58 ^u bi|n iSJjSn WnJ) xa hpi hoc si 2(126), 2014 HO TRO GIAI QUYET VIEC LAM CHO NGUOl SAU CAI NGHIEN TINH YEN BAI TRI$U THI TRINH* Vai tro cua giai quyet vifc lam Vide Idm Id co sd eho sy ton tgi va phat triin eua moi ngudi, thd hidn quyln va nghia vy ea bdn cua cdng dan va la can cd ddnh gia mdc dp binh ddng va ddn chu eua mdt xa hpi Gidi quyet vide Idm la mdt nhiing ehinh sach quan trpng cua moi qudc gia, ddc bi?t la ddi vdi cdc nude dang phat trien nhu Viet Nam Gidi quydt vide Idm thye ehat Id mdt qua trinh tde ddng ed chu dich cua chd the xa hpi vd ngudi lao ddng nhdm giup ngudi lao dpng cd vi?c 1dm, vide 1dm day du cd thu nhdp va phdi hudng tdi khdng ngijmg ndng cao chat lupng vif c lam, thu nhdp cao, dn dinh dd ngudi lao ddng cd cupc sing vdt chdt vd tinh than ngdy cdng cao Giai quylt vi?c lam khdng ehi Id vdn dd kinh td ma Id vdn de xd hpi vi cd lien quan den edng bdng xa hpi va tidn bp xa hpi; gidi quylt vi^c Idm khdng ehi Id sy quan tdm cua ngudi lao ddng, gia dinh, m5i qudc gia ma Id van dd cd tinh chdt todn cdu Gidi quydt vide lam la mpt nhirng muc tidu va thudc quan trpng nhdt dd danh gid tinh uu vidt ciia mot chd dp xd hdi, trinh dd vdn minh cda nhan logl CJ Vi$t Nam, Dang va Nhd nude ludn coi eon ngudi la trung tam, vua la mue tidu, vda la dpng lye cua sy phdt tridn bdn vimg Chinh vi vdy, vdn dd gidi quylt vi?e lam eho ngudi lao dpng ludn la mpt nhdng ndi dung co ban phdt tridn kinh tl - xa hpi Muc tidu ciia chinh sach lao ddng va giai quydt vifc Idm la hudng vdo giai phdng sue sdn xudt, gidi phdng va phdt huy mpi tilm ndng sdc lao dpng, khai ddy tilm ndng cua mpi ngudi vd toan xa hpi, coi trpng gid trj sdc lao dpng, md rdng co hdi cho mpi ngudi diu phdt triin Gidi quydt vi?e Idm cho ngudi lao ddng khdng chi la moi quan tam hang ddu cua cd nude md cdn Id nhiem vu chidn lupc cda mSi dia phuang, nhdt Id nhihig nai edn nhilu khd khan nhu khu vye mien nui phia Bdc Cde tinh mien ndi, vdng sau, viing xa dd dupe ho trp thdng qua cdc ehuong trinh muc tidu qudc gia vd xda ddi giam ngheo, vl tgo vi?e lam, gidi quydt vi?c Idm , song day van la nhihig vung, miln ed nhilu khd khdn nhdt so vdi cac khu vyc khac ea nude Sy ban ehe vd trinh dp phat triin kinh tl x3 hpi, ngudn nhdn lye vd sy thdp kem cda co sd hg tdng cpng vdi sy gia tdng dan sd la nhihig ly chu ylu tao ndn nhiing thdch thdc vl vi§c lam ddi vdi ngudi lao d^ng d cdc khu vyc ThS, Trirdng Dgi hgc Lao dgng - Xa hgi Tri?u Thi Trinh 59 Van nan ma nhirng nam gan day d Yen Bai Qua trinh todn cdu hda, phdt tridn kinh te thi trudng hidn dang dien sdi ddng va manh me, ddn din sy giao thoa hpi nhgp sau rdng va toan di$n tren pham vi todn thi gidi Ben cgnh nhdng anh hudng tich cyc nd eung dem ddn khdng it nhung tidu cue, Idm gia tang tinh trgng phgm tpi vd nhdng van ngn mang tinh toan cdu Hilm hpa ma tdy khdng chi Id mpt thdch thdc nghidm trpng ddi vdi Viet Nam md cdn la vdn ngn cda nhidu qudc gia khdc trdn thd gidi Lien Hpp qudc da keu gpi cac qudc gia ehung tay gdp sdc ddu tranh chdng Igi hiem hpa Trong nhiing ndm qua, Ddng va Nhd nude Viet Nam da cd nhirng chi dgo quydt liet vdi nhilu dpt quan, vdi nhilu lye lupng phdi hpp, nhieu bien phdp eu thi vdi quylt tdm kien quylt ddu tranh phdng, ehdng va bai trd t? nan ma tdy, thu dupe nhidu kit qud nhdt dinh Chuong trinh muc tidu quIc gia vd phdng chdng ma giai dogn 2012 - 2015 dl moi nam gidm 5% sd ngudi nghien ma tdy, gidm 10% xa, huydn, thi trdn ed td ngn ma dd nang tdng sd xd, phuong, thi trdn tren cd nude khdng cd te nan ma la 50% Day la mot nhi?m vu rdt ndng nd vdi toan xa hpi Khu vyc cdc tinh miln ndi, bidn gidi phia Bdc Id dia ban trpng diim, phuc tgp vl hogt dpng tdng trd, vgn ehuyin, budn ban, cay gay nghidn va td chdc sd dung ma Ydn Bdi Id tinh miln nui phia Bac, dia hinh phue tgp, cd dien tich ty nhien 6.887,977 km^ (bang 2,07 % di?n tich ca nude) Phia Bac gldp tinh Lao Cai, phia Nam giap tinh Phu Thp, phia Ddng gidp tinh Tuyen Quang, phia Tay giap tinh Son La Tinh Yen Bai ed huydn, thj xd vd thdnh phi, vdi 180 xd, phudng, thi trdn La tinh midn ndi cd nhidu dan tdc, dan sd cudi nam 2005 la: 731.784 ngudi, mpt sd ndm trudc day d cdc huy?n vdng cao Id vdng trdng edy thudc phidn Cung vdi sy phdt trien kinh te - xa hpi, t? nan xd hpi ndi chung va td ngn ma ndi rieng cung dien bidn rdt phuc tap Ben eanh vi$c hut thudc phidn Id hd tue mang tinh tap qudn dd cd tu Idu d viing cao, thi td nhilu nam d phd Ydn Bai vd mdt sd huy|n vung thdp sd ngudi su dyng ma tu^ (hit, chich ma tuy) ed xu hudng gia tdng, gay tde hai nhilu mat vd kinh td, vdn hod, xd hpi T? ngn ma dang lam suy thodi nhan each, phdm gia, tan phd cudc sdng eua nhidu gia dinh va xd hdi Hidn viec su dung ma tdng hpp (can sa, ngao da, eac loai ma tdng hop ) khdng gidm ma ngdy edng cd chidu hudng gia tang, chi tinh ridng thdng dau ndm 2012 trdn cd nude ed 171.392 ngudi nghien ma tuy, tdng 12.978 ngudi so vdi ciing ky, tinh din thdng 12 nam 2013 cd nude cd khoang 181.400 ngudi nghien ma (Nguyen Hdi Loan, 2014) NIU tinh chung trdn ea nude ndm 2006 cd 71.261 ngudi nghidn cd hd so qudn ly tren tdng sd khoang 140.000 ngudi nghidn ma tuy, thi ridng tinh Yen Bdi dded den 3.116 ngudi (UBND tinh Ydn Bdi, 2006), chilm ti I^ 4,37% So ngudi nghipn d tinh cd hd so qudn ly vd dupe eai nghi?n tgi trung tdm la 2.651 ngudi trdn tdng sd 44.065 ngudi trdn cd nude, chilm 6% Trong dd, sd ngudi nghidn Igi tgp trung ddng nhdt d nhiiiig huy?n ddc biet khd khdn vdi ti Id ddng bdo dan tde thidu sd, trinh dp dan tri ban hep nhu Mu Cang Chai, Trgm Tau Giai dogn tu 2001 - 2005, sd ngudi nghidn ma tiiy ed hd sa qudn ly Idn 60 Hd trg gidi quyet viec lam cho ngudi sau cai nghien d tinh Yen Bdi luat la; nam 2001 ed 2.423, nam 2002 ed 2.164, nam 2003 ed 2.515, nam 2004 ed 2.213, nam 2005 ed 2.400 Nhu vay so vdi nam 2006 thi sd ngudi nghijn cd hd so quan ly ed ehidu hudng tang len va phSn nao eho thay s\i phat ttien phde tap eiia van nan ndy d tinh Yen Bai Sd ngudi nghien dugc eai nghien tai gia dinh va cdng ddng nhieu nhat d Trung du midn nui phia Bac la 5.242 ngudi, chidm 50% cd nude; tiep ddn ddng bing sdng Hdng vdi 2.580 ngudi, chiem 24%; Bie Trung bg vd Duydn hai Nam Trung bp vdi 1.090 ngudi, chidm 10%; ddng bang sdng Ciiu Long; Ddng Nam bd; vd thdp nhjt la Tay Nguydn Ngircri cai nghidn tai lo^i hinh Trung tlim chia theo Vung Tnjng du vS fri^n nui phb Bac, 4199,17% Nguon: Nien gidm thong ke lao dgng 2006-2010 cua Cifc Viec lam, Bg LB-TB-XH Sd ngudi nghidn dugc cai nghidn tai lo^i hinh Trung tam nhieu nhat d E>dng Nam bd vdi 8.445 ngudi, chiem 36% ca nude; tidp ddn ddng bing sdng Hong vdi 6,392 ngudi, chidm 26%; Trung du midn nui phia BSc 4.199 ngudi, chidm 17%; ddng bing sdng Cira Long 2.780 ngudi, chidm 11%; Bic Trung bg va Duydn hii Nam Trung b§ vdi 2.263 ngudi, chidm 9% v^ thap nhdt 14 Tay Nguyen (Bg LD - TB vaXH,2012) H trQT giai quylt vi€c \km cho ngiroi sau cai nghidn & tinh Yen Bdi Neu giai quydt vi$c lam cho ngudi lao dgng binh thudng da Id mdt vin dd khd khan va thdch thuc thi cdng tac h5 trg gidi quylt vi$c lam cho ngudi sau cai nghidn Ijii cang khd khan hon, ddi hdi s\r tham gia eua ca gia dinh, xa hgi va eua ci he thong chinh tri, thd hifn tinh nhan vSn va bin linh cua che dd ta Trong edng cugc ddi mdi dit nude, Dai hdi Dang toan qudc lin thii X (2006) chu trucmg kdt hgp cdc muc tieu kinh td vdi cac myc tieu xa h§i ph?m vi cd nude va d timg linh vvrc, timg dja phuong, phat trien kinh te den dau gidi quydt cdc vdn de xS hgi den ddy, khdng de ton Tri^u Thi Trinh 61 dpng Gidi quylt vide Idra nhdm dua ngudi sau cai nghidn tdi hda nhdp cpng ddng, gdp phdn dn dinh kinh tl - ehinh tri - xd hpi Id mdt nhdng vdn dl Theo bdo edo eda Bp Lao dpng, Thuong binh vd Xa hdi hidn nay, ed nude ed 121 trung tdm chda bdnh gido due lao dpng xd hdi vd 20 trung tam qudn ly sau cai Thdng qua lao ddng gidp ngudi nghien ma tdy nhdn thde dupe gid tri ciia sdc lao ddng de tu dudng, ren luydn phdn ddu trd thdnh ngudi cdng ddn cd ieh cho gia dmh va xa hdi Hit thdi gian cai nghien, ngudi nghidn ma trd ve tai hod nhdp edng ddng, vd dja phuong, gia dinh, khdng dupe qudn ly chat che, khd nang tim vide lam rdt thdp, mdt so gia dinh ed ca sd kinh doanh dich vy hode cd didu ki?n thi ed thd bd tri tim vide lam cho hp nhung phdn Idn sd ngudi nghien sau cai khdng ed vi^e lam, chua dn dinh dupe eupe sdng va tidp tye sing ty do, budng tha ndn Igi tai nghi?n 3.1 Ho tr& ddo tao nghe Trung tdm eai nghidn vd lao dpng tmh Yen Bai ed khu (Khu A,B,C) dupe lap theo Quydt djnh 15QD/UB ngdy 01 thdng 04 nam 1992 cua Uy ban Nhan dan tinh Yen Bai sau dupe ddi ten Trung tdm Chda bdnh - Gido due - Lao dpng tinh Ydn Bai Ngudi dupe cai nghi?n ma phdi trai qua bdn giai dogn tgi trung tam: tu tidp nhgn phdn loai, edt eon (trong vdng 15 ngay), gido dye phye hdi nhan edeh va giai dogn Idu nhdt keo dai it nhdt tu 20 din 23 thdng Id lao ddng tri lieu, day nghi vd ehudn bj tdi hod nhdp edng ddng, ching tai nghi?n Sd ngudi nghidn ma duac cai nghi$n tai Trung tam ndm (2001 - 2005) la 1.831 ddi tupng, ttong do: nam 2001 eai dupe 340 ddi tupng; nam 2002 cai dupe 350 ddi tupng; nam 2003 cai dupe 386 ddi tupng; ndm 2004 cai dupe 355 ddi tuang; ndm 2005 cai dupe 400 ddi tupng, ty Id thodt nghi?n Id 13% (theo sd lieu din thang 10 ndm 2006) (Trung tdm Chda bdnh - Giao dye - Lao dpng tinh Ydn Bdi) Hang ndm, Trung tdm phdi edn cu vao tinh hinh phdt tridn kinh tl xd hdi cua dia phuang nai ngudi nghi?n cu tru va nhu edu hpe nghi cua ngudi nghi?n dl xdy dyng kl hogch dgy nghi, chudn h\ vl ca sd vgt chdt, kinh phi, hop ding dpi ngu gido vidn, tgp trung dgy cae nghd nhu: trpt, chdn nudi bd, Ipn, nudi trlng thuy sdn, che biln ndng Idm thuy sdn, sua chda xe may, nl, di?n, cdp nude ddn dyng, di?n ndng thdn, mde, v.v Ket hap day nghi vdi tl chdc lao ddng thyc hdnh tgi Trung tdm, dl cdng CO tay nghd, tgo dilu ki?n thuan Ipi eho dii tuang tim vide lam tai hod nhap cpng dong Tuy nhidn, giai dogn thd ndm Id quan 1^ Idu dai dya vao edng ddng (dupe thyc hi?n ngodi Trung tam) mdi la giai doan khd khdn nhdt, quylt dinh nhdt den vi?e ngudi nghi?n ed bj tdi nghien hay khdng, cd trd lai Id ngudi cd ich cho gia duih vd xd hdi hay khdng Vi vay, vdi nhieu bidn phdp nhdm dua ngudi nghi?n thoat nghien, quan ly, tai hda nhdp cpng ddng, tinh Ydn Bdi da cd nhiing budc di ey thd t ^ trung vdo giai quyet vi?e lam cho nhdng ddi tuang nay, dya vdo sy quan ly, giup dd cua ehinh quyen dja phuang, cdc ca quan, doan thi, doanh nghidp, gia dinh 62 Ho tra gidi quyet vi?c lam cho ngudi sau cai nghidn d tinh Yen Bdi Tuy nhien, cdng tde ho trp va gidi quylt vide 1dm cho ngudi sau cai nghi?n chi thyc sy di vao boat ddng mpt each cd td chdc td sau 20 thdng ndm 2007, Uy ban nhan dan tinh Ydn Bdi ed quydt dinh sd 523/QD-UBND phe duydt Dd an "Ndng cao hieu qud cdng tac cai nghidn ma vd thi diem td chde day nghe, tao viee 1dm eho ngudi nghidn ma sau cai nghien tinh Ydn Bdi, giai doan 2006 - 2010" Muc tidu eu thd cua d l dn Id: phdn ddu mdi ndm cai nghien cho 900 - 1000 lupt ngudi, dd cai tgi Trung tdm eai nghi$n va lao dpng tinh chidm tu 60% - 70%; sd cdn lai cai nghi$n tai gia dinh va cdng ddng Moi ndm day nghi cho td 300 ngudi trd Idn; tgo viec lam cho tu 300 - 400 ngudi nghidn ma sau cai Td ndm 2010 trd di phdn ddu 100 % ngudi nghidn ma cai nghidn tgi Trung tdm Chda bdnh - Giao dye - Lao ddng tinh, n l u ty nguyen diu dupe gidi quylt vide Idm sau cai nghidn Phdn ddu ty I? thoat nghidn ddn ndm 2010 dat td 20 % trd Idn 3.2 Nhirng ket qud dat duac Sau thyc hidn xong giai dogn gido due phue hdi hdnh vi, nhdn each, ngudi cai nghi$n dupe phan logi trdn co sd ket qua ren Iuy?n, trinh dp, sdc khoe vd nhu edu hpc nghi eda ddi tuong, Trung tdm xet chpn ddi tupng de md cdc Idp dgy nghe, tgp trung vao ede nghe cu the nhu: xdy dyng, dien nude, sda chda xe may, thdu ren, thp may, ky nghe lam tranh dd quy (dgy eho nhihig ddi tupng khu vyc thi trdn, thi xa, thdnh phd vdi thdi gian hpc - thang); chdn nudi bd, Ipn, cd tdm (dgy cho nhihig ddi tupng thupc vung ndng thdn, cd ddi rung, ddng ed rpng, ngudn nude ty nhien vdi thdi gian hpe I thdng); trdng edy dn qud, trdng rimg (dgy eho ddi tupng thupc cde xd vung cao, cd ddt ddi, dat rimg vdi thdi gian hpc thang); khai thdc, khoan dd, no min, ehl biln dd edng nghi$p (thdi gian hpc thdng) Thdng qua day nghi tgi trung tam, ngudi sau cai nghidn trd v l tai hda nhgp cdng ddng cd the ty tgo vide lam eho chinh minh (md eda hang, co sd sdn xudt ) ho?ic tham gia lao dpng sdn xudt tgi eac ca sd, doanh nghiep trdn dia ban v.v Td cde boat dpng tren, cd the tao dupe ngudn thu nhdp ehinh dang, tgo dupe dpng co va nang luc phdn ddu eho ngudi cai nghidn khdng hi tdi nghidn Tinh ridng td nam 2005 - 2007, Trung tam cai nghipn va lao dpng tinh dd md dupe Idp so cdp chdn nudi thd y, dao tao dupe 40 ngudi, Idp s a edp n l , ddo tgo dupe 50 ngudi Tuy nhien tu sau nam 2007 thye hi?n d l dn 523 quy md ddo tgo nghi cd nhdng budc phdt d i l n nhanh chdng rdt thilt thyc, tinh din hit ndm 2009 dd ed 285 ngudi dupe dao tao nghd Td nam 2010 ddn ndm 2013, so hpe vidn dupe dao tao nghi da Idn ddn 350 ngudi, ndng ting sd ngudi sau eai nghifn dupe ddo tao Id 635 ngudi/21 Idp duac md (Trung tdm Chda bdnh - Gido due - Lao ddng tinh Ydn Bai) Nhiing ngudi nghi?n sau dai ty nguy?n lao dpng thi duac xem xdt gidi thi?u vdi cdc doanh nghi?p, don vi su dung lao ddng tren dia ban tinh Mpt bp phdn dupe tilp nhgn vao Idm viec d cac doanh nghidp de khai thdc va san xuat dd cdng nghidp Nhiing ddi tuong tu nguy?n cd du tidu chudn vd didu kien, dupe ddo tao dua di xuat khdu lao d^ng d cde thi trudng thich hpp Nhiing ngudi nghidn sau eai trd ve vdi gia dinh vd cpng ddng dupe dja phuong vd gia dinh quan ly giup dd; duac xem xet cho vay vdn vdi Idi sudt thap d l ty tao giai quydt v i | c lam va dn djnh ddi sdng Tri?u Thi Trinh 63 3.3 Mdt so tdn tgi, h^n che Den cung ehua tim mpt md hinh nao hieu qud, ed tinh kha thi vl vdn dl gidi quyet viec lam eho ngudi sau cai nghidn Dao tao nghd chu ylu mdi chi tgp trung vao nhiing nganh nghi lao ddng phi thdng ndng nhpc nhu khai thdc, bdc xip md da thi thdi gian gdn ddy da dupe ea gidi hda ndn vi$c lam cho ngudi sau eai nghi?n ciing hi gidm di ddng kl Nhin ehung, giai quylt vide lam eho ngudi sau cai nghien d tinh Ydn Bdi da dat dupe nhdng cdng nhdt dinh, gdp phdn gidi quydt cde vdn dd xa hpi mdt cdch ddng bp, ben vdng, dn dinh ddi sdng kinh td - ehinh trj - xd hpi eiia tmh theo ehu truong eua Ddng Tuy nhidn, bdn cgnh dd eiing tdn tgi khdng it nhiing khd khan, bdt cap, vi vdy ddi hdi phdi cd sy phdi hpp giai quylt ting hda ede yeu td va phai dupe sy quan tdm eda ede cap chinh quydn Ban thdn ngudi eai nghien phai rdt no Iyc, gia dinh va cpng ddng cung phdi quan tdm, dpng vien ngudi cai nghidn tri ndp sdng, tdc phong lanh mgnh va ddc bidt phai tim dupe nidm vui, Id sdng cdng vide thi mdi mong khdng bi tai nghi$n Tdi li^u tham khao Bp Lao ddng, Thuong binh vd Xa hpi 2011 Nien giam thdng kd lao ddng 2006 - 2010 cua Cyc Vide Idm, Bd Lao ddng, Thuong binh va Xd hdi Bp Lao ddng, Thuong binh va Xa h^i Nidn giam thing kd Lao ddng, Ngudi cd cdng va Xa hpi ndm 2006-2010, Nxb Lao ddng xd hdi Chinh phu nude Cong hda Xd hdi chu nghia Vi?t Nam Hiln phap ndm 1992 Dang Cdng san Vipt Nam 2001 Vdn ki?n Dgi hdi Ddng todn qudc lan thu DC Nxb Chinh tri Qude gia Nguyen Hdi Loan 2014 Tai Ii?u quan ly trudng hpp vdi ngudi sd dyng ma tiiy, Nxb Lao dpng xa hdi, tap Sd Lao dpng, Thuong binh va Xa h$i tinh Yen Bdi Bao cao cdc ndm 2005 - 2013 eda Trung tdm Chda bdnh - Gido due - Lao dpng tmh Ydn Bai UBND tmh Ydn Bai Quylt djnh sd 523 QD/UB phd duydt dl an "Vi?c lam cho ngudi sau cai nghidn giai doan 2006 - 2010" ... cho ngiroi sau cai nghidn & tinh Yen Bdi Neu giai quydt vi$c lam cho ngudi lao dgng binh thudng da Id mdt vin dd khd khan va thdch thuc thi cdng tac h5 trg gidi quylt vi$c lam cho ngudi sau cai. .. tac cai nghidn ma vd thi diem td chde day nghe, tao viee 1dm eho ngudi nghidn ma sau cai nghien tinh Ydn Bdi, giai doan 2006 - 2010" Muc tidu eu thd cua d l dn Id: phdn ddu mdi ndm cai nghien cho. .. nghidn ma sau cai Td ndm 2010 trd di phdn ddu 100 % ngudi nghidn ma cai nghidn tgi Trung tdm Chda bdnh - Giao dye - Lao ddng tinh, n l u ty nguyen diu dupe gidi quylt vide Idm sau cai nghidn