jg CAN MOT THAI DO THI/C TE VOl TON GIAO TRONG THE GlOl HIEN NAY • TS NGUYEN BlTC DIEN Trudng Bgi hoc YHd Ngi T dn gido ed vi the nhu thd ndo md sudt gdn nhu toan bd lich su tdn tgi vd phdt trien cua xa hdi lodi ngirdi dgn tan ngdy vdn tdn tgi? Va ttong thd k^ XXI, rdi nhting thd k^ tigp theo nua, lieu tdn gido cd tdn tgi vd phdt trien vdi didn mgo mdi hay khdng? Trd ldi nhiing cau hdi ttdn, rdt nMdu hpc gid da dua nhdng ly giai khde vi tdn gido, ban chat, chiic ndng va vi the cua nd ddi sdng xa bdi Trong cdc ly giai dd, cung quan diem cdng cd, ttdi ngupe nhau, tham chi man thuan vdi ciing cd Song nMn chung, da sd edc nhd tu tudng dgu cho rdng, tdn giao Id su phdn dnh hu aottongddu dc ngirdi nhiing lyc lupng ben ngoai vdn thudng thdng tri hp ttong cupe sdng hang ngdy, sy phan dnh md ttong dd, edc lyc lirong ttdn the mang hinh thuc ede lye lupng sidu pham ngudi; hoac tdn gjdo la sy phan anh hu do, meo md the gidi khdch quan vao ttong ddu dc ngudi, Theo cdch ly giai tM, eung vdi sy phat ttign cua khoa hpe, tdn gido se dan thu hep pham vi anh hudng cua minh ttong ddi sdng xd bdi nhdn logi vd cudi ciing, nhdt dinh se di dentieuvong Cdc each hieu nhu ttdn vg tdn gido, cd thg ndi khdng sai Song,ttenthyc tg, trudc nhiing dnh hudng sdu rpng ttong ddi song xd hdi nhdn loai ke tu nd xudt hien cho ddn nay, thi khdng thg nMn nhdn mpt each don gidn nhu vdy Khdng thd phu nhgn rang, nhiing thdi ky lich su vd digu kign xd hdi nhdt dinh, tdn giao la hien tupng xd hdi tieu cue, nhung pham vi rdng ldn hon va boi cinh lich sdliu dai han, nd van la mdt hien tugng xi hdi cd vai trd tich ci/c nhit dinh viec diiu chinh hanh vi cua ngudi, tri dao due xa hoi, thim chi gdp phan giu gin su edkit cdng ddng vi su thdng nhit dan tde Trong nMdu ly gidi khdc vg tdn gjdo, cd Vdi lieh su lau dai vd anh hudng sdu rdng nha tu tudng da nhm nhgn ban ehdt eda tdn ddi sdng xd hdi eda tdn giao, cdc nha gido tu phuong dipn nhgn thuc Man dg coi tdn sdng l^p ehu nghia Mac rat quan tdm den gido la san pham cua sy tMdu Meu bidt cua Men tupng xa bdi ddc biet ndy Mac du, CMdc LfLUAN CHfNH TRI-Sol/2016 nji_ DIINDAN vd Ph.Angghen khdng ed tdc phdm chuydn vg 1878), PMAngghen dinh ngMa: "Tat ed mpi tdn gido ndi chung, edc hinh thiie tdn gido ndi tdn giao chdng qua eM la su phdn dnh hu rieng, song,ttongnhiing tac pham dy, chung vdo ttong ddu dc eua ngirdi - cua nhting ta vdntimthay nhilng doan ngdn gpn, nhung lye lupng d bdn ngoai chi phdi cupc sdng bang ngdy cua hp; cM la sy phan dnhttongdd rdt sdu sdc vi tdn gido Trong Ldi ndi ddu cuon Gdp phin phe nhdng lyc lupng dttdnthe da mang Mnh thiic phan triithgc phip quyen cua Heghen (1843 nhiing luc lupng sidu trdn thg"'^' Theo -1844), ndi ve tdn giao, C.Mac da khang Ph.Angghen, "Trong nhiing thdi ky ddu eua dinh "eon ngudi sang tao tdn gido, chu tdn lich su, cMnh nhung luc lupng thien nMdn Id giao khdng sdng tao ngudi", bdi "con nhiing cdi trudc tien dupc phan dnh nhu thd, ngudi khdng phai Id mdt sinh vdt triiu tupng, va qud trinh phat trien ban nua thi d an ndu ddu dd ngodi thd gidi", md "con ngudi nhiing dan tpc khdc nhau, nhting luc lupng ehinh la thg gidi ngudi, la nhd nudc, la xd thidn nhien ay dd duoc nhan cdch hda mpt hdl"'^' Td do, eac dng da dinh nghia: "Tdn edeh hdt sire nhieu ve va hdt sue h6n tgp", gido Id sy ty y thuc va sy ty cam giac cua eon song "chdng bao lau, bdn cgnh nhiing lyc ngudi ehuatimdupc ban thdn minh hogc da lupng thien nhien, Igi edn cd ea nhung lyc Igi de mat ban than minh mdt ldn nua"; rdng, lupng xd hdi tdc ddng - nhiing lye lupng tdn gido la "thg gidi quan ldn nguoc, vi ban ddi ldp vdi ngudi, mpt each cting xa la" va thdn chung la the gidi Idn nguoc Tdn gido la thogi ddu, ehung cung la nhirng edi "khdng Iy Man chung eda thd gidi dy, la cuong yeu the hidu dupe" ddi vdi ngudi, nhung lai bdeh khoa eda nd Id Idgic dudi Mnh thuc phd "thdngttihp vdi edi ve tdt ygu bg ngoai gidng cap eda nd, la vdn dg danh dy linh lugn nhu ban thdn nhting luc lupng ty nhien" Vi cua nd, la nhidt tinh cua nd, la sy ehuan y ve vay, "nhiing nhdn vdt tudng, liic dau chi mgt dao due eua nd, la sy bd sung trang phan dnh nhiing sue mgnh huygn bi cua cdc nghiem cua nd, Id edn eii phd bien md nd dya lyc lupng tu nhidn, thi lai vi thi, ed ca vdo dd an di vd bidn hd"'^' Tdn gido Id edi dd nhiing thude tinh xd hdi vd ttd nhiing "bidn ban chdt ngudi thdnh tinh hidn dgi bidu eho cde luc lupng lich su"'^' thye tudng", bdittongquan nldm eda nd, Quan nidm ttdn eda edc nha sang I^p chd "ban ehdt eon ngudi khdng cdti'nhMdn thyc thgt sy"'^\ Vd, "Su ngheo nan eda tdn gido ngMa Mdc khdng cM xdc dinh rd tdn giao la ^, vua la bieu hien cua sy ngheo nan hien thue, md edn vgeh rd ngudn gdc, ban chdt, chiic vua la su phan khdng chdng sy ngheo nan ndng vd anh hudng eda nd ttong ddi sdng xa Men thuc dy" ndn tdn gido cung chinh la hpi nhan logi Theo cde dng, tdn gido la mdt "tieng thd dai eda chdng sinh bi ap bdc, la hinh thai y thirc xd hdi, mdt dgng y thuc he ttdi tim eua thd gidi khdng cd ttai tim, cung mang tinh dac thu, mpttieuhd thdng kidn tnic gidng nhu no la tinh than cua nhung ttat tu thupng tdng, mot Men tupng xd hdi mang tinh khdng cd thih thdn Tdn giao la thudc phidn lich su va mpi tdn gido chang qua cM la sy phan anh hu dottongddu dc ngudi cdc lyc lupng eda nhan dan"'^' tran thd (tu nMdn vd xd hdi) mang hinh thdc Trong tac phdm Chdng Duyrinh (1876 - cac lue luong pMttanthd, nhirng luc lupng vfe LfLUANCHfNHTRI-Sol/2016 jug thudng thdng tri ngudi ttong cudc sdng nunh rdng toan bd gidi ty nMen deu van ddng hang ngdy cua hp theo mdt ddng va mdt vdng tudn hoan vinh Ngay nay, cung vdi sy phdt tridn mgnh me cdu"'^ Tu su phan tich cua Ph.Angghen cho cua khoa hpe cdng nghe, nhdn loai dang dung thdy, mdi khoa hpc ty nMen cd nhirng trudc nhdng thdeh thiic vd bidn d0ng tiin phdt minh mdi tM tridt hpc phai thay ddi hinh nhiiu phuong di$iL Tdn gido la mot bd phan thiic cua nd Tdn giao vdi tu cdch la mOt "hpc cdu eda Mnh thai y thuc xd hdi, nd ciong thuygt", mdt Mnh thdi y thuc xd hdi ciing bign ttai qua nhung thach thuc va bien ddi to ldn ddi trudc sy bidn ddi cua thyctidnthd k^ XXI Trong lich su tdn tai Idu dai va phdt tridn, tdn Song,ttongqud trinhtidntdi xd hdi duong dgi gido cd nMeu bidn ddi ciing vdi sy bien ddi cua nay, mdi ngudi vd cd cdng ddng nhan logi ddi sdng xd hdi nhdn logi Nhung bidn ddi dd ciing dang phai ddi didn va truetiephung chiu da lam cho sdc thai, dien mao cua tdn gido ed nMeu thdeh thiie, nguy co de dpa sy tdn vong nhirng net mdi la Hidn nay, tdn gido dang cd cua chinh minh Dd la su Ignh nhat den vd nhting digu ehinh dd tMch ngM, dd khdng cM cam ttong quan bd giiia ngudi vdi tdn tgi Idu dai vd phdt ttign manh me tten ngudi; sy cdng thdng den eye dd nhip thdnh dia tMeng lieng cua minh, ma cdn phdt sdng xd hpi; tinh vd dinh cua sd phan ca nhdn; tridnttongddi sdng xa hpi nhdn logi tuong lai sy cd don, xa lg eua eon ngudi bdn cgnh ddng Net ndi ttdi Men Id, tdn gido dang phdt eda eai vat chat dd sd minh tgo ra; ndi tridn theo nMeu hudng, nMdu mat, thdm cM cd kMdp so trude nhung dgi dich ma chua cd xu hudng di ngupe Igi xu thg eda thdi dai Kinh phuang thiie ngdn chgn dang trdn lan ttong tg toan cdu hda, chinh tri da eye, xd hdi thg me phgm vi khu vye vdttdntodn thg gidi Tu Idu, hda, vdn hda da nguyen hda, co edu td chuc, PhAngghen ttong eudn Phep bien ehiing eda quan didm gid tri, phuong thuc tu duy, Mnh ttrnhiin da canh bdo rdng "Chung ta khdng thai tdn tgi eug tdn gido cdc nude, edc ddn tdc, nen qud ty hdo vi nhiing thdng loi eda minh cdc khu vue Mdn nay, va cd mdi quan hd giiia ddi vdi gidi ty nMen Bdi vi, cu mdi ldn, gidi ty tdn giao vdi khoa hpc, xa hpi, chinh tri, dan nMen lai tta thu chung ta""^' Trong sue chinh phyc ty nMen vdi nhung thdng lpi rdt tdc cung cd nhiing tdc ddng khd ludng Trudc nhirng bidn ddi ay, ehung ta cd the dang ty hao, eon ngudi lai dang phai gidi tMch sy bidn ddi cua tdn gido tten quan chiu nMdu bdu qudtidueye cua nhiing thdng didm mdcxit Khi ndi vd ngudn gdc Iy l u ^ vd loi dd tu gidi ty nMdn Ndi bdt nhdt ttong nhiingtidndg khoa hoc ty nMen cua tridt hpc nhung hau quatidueye dd la sy d nMdm mdi Mdc, Ph.Angghen cho rdng, vdi nhiing phat trudng sdng, sy mdt cdn bdng smh thdi, bidn minh mdi cua khoa hpc ty nMen dd ldm cho ddi hau, can kldt cde ngudn tai nguygn "quan m0m mdi vd gidi ty nMen da dupc hoan tMen nMen, Trong bdi eanh dd, ddi kM thdnhttdnnhung ndt coban; tat cd cai ^ ciing ngudi lai mudn quay vg linh vyc tam linh, di nhdc deu bi tan ra, tdt ca edi ^ la ed dinh deu tim nidm an di, tim cho nuong gui sd phdn bidn thdnh may khdi, vd tat ea nhiing ^ la ddc minh d mpt lyc lupng sieu nMdn pM vat chdt, biet ma ngirdi ta eho la tdn tai vinh vign tM da mpt thd lyc sieu phdm nao dd, ma chua ttd nhdt thdi, vd ngirdi ta da chiing hdn hp da hoan todn tin vao lyc lupng dd Phdi LfLUAN CHfNH TRj-So 1/2016 Iig_ chdng, ehinh Id manh dat mdu mo de tdn hai hda, bao dung, giau cd cd vi ddi sdng vgt gido tiep tuc tdn tai Idu ddi, phdt trien mgnh chdt ldn ddi sdng tinh thdn va cd Iinh me va ndng eao hon nira vi thd eua minh ttong vyc tam Iinh Vi vay, kM ndi vg sy tdn tgi cua tdn gido thdi dgi vd sy song ddi sdng xa bdi duong dai? Nhirng nam gan ddy, mdt sd ngudi da ndi hanh cua nd vdi edng cudc xdy dyng xa hdi ddn sy suy gidm dnh hudng eua tdn gido ttong mdi, CMdc da viet: "Chu ngMa vd thdn la sy ddi sdng xd hdi Mdt sd ngudi khac lai ndi den phd dinh than hnh vd khdng dinh tdn tai cua su phuc tdn gido, den vai ttd ddng Iuc ngudi chinh la thdng qua sy phu dinh dd; tinh thdn cua nigm tin tdn gido, eua dao diie nhung ehd ngMa xd hdi vdi tinh edeh la chu tdn gido Lgi cd ngudi cho rdng, vdi vi the la ngMa xa hpi da khdng cdn dgn sy mdi gidi mOt sy kidn vdn hda, qua qua trinh giao luu nhu vay nua" va nd cung "khdng cdn bi sy vd hdi nhdp giua cde tdn gido phuong Tdy vdi phu dinh tdn gido lam mdi gidi niia""' Cdn cdc tdn gido phuang Ddng, cdc tdn gido PhAngghen coi vide Myen ehidn vdi tdn gido dd khdng cM don thudn chuyen tdi mgm tm, Id mdt sy "ngdy ngd ttg con", la vide lam "ngu xuc cam, dao due ma edn ddng vai ttd hdi ngdc" md dang Id "khdng nen lam thi tdt nhap vdn hda, vdn minh tten quy md toan thd ban", la "bd dd", vi vgy, khdngttanhkhdi that gidi, giup cho nhdn logi cang gdn bgi""' Ph.Angghen da phe phan "chu truong hon Thdm chi, cdn cd ngudi ndi ddn su bung cam tdn gido ttong chu nghia xd hdi" eda nd tdn giao nhu mdt eon sdt de dua du bdo Duyrinh vd eoi dd la tu tirdng cdch mang gid thdkyXXI la thdk^ eda tdn giao Trong nhiing hidu Vao nhiing nam cudi ddi, trd lgi nhdn dinh, dy bdo trdi nguoc dd, dung, ngMen ciiu Lieh sd dao Co ddc sa k^, sai, didu dd khdng thd phdn dinh mdt cdch Ph.Angghen cdn nhan thdy sy tuong ddng gidn don dupc, md cdn cdn phai chd thue td giiia dgo Co ddc vd CNXH hi$n dgi d ehd, minh chiing Song, tu nhiing nhgn dinh, dy ehung "deu tuyen truygn sy gidi phdng bdo dd, cd thg khdng dinh, dau sdc thdi, didn ngudi tuong lai khdi cdnh nd l^ eda mao tdn tai eda cdc tdn gido ed the ddi khac, ngheo ddi" vd ddu ciing "khai phd eon dudng nhung cdc tdn gido, edc td chue tdn gido vdn tien len mpt cdch thdng lpi, khdng thg kigm edn nhung chuc ndng xd hgi edn thidt md giu dupc"'^^' Trong eudn Chiin tianh ndng nhung nhdn td, td chire xd hdi khdc khdng thd dan dDue (1850), ndi vg quan didm Co thay the dupc Do do, tdn gido cdn tdn tai lau Ddc gido cua T.Muyntxo (1490 -1525) - nha dai, cdn phdt trien vd tham cM phat tridn tu tudng, ddng thdi Id lanh ty eda phdi ndng mgnh md ddi sdng xa hdi nhan loai dan - binh ddnttongthdi ky Cdi cdch tdn gido va cMdn ttanh ndng dan dDue nam 1525, dd duong dai Khdng dinh tdn gido cdn tdn tai lau dai va chu truong "tMet lap thien dudng" - "Vuong tiep Mc phdttiign,giup chung ta xac dinh va qude cua Chiia tten ttdi dat nay" vdi tu d$t dung vi tri cua nd ttong ddi sdng xd hdi each la mdt xa bdi khdng cd khac bidt giai cdp, Vi$e lam ndy nhdm ban chd nhiing yeu td tieu khdng cd chd dd tu hiiu, khdng cd quydn lyc cue, phdt huy nhung ygu td tich eye cua nd nha nudc ddi ldp hay xa ig vdi mpi thdnh vidn ttong cdng cuOc xdy dyng mdt xd hditidnbO, xa hpi, ngudi da gdn hpc thuygt ehinh tri eua LfLUANCHfNHTR!-SJ( 1/2016 jg minh vdi "nhiing quan diem tdn gido cdch CO sd do, xay dyng mdt cMnb sdch tdn gido mgng" Vdi quan diem tten, Ph.Angghen da dung ddn, khdng ehi ddp ung nhirng nguyen coi dng la nha cdch mgng ldi lac, nhd tien tti vpng ehinh dang cua cdc tin dd tdn giao, md cua each mang vd san va Id ngudi da "dy dodn edn doan kdt hpttpngcpng ddng ddn tdc thdng tMen tai vg nhiing digu kien gidi phdng" giai nhdt, ttong edng cupc xay dyng vd bao ve Td cdp vd san"'^' qude Viet Nam XHCN V.LLdnin edng khdng ddng tinh vdi nhdng Viet Nam Id mdt qudc gia cd nMeu tdn gido phdn tu ta khuynh vd chinh phu mudn phd cimg tdn tgi Idu dai va phat trien vdi lich sd dau nhgn sy tdn tgi eug tdn giaottongCNXH Theo ttanh dyng nudc va giii nudc Trong lich su dan V.I.Lenm, viec giai cap vd san vd ehinh dang tdc chua tung xay cdc cudc dung dp hay cua nd cdn phdi lam vd cd ttdch nhiem phai cMdn tranh tdn gido nhu da timg xay ttong lam la doan ket tat cd mpi ngudi theo tdn gido khu vyc hayttdnthd gidi Chinh sdch tdn gido hay khdng theo tdn gido ndo ca ttong mdt dung ddn eua Dang va Nha nude ta dd dupc "cupc ddu ttanh thyc sy nhdm gianh ldy mdt ddng dao tin dd tdn gidp dng hd, ludn ddng cudc ddi tdt depttdnttantbd"'^^' hdnh edng dan tdettongqud trinh xdy dung va nudc ta Ho CM Minh khdng cW thira nhdn bao ve dat nudc Cde tdn gido ludn doan kdt sy tdn tai lau dai cua tdn gidottongCNXH, ma chat ehe cdng nhan dan cd nudc mpt cdn nhgn thdy sy tuong ddng nhdt dinh giiia ly khdi thdng nhdt viing ehde ttong MatttdnTd tudng va mem tin tdn gido vdi ly tudng va mdm qude Viet Nam • tin cdng sdn Hd CM Minh dd dua mdt nhan dinh hdt sue dac sdc rdng; "Due Giesu smh vao thdi dgi chdng ta, chac ngai se la mdt ngudi xd hpi chu ngMa""^' va "neu Khdng Tu sdng d thdi dgi chung ta" tM "ciing ed kha ndng sidu nhdn chiu tMch dng vdi hoan eanh vd nhanh chdng ttd thdnh ngirdi ke tyc trung (1), (2), (3), (4) CMdc va PhAng^en, 11, Nxb Chinh cua Lenin"'"' Ho CM Mmh edn cho tri qudc gia Ha Noi,tt.569,569-570,570,570 rdng, nhung ngudi cdng sdn tien hdnh cudc (5), (6), (7), (8) Sdd, t20, tt.437,437,471,654 ddu ttanh giai phdng ddn tdc vd xdy dyng (9)Sdd,t.42.tt.l82,183 CNXH chang nhung khdng ban chd tdn gido, (10)Sdd,t.l7,tt.720-723 ma cdn cho phep tdn gido vd tin ngudng "hodn (ll)Sad,t22,tt.663 (12) Xem: Sdd, t.7, tt.489-491 todntydo""^' Cdc nha sang lap chu ngMa Mac - Lenm va (13) VLLenin Toan t0p, t.l2 Nxb Tign bp, Hd CM Minh thira nhan sy tdn tai lau dai cua Matxcova, 1979, tt.I74,170 tdn gido, vg vi thg xirng ddng eda ndttongddi (14) Dan theo: Iran Tam Tinh Thip gii va ludi sdng xd hpi Vi vgy, ehdng ta phai cdtiididp ung guom Nxb Trg, TP Hd Chi Minh, 1988, tt.79 xd dung ddn, phai cd sy Meu bidt todn dien, sdu (15) Hd Chi Minh: Toan tap, t2, Nxb Chinh tti qudc sdc vg tdn gido, vi lich su tdn gido, nhdt Id su gia, Ha Npi, 1995.tt.453- 454 Men dien cua cac tdn gido d nudc minh Trdn (16)Xem: Hd ChiMinh, Sdd, t9, tt.l76 LYLUAN CHINH TRj-So 1/2016 ... bdn ngoai chi phdi cupc sdng bang ngdy cua hp; cM la sy phan dnhttongdd rdt sdu sdc vi tdn gido Trong Ldi ndi ddu cuon Gdp phin phe nhdng lyc lupng dttdnthe da mang Mnh thiic phan triithgc phip... (1843 nhiing luc lupng sidu trdn thg"''^'' Theo -1844), ndi ve tdn giao, C.Mac da khang Ph.Angghen, "Trong nhiing thdi ky ddu eua dinh "eon ngudi sang tao tdn gido, chu tdn lich su, cMnh nhung luc... dottongddu dc ngudi cdc lyc lupng eda nhan dan"''^'' tran thd (tu nMdn vd xd hdi) mang hinh thdc Trong tac phdm Chdng Duyrinh (1876 - cac lue luong pMttanthd, nhirng luc lupng vfe LfLUANCHfNHTRI-Sol/2016