc Hi NOi Bgng Nguyen Anh Diener, Edward 2000 Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index American Psychology, 55(1), 34-43 Cassiers, Isabelle 2013 "How GDP has failed to address people's concerns" Seminar presentation at the Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences on May 2013 Hanoi Easterlin, Richard A., Laura Angelescu McVey, Switek, Malgorzata; Sawangfa, Onnicha; Smith Zweig, Jacqueline 2010 The happiness-income paradox revisited Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ofthe United States ofAmerica 107 (52): 22463-22468 Huong Minh, 2014 Tinh GDP nhu hi?n nay, nhiSu quySt sich sg sai Bio m6i, ngky 13/8/2014, www.baomoi.com/Tinh-GDP-nhu-hien-nay-nhieu-quyet-sach-se-sai/45/14557968.epi Minh Thu 2012 H ^ phiic hay s\r hai idng xa hoi? Di tim thudc cho su thinh vugrng B^o Tuoi tre, ngiy 18/11/2012,3646-2012(1515) Stiglitz, J.E., Sen, A and Fitoussi, J-P 2010 Mismeasuring Our Lives Why GDP doesn't add up The New Press UBND (Uy ban Nhan dan) tinh Lam D6ng Bao cao danh gid tinh hinh Ihi^c hien lei hogch kinh ti - xa hgi nam 2014; Dirkidn ki hoach kinh ti-xShgindm 2015 Ngay 1/8/2014, LSm D6ng Vi?n Khoa hpc Lao dpng va xa hpi 2013 Xu hirang lao dong vdxahoi Vi^t Nam nam 2013 bdi cdnh suy giam tang trucmg kinh ti Nxb Lao dong Ha N6i World Bank 2014 fVorld Development Report 2014 Risk and Opportuny: Managing Risks for Development World Bank: Washington DC