Sự phát triển quan điểm cải cách thể chế kinh tế của Trung Quốc trong quá trình Trung Quốc hóa chủ nghĩa Mác.pdf

TRifT HOC, so' 11 (282), T H A N G U J ^ SUrPHAT TRIEN QUAN DIEM CAI CACH THE CHE KINH TE CUA TRUNG QUOC TRONG QUA TRINH TRUNG QUOC HOA CHU NGHiA MAC' NGUYfeN MINH HOAN < Trong hdn nita thi'ky ddi vd tdn tgi cua nUdc Cgng hba nhdn ddn Trung Hoa, ke tU Trung Qud'c tiin hdnh thiic hien chien lUdc cdi cdch, md cita Hgi nghi Trung Udng ldn thU khod XI Bdng Cgng sdn Trung Quoc (thdng 12 • 1978) vgch ra, Trung Qud'c mdi thUc sU hUdc vdo dudng xdy dUng hiin dgi hoa tren mdt tinh thdn mdi Nhiing kit qud md Trung Quoc dgtdUdc Unh vUc kinh ti chinh la sdn phdm ciia sUphdt trien quan diem cdi cdch thi chi cua Trung Qud'c qud trinh Trung Qud'c hoa chit nghia Mdc e dng cupc cai each met cia kinh t l 35 nara qua cia Trung Qud'c, bit diu tQ Hdi nghi Tnmg fldng khda XI (12 - 1978) cia Dang Cdng san Trung Qud'c, da dat dfldc nhflng kit qua to ldn Vide chuydn doi tQ the che' kinh te' ke' hoach hda tap trung eao dp sang nen kinh td' thi trfldng xa hdi ehi nghia da t£io ed sd va dpng lflc thuc day nln kinh te dat td'c dp tdng trUdng cao, dUa Trung Qud'c trd thdnh nUde cd nen kinh te ldn thfl tren the gidi Nhflng kit qua to 16n eia nen kinh tl, xet mdt each sdu xa, chfnh la kit qua cia qua trinh lau dai tilp thu, van dung va phat triln ly luan eia ehi nghia Mac - Lenin vl xay dflng ehi nghia xa hpi phu hdp vdi dilu kien cia Trung Qud'c d mdi giai doan nhit dinh san Trung Qudc da dfla quan diem vl phat trien va giai phdng lflc lUdng san xuit cung vdi sfl dieu chinh quan he san xuat muc tieu xay dUng chi ngbia xa hpi Nam 1953, Trung Qud'e chinh thfle chuyen sang dfldng phat trien the che kinh t l mdi Trong thdi didm dd, Trung Qud'e bat diu tie'n hanh ke hoach nam lin thfl nhit; ddng thdi, Trung fldng Dang Cdng san Trung Qud'c de xuat dUdng tdng quat eia thdi ky qua dp, tiln hanh "Ba dai cai tao"; Cai tao ndng nghidp, t h i cdng nghiep v i tU ban cdng thUdng vdi mong mud'n nhanh ehdng qua dp ldn chi nghia xa hdi vdng 10 dd'n 15 nam NhUng s6m hdn nhilu so vdi dfl kiln, nam 1956 tflc chi sau nam, Dai hdi Dang Cdng san Trung Qud'c lan thfl Bgc diem thi che kinh te cua Trung Qudc tit ndm 1949 di'n trUdc cdi cdch vd md c^a Ngay tfl nfldc Cong hda nhan dan Trung Hoa dflpc lap, Dang Cong (*) Bai viet la ket qua nghign cflu thuoc de tai c£p Bg "Trung Quoc h6a chu nghia Mac va met sd goi y ddl vdi Viet Nam" (**) Phd giao sU, tidn si, Vign Triet hoc Hoc vien Chfnh tri Qudc gia Ho Chi Minh 48 NGUYEN MINH HOAN VIII tuydn bd' Trung Qudc da bflde vao chi nghia xa hdi Trai qua "Ba dai cai tao", ed ed'u phan nln kinh td' Trung Qud'c da cd sfl chuyen bie'n ro ndt Trong nen kinh te' qud'c dan, hai thdnh phin dfla tren ehe' dp sd hflu toan dan va tap the chie'm dai bd phan So sanh giQa nam 1952 de'n nam 1956 cho thiy, ty le kinh te' qud'c doanh tQ 19,1% tang ldn 32,2%; khih t l hdp tac xa tQ 1,5% tang ldn 53,4%; kinh te'edng tfl hdp doanh tfl 0,7% tdng Ien 7,3%; kinh te ca the tfl 71,8% giam xudng 7,1%; kinh t l tfl ban c h i nghia tfl 6,9% giam tiem can 0% Ba hinh thfle diu tidn chilm tdi 92,9% Vl tdng san lupng cdng nghidp, cung tQ ndm 1952 dd'n ndm 1956 eho thiy, edng nghiep xa hpi chi nghia tQ 56% tdng Ien 67,5%; cdng nghiep tfl ban nha nfldc tfl 26,9% tang ldn 32,5%; cdng nghiep tfl ban chi nghia tfl 17,1% giam vl gin 0%(1) Vide thfle hien "Ba dai cai tao" nhim thfle hien muc tidu tdng the trdn cd sd kdt hdp chat ehe viec triln khai xay diing kidn thiet nen kinh te' quy rad ldn vdi tid'n hanh cai tao xa hdi chi nghia Muc tieu ndy dfldc gpi la "Mpt than hai canh" (nhit t h i Ifldng dflc), "mdt thdn" la liy cdng nghidp hda xd hpi chi nghia lam chu thi; "hai canh", ma radt de cai tao ndng nghidp va t h i cdng nghiep, mpt dl cai tao edng thfldng nghidp tfl ban chi nghia Chi c6 nhfl vdy cdng nghiep hda xa hpi ehi nghia mdi cit canh Vdi nhan thfle va kit qua dd, vl kinh td' da ed ban dat dfldc hsd tieu chuan: Mgt Id, che dd cdng hflu ddn nhat gifl vai trd chi the tuyet ddl vdi hai hinh thfle la qud'c doanh va tdp the; hai Id, da bit dau thfle bien toan dien kinh te' kd' hoach Cung vdi nhflng ket qua nhfl vdy, ndm 1956, Bdn ve mUdi quan he ldn, Mao Trach Ddng da can cfl vao thfle td' xay dflng chi nghia xa hpi ci Trung Qud'c de dfla phfldng chara chi dao edng cudc xdy dflng mpt nfldc Trung Hoa radi Tuy nhidn, cflng vdi cai tao xa hdi chi nghia giai doan nay, vide "chuydn nhanh sd hflu edng xa ndng thdn sang sd hQu todn dan" (nhit binh nhi dieu) da dflde ehi nhfl mdt bdi hpc sai lam ldn ban dau bUdc vdo xay dflng chi nghia xa hdi d Trung Qud'c vide xac Idp quan he san xuit phu hdp vdi trinh dp phat trien cia lflc lUdng san xuat De khic phue sai lim dd, rapt sd' nha lanh dao the' he thfl nha't eung nhfl mdt so' hpc gia thdi ky nay, nhfl Trin Van, Tdn Da Phfldng, Cd' Chuan, Vu Quang Viln, Trac Quynh da neu quan didm the hien tim nhin vl san xuit hing hda, vl quy luat gia tri va ve dieu tiet thi trUdng, song nhflng quan didm da khdng dfldc thfle hien bdi sfl can trd cia quan dilm ta khuynh lue dd ve chi nghia xa hpi Trong so' quan diera neu nhim khic phue han ehe cia cd ehl kinh te k l hoach tdp trung cao dp, vdi tfl each rapt nha lanh dao kinh tl, ndra 1956 Tran Van da dl xuat e h i trfldng vl "Ba cai chi thi, ba cai bo sung" Theo do, ngoai vai trd chi the eua nhd nfldc va tap thi (1) Xem: 70 ndm Ddng Cdng sdn Trung Quoc Nxb lich siJI Dang Cong san Trung Quoc, 1999, tr.359 - 360 49 S U P H A T TRIEN QUAN DE^M cAl CACH THE CHE KINH TE , cung nhfl vai trd c h i the cia k l hoach nha nfldc va vai trd ehi t h i quan ly thi trfldng eia nha nQdc, ein phai bd sung vao vai trd eia ca thi san xuat, kinh doanh thi trUdng tfl d mQc dp cho phep(2) Dflng trUdc sU suy thoai eia nen kinh te theo hUdng ke hoach hda va loai bd thi trudng a'y, da eo nhieu y kie'n trai chilu, tham chi gay git Tuy vay, vl nguyen nhan khach quan, co the thay, sau nUde Cdng hda nhdn dan Trung Hoa dUde lap, dac biet sau cupc chiln tranh Trieu Tien, nln kinh t l Trung Qud'c da phai chiu sfl bao vay cia My va cac nude tU ban chi nghia khac Rieng linh vfle ngoai thfldng cia Trung Qud'c vdi cac nfldc da sut giam vdi tde dp nhanh chdng(3) Trong tinh hinh dd, kinh te' ddl ngoai cia Trung Qudc chi gidi han chi yeu quan he vdi Lien Xd va cac nUdc Ddng Au Dl tranh t h i ngudn lUc vidn trd nham thue day khdi phuc va phat triln kinh tl, Trung Qud'c tat ye'u phai xay dflng md hinh kinh tike'hoach tap trung de tiem can vdi nln kinh te Lien Xd Hdn nfla, chfnh vi Trung Qud'e chUa eo kinh nghiera xay dUng chi nghia xa hpi, ciing nhu chUa co kinh nghiem xay dflng hien dai hda, nen Trung Qud'c phai hpc tap Lien Xd Mao Trach Dong neu ro: "Dang Cpng san Lien Xd chinh la mdt ngfldi thiy tdt nhat, chung ta phai hpc tap theohp"(4) Mac du viec xay dflng md hinh kinh te ke' hoaeh tap trung cao dp ndi trdn la mdt Ilia ehpn t i t ylu, song nhflng han ehl cia md hinh kinh t l da sdm 50 dflpc cac nha lanh dao eia Dang Cdng san Trung Qud'e nhdn Trflde Nha nfldc Trung Qudc ddi, nhm chung quan nidm eia nhflng nha lanh dao thi kinh t l kl hoach dUdng nhien la Uu vidt hdn so vdi kinh t l thi t'rUdng, song Dang Cdng san Trung Qud'c cho ring, vdi dilu kidn nln kinh te Trung Qud'c edn lac hdu khdng thi thUc hidn mdt nen kinh t l ke hoaeh diy di, ndn vdn can thiet phai ldi dung thi trUdng dl khdi phue nln kinh te, phat triln san xua't; kinh t l kl hoach chi nen thfle hien Uu tien khu vfle kinh t l qud'c doanh, de'n bflde vao xay dflng e h i nghia xa hpi mdt each diy d i mdi thUe hidn triet de kinh te' ke' hoach Quan diem cia Dang Cpng san Trung Qud'e da phan anh dung tinh hinh thfle tien, cung nhfl gin vdi ly ludn kinh t l eua c h i nghia dan chi radi ct Trung Qud'c dd Vl quan dilm nay, tfl ndm 1934, Mao Trach Ddng da nhan manh, ddi vdi nen san xuit t h i cdng nghiep phan tan "viec thfle hien theo ke hoach chi tilt dfldng nhien la khdng the"; song rapt so' khu vfle kinh te' quan trpng nhfl nha nude va tap t h i thi vide thUc hien "kd' hoaeh san xuit tUdng ddl ti mi lai hoan toan cin thie't"(5) Thang nam 1949, Hpi nghi Bd Chfnh tri, Mao (2) Xem: Vdn tuyin Trdn Vdn, quyg'n Nxb Nhan dan, 1995, t r l (tieng Trung) (3) Xem: Ngo Thiia Minh, Ddng Chi Khai ( c h i bien) Lich sU kinh te nUdc Cgng hba nhan dan Trung Hoa, quyen Nxb NhSn dan, tr.270 (tie'ng Trung) (4) Vdn tuyen Mao Trach Ddng, q u y l n Nvb Nhan dan, 1991, t r l (tieng Trung) (5) Vdn tuyen Mao Track Bdng, q u y | n , ^ , Nhan dan, 1991, tr 132 - 133 (tidng Trung) ' NGUYEN MINH HOAN Trach Ddng nhan manh: "Mdt mat, se la cflc doan neu eho ring kinh te' cia chi nghia dan chi mdi khdng phai la kinh te k l hoach, ma chi la tfl kinh doanh, tfl canh tranh, khdng hfldng tdi phat triln ehi nghia xa hpi, chi hfldng theo phat trien chi nghia tu ban ; mat khdc, phai chu y va than trpng d vide khdng dUde vdi va thfle hien chi nghia xa hdi h6a"(6) Sau nfldc Trung Hoa radi ddi, LUu Thilu Ky vdn nhin manh vide phai can trpng thfle hien tinh td chflc va tfnh ke' hoaeh eia nen kinh te qude dan Theo dng, "nln kinh td' kd' hoach phai thfle hien mot gidi han kha nang cin thilt, hdn nQa phai tieh hanh thfle hidn tflng bflde, quyet khdng the vfldt qua gidi han, cung nhfl quyet khdng the thfle hien todn bd nln kinh te' vdi mdt trinh dp qua cao vd mdt pham vi qua ldn"(7) Tuy nhien, danh gia vl nguyen nhan din de'n viec Ifla ehpn the che kinh te' k l hoach tap trung cao dp neu tren thi ngoai tfl kinh tl, edn nguydn nhdn vl f thfle he Ngay thdi gian trien khai xay dflng nen kinh t l quy md ldn, Trung Qud'c da Ifla ehpn dfldng cdng nghidp hda flu tien phat triln cdng nghiep nang, song cac nha lanh dao Dang Cdng san Trung Qud'c cung dd y thfle dfldc sfl cin thie't phai tinh den hidu qua tQ phat triln cdng nghiep nhe de tao ed sd giai quylt bai toan khd khan trflde mit ve kinh tl Tuy nhien, hoan canh chien tranh lanh ddi hdi phai dam bao an toan qud'c gia cupc ehay dua thing ai, nen quan didm da khdng trci hien thfle Thang ndm 1955, Hdi nghi dai bilu toan qud'c cia Dang, lan diu tien Mao Trach Ddng dfla ehu trQdng "trong vdng vai ehuc ndm phai dudi kip cac nudc tU ban ehi nghia ldn nhit, dd phai vUdt qua nUdc My", dac biet linh vfle gang thep la mdt diem then chdt eia hp(8) TQ thfle tidn xay dflng the che' kinh te neu tren, da din din hai each tilp cdn ve dac trUng ban ehit cia ehi nghia xa hpi ci Trung Qud'c Cac quan diem cd ban ndy trd cd sd cho viee xae dinh, liia ehpn nhQng budc di cu the khdng chi d giai doan trflde day ma ca nhflng giai doan sau Theo dd, quan diem thfl nha't nhan manh giai phdng va phat trien iQc Ifldng san xuit la hat nhan ban chat chi nghia xa hdi Quan diem thfl hai nha'n manh quan he san xuat vfldt trUdc trdn cd sci cia chd' dp cdng hflu, phan phdl theo lao dpng mdt the che' kinh te' ke' hoach mdi thfle sfl la dac trflng eia chi nghia xa hdi Vl vin dl nay, xet tren cd sci ly luan cho thay, theo quy luat ve sfl phu hdp cia quan hd san xuit vdi trinh dp phat trien eia lflc iQdng san xuat, thi dQdng nhien quan he san xuit thupc vio sfl giai phdng va phat triln eia lflc Ifldng san xuit Song, ca hai (6) Bac Nhat Ba Nhin Igi nhiing quye't sdch vd sU kiin trgng dgi, quyen thUdng Nxb Lich stt Dang Cgng san Trung Qudc, 2008, t r l (tieng Trung) (7) Luu Thiiu Ky bdn vi xdy dUng nin kinh ti Trung Qud'c mdi Nxb Van hidn Trung Udng, 1993, tr.30 (tieng Trung) (8) Xem: http://paper.people.com.cn/rmlt/html/201105/2iycontent_827845.htm?div=-l ( A ^ i f e S ) 51 S U P H A T TRIEN QUAN DIEM cAl CACH THE CHfe' KINH TE quan diem tren diu cd diem sai: Quan dilm thfl nhit nhan manh vide phat triln va giai phdng lflc Ifldng san xuat phai tien hdnh bing t h i chi ke hoaeh hda tap trung cao dp; quan diem thfl hai lai nhin manh sfl vfldt trQdc qua xa cia quan hd san xuit so vdi trinh dp iQc iQdng san xuat cdn thip kem dd Nhu vay, tren thUc te, ea hai quan dilm diu gay sfl lung tung each hieu va theo do, din de'n nhflng ehi dao sai lam thdi ky trQdc cai each va md cia d Trung Qud'c NhQng sai lim qua trinh tim tdi dfldng phat triln cho thay, sau che' dd xa hdi chi nghia da dfldc thiet lap, tren thfle t l Trung Qudc vin ehfla tim dflde eon dfldng phat tridn chi nghia xa hdi phu hdp vdi thfle tiln eia rainh Tinh hinh ndy cd ba can nguyen: Mdt la, chep giao dilu rapt so nguyen tie C.Mae dfl bao vl xa hdi tfldng lai, nhfl tim each thfle hidn cdng hQu hda tQ lieu san xuat todn xa hdi qua sdm, han che san xuit hang hda; hai la, chep cd ehe' kinh te' tap trung eao dd va cd ehe chfnh tri tap quyln cao dp cia Lien Xd, tfl kim ham sfl phat trien eia lflc Ifldng san xuit, gay xd cflng vl tfl tfldng, can trd viec phat huy tfnh tfch cflc cia nhan ddn; ba Id, dUa nhflng quan dilm sai lim nup dfldi danh nghia ehi nghia Mac, nhfl "Dai nhay vpt", "Dai each mang vdn hda" Thfle chit eua nhflng sai lim tren la lam trai vdi phfldng chim tu tudng "thfle sfl ciu thi", xa rdi thfle tl, vfldt qua xa dilu kien phat 52 triln lieh s i eu t h i c i a Trung Q^^^Sau nay, danh gia vl nhflng sai ldm neu trdn, Dang Tilu Bmh chi ro; "Nhiing ngudi lam each mang deu de mac benh ndng vdi Y dd cia ta thi tdt diy, mudn di ldn ehu nghia cpng san sdm mpt chut Dilu dd thudng khiln eho chung ta khdng binh tinh phan tich tinh hinh chi quan, khach quan, dd m i trai quy ludt phat triln the' gidi khach quan Trung Qud'c qua khfl da pham sai lira ndng vdi"(9) Bgc didm cua the che kinh ti'd Trung Qud'c tU tie'n hdnh edi cdch, md c&a ndm 1978 di'n Budc vdo cai each va mci cia, tren cd sd tdng ket nhQng bai hpc tQ thfle tien xay dflng c h i nghia xa hpi, Dang Tieu Binh da de xuat viec liy xdy dflng kinh te lam trung tara cho phfldng cham chi dao cai each Nha'n manh Trung Qudc dang d giai doan dau cia chu nghia xa hpi, va c h i nghia xa hdi eung ed thi thiic hien kinh t l thi trfldng tren cd sd giai phdng va phat triln lflc Ifldng san xuit the hien d tieu chf "Ba cai ldi cho", cu thd la cd ldi eho viec phat triln lflc Ifldng san xuit xa hpi c h i nghia, cd ldi eho viec phat huy sflc manh td'ng hdp cia nhi nfldc xa hdi c h i nghia, cd ldi cho vide nang eao mflc sd'ng eia nhan dan Neu quan didm ehi dao ldn vd toan dien vl dfldng phat trien iy, Dang Tilu Binh da ehi ro; "Ban chit cia chi nghia xa hdi la giai phdng sflc san xuat, phat (9) Vdn tuy&t Bang Tieu Binh, quydn Nxb Ch' h tri Qudc gia, Ha Noi, 1995, tr.l53 NGUYEN MINH HOAN ly gian tiep lam chi dao", "tid'p tuc phat trien nhilu loai sd hflu tren cd sd tiln dl cia che'dp cdng hflu chi dao"(12) De'n diu nam 1992, Dang Tilu Binh da neu y kiln cho ring, kinh t l ke hoach khdng phai la dac trflng rieng ed cia chi nghia xa hpi, md ca chi nghia tu ban cung cd ke' hoaeh; ngUdc lai, kinh td' thi trudng khdng phai la cai dac thu chu nghia tU ban, bdi ehi nghia xa hdi eung cd thi trfldng, ndi each khac "kl hoach nhilu hay thi trudng nhilu, khdng phai Id sfl khac vl ban chat gifla chi nghia xa hdi vdi chi nghia tfl ban"(13) Dai hpi XIV Dang Cpng san Trung Qud'c ndra 1992 da liy viec xay dflng "the che' kinh te' thi trfldng xa hpi chi nghia" lam muc tieu cia cai each the che' kinh te', eudc cai each theo hfldng thi trfldng hda cdng dfldc thuc day nhanh chdng Thd che' kinh te' mdi da ed vai trd flu the vdn hanh kinh te' Nhfl vay, tfnh de'n nam 1992, trai qua qua trinh t h i nghiem cai each, md cia hdn 10 nam, Trung Qud'e cang xdc dinh ro hdn vl phfldng hfldng cai each, tren cd sd xac lap the ehl kinh te thi Thing 10 - 1987, Dai hpi dai bilu Dang trfldng xa hpi chi nghia Ndi dung chi Cdng san Trung Qud'e lin thQ XIII dat ylu eia cai each va xay dflng the ehl dQde bflde di tie'p theo phfldng kinh te' thi trfldng Id: Kien tri phfldng hfldng cai each t h i che kinh te', tren cd cham che dp cdng hflu dong vai trd ehi sd chi ro: "Pham vi tae dung cia k l hoach va thi trfldng deu bao trim ldn (10) Vdn tuyen Ddng TUu Binh Sdd, quyln 3, tr.396 ca xa hdi", phai "nhanh chdng xay dflng (11) Tdnghe^ cdc vdn kiin quan trgng vi cdi cdch thi chi kinh te'tU Hgi nghi Trung Udng kfwa XI (quyen vd phat ixiln he thdng thi trfldng xa hdi thupng) Nxb Cai each, 1990, tr.l31 (tig'ng Tnmg) chi nghia", "tflng bflde kien toan hd (12) Tuyen bien tdi liiu quan trgng tU Dgi hgi XIII Nhan dan, 1991, tr 27 - 31 (tieng Trung) thdng dieu tilt kinh te vi md liy quan Nxb (13) Vdn tuyin Dgng Tieu Binh Sdd., quydn 3, tr.396 trien sflc san xuat, tieu diet bdc lot, tieu diet phan boa hai cflc, cudi ciing dat dflde dfeh cflng gidu c6"(10) Hien thfle hda quan diem phat trien neu trdn, tfl nam 1979 din nam 1984 dfldc eoi la thdi ky the hien sfl quay lai tdn trpng quy luat gia tri, mci rdng va phat huy tae dung cia cd ehe' thi trfldng Cac bien phap cai each dflpc ap dung diu tien d ndng thdn da khid'n ndng nghiep nhanh chdng phuc hdi vd phat trien, tao sQc thuyet phuc dl ddng dao ngfldi ddn tie'p nhan eude cai each theo hfldng thi trfldng Trdn cd sd iy, de'n nam 1984, cai each the ehe' kinh td' theo hudng thi trUcfng cdng ro net, hinh nhflng ndt dac trUng cia thdi ky cai each rad eia Thing 10 - 1984, Hpi nghi Trung Udng khda XII eia Dang Cdng san Trung Qud'e lan diu tien dl xua't "Quydt dinh vi cdi cdch the che kinh te", coi kinh te' xa hdi ehi nghia la kinh te' hdng hda cd k l hoach, nhin manh "phai cd sU dot pha vdi quan niem truyen thd'ng ve sfl ddl lap gifla kinh te' kd' hoaeh vdi kinh te'hang h6a"(ll) Day Id budc tie'n bp nhan thfle ly luan 53 SUPHAT TRIEN QUAN DIEM cAl CACH THE C H ^ ' K I N H TE dao cung vdi phat tridn nhilu phan kinh te', chuyen dd'i ed ehe' boat dpng eia cac doanh nghiep nhd nUdc, xac lap che dp doanh nghiep hien dai thieh hpp vdi ydu cau cia kinh te thi trudng; xay dflng he thd'ng thi trfldng md va thdng nhit toan qud'c, thfle hien kit hdp chat che vdi thi trUdng nong thdn, thi trUdng nU6c kit ndl vdi thi trUdng qud'c te', thuc day phdn bd hdp ly ngudn tai nguyen; chuyin ddi chfle nang quan ly kinh t l eia ehfnh phi, xay dflng he thd'ng dilu tilt vi md bing viec hoan thien bien phap gian tiep; xay dflng chi dp phan phdi cdng bing tren cd sd la'y phan phdl theo lao dpng lam e h i dao, uu tien hieu qua, khuyen khieh mot sd' khu vUc, mpt bd phan gidu trQdc tien tdi eung giau cd; thfle hien an sinh xa hdi, thuc day sQ phat trien va dn dinh xa hpi De'n mua thu nam 1993, Hdi nghi Trung fldng khda XIV Dang Cong san Trung Qud'c thdng qua "Quyi't dinh mdt sd vdn di vi xay ditng the che kinh te thi trudng xd hdi chu nghia" Quylt dinh ndy la bUdc di tid'p theo viec phat trien he thong thi trudng; chuyen tfl nen kinh te chi huy sang nln kinh t l chi dgo cd ke hoach; xay dflng he thd'ng dieu tilt vi md; xay dflng che' dp phan phdi thu nhap hdp ly, bao dam edng bang, an sinh xa hdi va nhilu va'n dl cu thd khae Chi dp kinh te' cd ban c i a Trung Qudc la sfl phat trien cia che dd cdng hflu ddng vai trd c h i dao ciing vdi nhidu ehl dp sd hflu khac Ban than ehe dp cdng hQu cung dQde thfle hien dfldi nhilu hinh thfle da dang; kinh t l phi cdng hflu la mpt bd phan eiu quan trpng eia kinh te thi trfldng xa hpi chi nghia Quan diem khdng chi thue day su phat triln cia kinh te cdng hQu, kinh t l tap thi, ma ca vdi kinh t l phi cdng hQu Dilu cd y nghia hdn la quan dilm da dflde ghi lai Hie'n phap s i a ddi Hdi nghi Trung Qdng khda XV nam 1997 da thdng qua "Quyi't dinh cua Ban Chdp hdnh Trung UOng vi mgt so' vdn di lien quan tdi viec xdy ditng the ehe kinh te thi trUdng xd hdi ehu nghia", de khung cd ban cia kinh t l thi trfldng Cung vdo thdi diem nay, Trung Qud'c tieh thdm mdt bflde vide de xuit quan didm kinh te phi cong hflu la mdt bp phan quan trpng cia kinh t l thi trUcfng xa hpi c h i nghia Trung Qud'c, no gdp phin huy ddng ngudn vdn, ky thuat tham gia vao nln san xuit ciing nhfl gdp phan cing ed quan he phan phdl, thue diy sfl nghiep cai each the ehl kinh te tiln Ien Ddng thdi vdi nhiing muc tidu dfldc de ra, tinh than cia nhiing k^ dai hdi tie'p theo tren cd sd tong ket bai hpc tfl thfle tidn xdy dflng the ehe kinh tl, Nam 1997, Dai hpi XV diy manh hdng loat van de tie'p tue dfldc dat mdt budc ve cai each t h i che kinh tl, ddi hdi phai giai quylt va din hodn giai quyet mdt sd vin dl ly luan dat thien, nhfl v i n dl giai doan phat trien tfl qua trinh cai each, dac biet la vin dl c h i nghia xa hdi, quan hd giQa k l ehl dp sd hflu Dai hdi XV da chi ro: hoaeh vdi thi trfldng, kinh t l hang lida 54 NGUYEN MINH HOAN va kinh te thi trfldng xa hdi ehi nghia; sfl chuyen bidn can ban giQa the che' kinh te va phQdng thfle tdng trfldng kinh te', vin de tam ndng vd sfl di ddn thi cia ndng dan, phan phdl thu nhdp, quan he gifla cai each phat triln va sfl on dinh Day la nhflng van de can cd quan diem chi dao lara cd sd cho viec giai quyet Tid'p tuc quan diem chi dao eia Dang Tieu Binh, Giang Trach Dan dua quan diem "Ba dai didn" bai phat bieu quan trpng ky nidra 80 ndra lap Dang Cdng san Trung Qudc (1 - 2001), neu ro: Dang Cong san Trung Qud'c dai didn eho yeu eiu phat triln cia lflc Ifldng san xuit tien tien; dai dien eho xu hfldng tie'n bd cia van hoa tien tid'n Trung Qud'e; dai didn cho ldi fch cdn ban cia quang dai nhan dan Trung Qud'e Trong ba dai dien dd, thi dai dien eho yeu eiu phat tridn cia lflc Ifldng san xuat tien tid'n ehinh Id ddi hdi toan bd Iy luan, dfldng ldl, cfldng linh, phfldng cham, ehfnh sach vd mpi cdng tac cia Dang phai phQ hdp vdi quy luat phat trien cia lflc Ifldng san xuit tien tien, dap Qng yeu cau khdng ngiing diy m£inh giai phong va phat tridn lflc lUdng san xua't, nhat la yeu eau phat tridn lflc Ifldng san xuat tien tie'n Nhit quan vdi quan dilm ve dae trflng eia ehi nghia xa hpi phai dfla tren tidu chi trflde hit Id phat trien lflc Ifldng san xuit tidn tien dilu kien kinh te thi trfldng, Hd Cam Dao vdi tfl each the he lanh dao thfl tfl, ben canh viec de cao vai trd eia giai phdng va phat triln lflc Ifldng san xuit, cdn eoi trpng mue tieu xay dflng xa hdi hai hda xa hdi chi nghia, nhan manh vide thfle hien nhflng nhiem vu ldn nhfl hoan thien the chi kinh t l thi trfldng xa hpi chi nghia; coi phat trien la nhiem vu hang dau de eing c6' sfl lanh dao cia Dang va chin hflng qud'c gia; ehl dd cdng hflu la che' dp kinh te' ed ban cua chi nghia xa hpi ddng vai trd chi dao cung vdi sfl tdn tai cia nhilu chd' dp set hflu khac nhau; 20 nam diu eia the' ky XXI phan da'u tdp trung sflc lflc de xay dflng xa hpi kha gia v i vide phat trien lflc Ifldng san xuit tien tie'n tilp tuc dfldc nhin manh la nln tang eia sfl phat trien Hpi nghi Trung fldng khda XVIII cua Dang Cdng san Trung Qud'c (11 2013) thdng qua "Quyi't dinh cda Trung uang Bdng Cgng sdn Trung Qud'c vi nhUng vdn di quan trgng di sdu edi cdeh"; dd, nhan manh trdn cd sd liy cai each the ehl kinh t l lam trpng diem, di sau cai each toan dien cac linh vfle ed ban cia ddi sd'ng xa hpi, bao gdra cai each thd ehd' ehfnh tri; cai each the che van hda, xd hdi; xay dflng the ehl van minh sinh thai; cai each ehe dp xay dflng Dang; cai each qudc phdng, quan dpi Tdm lai, viec kien tri chiln lUdc cai each theo tiing bUdc tfl mdi bat diu cai each md eia da giup Trung Qudc dat dfldc nhiing tflu ldn vl kinh te Day ciing chinh Id tiln de, ed set de Trung Qud'c xae dinh nhflng npi dung edt ldi nhim thfle hien muc tieu xay dflng e h i nghia xa hdi dac sic Trung Qud'c Q 55 ... phuc va phat triln kinh tl, Trung Qud''c tat ye''u phai xay dflng md hinh kinh tike''hoach tap trung de tiem can vdi nln kinh te Lien Xd Hdn nfla, chfnh vi Trung Qud''e chUa eo kinh nghiera xay dUng... dang; kinh t l phi cdng hflu la mpt bd phan eiu quan trpng eia kinh te thi trfldng xa hpi chi nghia Quan diem khdng chi thue day su phat triln cia kinh te cdng hQu, kinh t l tap thi, ma ca vdi kinh. .. Lich stt Dang Cgng san Trung Qudc, 2008, t r l (tieng Trung) (7) Luu Thiiu Ky bdn vi xdy dUng nin kinh ti Trung Qud''c mdi Nxb Van hidn Trung Udng, 1993, tr.30 (tieng Trung) (8) Xem: http://paper.people.com.cn/rmlt/html/201105/2iycontent_827845.htm?div=-l