Làng người Tày trong bối cảnh công nghiệp hóa, hiện đại hóa và hội nhập (Tổng luận).pdf

Tap chi Dan tdc hoc s6'4i5 - 2015 LANG NGX/Ca TAY TRONG BOI CANH CONG NGHIfP HOA, HIEN B^I HOA VA Hpi Ntt^P (Tong lu^n) 6^ {jU( VL/ONGXUANTlNH VO DiNH Ml/CIl l e MINH ANH HghiSn ciiu ve ling la vin de hap din, bdi lang thugc dang thiic tap hgp xa hgi cd xua nhat ctia loai ngudi - t^p hgp tir nhidn (natural grouping) eda nhdm ngudi cd quan he ddng mau va ling gieng Hon niia, ciing vdi sir phat trien cua xa hgi loai ngudi qua hing chuc ngin nim lich sii, ling ching nhihig van tri cac gia tri ciia nd, ma phan inh hinh thai xa hgi, td chiic tren ling Cd le day la ly khien lang dugc nhieu ngudi quan tam Theo thdng tin ciia Chuang trinh nghien ciru ve long (Village Studies Programme) ciia Vien Nghien cthi phat trien, Trudng Dzii hgc Sussex, Hoa Ky, den dau nhilng nam 70 cua thi ky trudc da cd khoang hon 2.000 cdng trinh ngiii8n ciiu vl lang d The gidi thii ba ctia cac nhi xa hdi hgc, nhan hgc, sii hgc, kinh tl hgc dugc cdng bd [Dasgupta (Chii bien), 1978, tr 219) Cdn Lambert (1976) lai cho bilt, neu chi tinh giai doan 1950 - 1970, da cd khoing 6.000 nghien ciiu ve lang d cac khu vuc ngoai phuang Tiy; do, so lugng nghign ciiu d An Dd chiem mgt nda Tai ViSt Nam, nghien ciiu ling dugc cac nha khoa hgc xa hgi chii trgng va den udc cd khoing 500 cdng trinh, song chii yen vl lang ngudi Kinh (Viet) De ke thura, ket noi vdi mgt van de nghien ciiu kha phd biln d Viet Nam va thi gidi, dugc sir hudng dan, giiip dd ciia nhiing can bg cd kinh nghiem, nhdm can bg tre Vien Din tdc hgc thuc hi|n dl tai "Ldng ngirdi Tdy bdi cdnh cong nghiep hoa, hien dgi hoa vd hpi nhdp" (tix day ggi tat la De tii) vi da chgn mdt ling ngudi Tay thdn Pd Cai (xa Gia Cit, huyen Cao Lgc, tinh Lang San) dl nghien ciiu Muc dich cua nghien ciiu niy nhim xem xet sir cd ket ben va hdi nhip vdi ben ngoai ciia lang; tim hieu xu hudng bien ddi, phat tri€n ciia ling niy b6i canh cdng nghiep hda Men dai hda va hgi nh|ip ciia dit nudc Qua nhiing chuyen dl nghien ciiu dugc thuc hien tai ling Pd Cai, cac tac gia da gdp phan phan anh ddi sdng ndng nghiep - ndng thdn - ndng dan d miln mii Viet Nam hien Bai vilt cd vi tri la mgt tdng luSn nghien ciiu vl ling Pd Cfd, dira tren nghien cftu tdng quan va dien da ciia cac tac gia vdi Vifcmg Xudn Tinh va cpng sir nhiem vu chu nhiem, co vin, tu vin ciia De tai, dong thdi kl thira kit qua cua can bg nghien cita tre de tai nghien ciru ve ling neu tren' Sau dilm qua nghien ciiu ve ling tren the gidi va d Vidt Nam dl nit nhOng ITnh virc cin quan tam, tdng luan se gidi thieu so luge lang Pd Cai; va tilp theo se phan tich mdt sd khia canh vl td chiic, mdi quan he kmh tl - xa hdi ciia lang; neu I6n dac dilm cua Pd Cai so sanh vdi ling truyen thdng ciia ngudi Tay va lang cua din tdc khac bdi canh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda va hgi nhap d Viet Nam; ddng thdi de xuat vSn dl liSn quan din phat trien ctia ling xay dimg ndng thdn mdi hien Nghign Clin ve l^ng yh dinh hu-dug nghiSn cuu lang Pd Cai Tren thi gidi, ling da dugc quan tim nghien ciiu tir liu, ma dinh diem phat trien li vao khoing nhfing nam 1950 - 1970 Theo do, lang cd thi la ddi tugng nghien ciiu hoac la dilm nghien ciiu; qua do, cac nha khoa hgc tim hilu sau ve mdt hay mdt vii vin de cu thi (Harriss, 2008) Din nay, ling vin la mgt dilm nghien ciiu ly tudng de tim hieu tac ddng qua lai giua toan cau hda va dja ' Ket qua nghien cuu dupc the hien qua Bao cao tong hop (2013 - 2014) ciia de tai cap co sd Lang ngudi Tdy bdi cdnh cong nghiep hoa, hien dpi fioa va hoi nhgp ciia Vifn Dan tQC hoc (Thir vien Vi$n Dan tge hoc); ban thao b^i vilt dang tren T?p chi Dan t$c hoc So 4&5 nam 2015 ciia cSc tac gia: Bui Thi Bich Lan, Pham Thi Thu Ha, Pham Quang Linh, Nguyen Thim Thu Ha, Sa Thi Tiianh Nga, Pham Thi C§m Van, Le Thj Huong, Vu Thj Le, Nguyen Thj Phuong Le, Le Thj Thoa, Hoang Thj Le Thao; bao cao ciia cac tac gia: Hoang Phuang Mai, Vuong Ngpc Thi, Ta Thi Tam, Lyc Manh Hing Vifc dSn lai tai lieu c6 lien quan din ket qua nghien cuu neu tren bai viet d5 dxigc thdng nhat giiia cac chii nhifm, co van, tu van cua DS tai v^ cac vien tham gia DS t&i; vi the, chung toi khong ghi lai ngu6n trinh bay phuang, bien doi v i xu hudng bi6n ddi d cic xa hdi (Nguyen Anh TuSn va Derks, 2013) Ngoii nghien ciiu tai cic nudc chau Au, mdt sd lugng ldn nghien cim ve lang dugc tien hanh d cac khu vuc khac tren the gidi Rieng giai doan 1950 1970, cd khoang 6.000 nghiSn ciiu vl ling d cac khu vuc ngoii phuang Tay; dd, so lugng nghien ciiu vl vdn dl tai An Dd chiem mdt nda (Lambert, 1976) Phap, noi bat li nghien cuu cua cac hgc gia thugc trudng phai Bien nien sii (Annales School), tieu bilu va cd anh hudng ldn la nghien ciiu ctia Le Roy Ladurie ve lang Montaillou (1975) Nhin chung, cac van dl Uch sd, tdn giao tin ngudng, van hda dai chiing v i cugc sdng hang ciia ling la nhiing chti dl chinh m i cac nhi nghien ciiu lich sd Phap quan tam Tai Anh, nghien ciiu ve lang cung die biet phat triln, vdi nhieu nghien ciiu cdng phu, chi tiet ve dac tnmg, loai hinh va qua trinh chuyen ddi ben cac ling ctia Anh Dieu dugc phan inh cuon The Maldng of the English Village [Viec l^p lang d Anh] (1987) cua Brian K Roberts (din theo Dean v i Wang, 2008) CJ Trung Qudc, ling ciing li chu de dugc quan tam nghien ciiu vdng hon 100 nam qua, bit dau tii nghien ciiu ciia Arthur Smith - Village Life in China [Ddi sdng ling xa Tnmg Qudc] (1899), cho din gdn day li nghi6n ciiu cila James v i Watson - Village Life in Hong Kong [Ddi sdng ling xa Hdng Kdng] (2004) Cd rdt nhieu nghiSn ciiu vl cac lang cu the d Trung Qudc, phSn ldn tir gdc dd nhan hgc v i x i hdi hgc Ve ca ban, hau hit nghien ctiu diu tip tnmg tim hieu ban chat, die tnmg ciia ngudi ndng dan va su bi6n ddi (din tiieo Dean and Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd'4&5 - 2015 Wang, 2008) Tai An Do, lang li chti dl quen thudc eda cac nha nhin hgc xa hgi Chiu anh hudng cua nhttng khudn mlu ly thuyet cau true - chiic nang, phdn Idn nghien ciiu trudc day di sau tim hieu cac mdi quan he xa h§i lang, nhdt la mdi quan he giiia he thdng ding cSp - thiet che cd vi tri trung tam ddi sdng x3 hgi An Dg vdi cac thilt chi xa hdi khac nhu trudng lang, hgi ddng ling, ddng hg Kit qui niy la co sd quan trgng cho nghien ciiu duong dai ve biSn doi va mdi quan he giiia nhiing ngudi ndng din (Harriss, 2008) Nghien cihi vl lang trudc diy thudng c6 chieu hudng tap tnmg vao mdi HSn h6, kit ndi hiiu co giira cdng ddng ling v i trit tu lanh th6 lang, sir tuang phan giiia truyen thdng va hien dai, dua tren Id-gic tiep c$n tich hgp toan dien, da chilu (Dean vi Wang, 2008) Cic nghien ciru niy gay nhiSu tranh cai v i phan cue nghien ciiu lang, dien hinh la tranh lu|n giiia tinh tinh (Scott, 1976) ddi lap vdi tinh ly (Popkm, 1979) vl kinh tl cua ngudi ndng dan Nhiing cdng trinh gin day cd xu hirdng tii nghien ciiu vl mdt lang sau khoing thdi gian dii nhim tim hilu tac ddng cua hien dai hda 18n ddi s6ng ctia ling Trong bdi cinh tic ddng ngiy cing gia tang cua kinh te toan cdu, ciia di dan thi va xuyen qudc gia, hdu hit cac lang vdn "rit ndng din" da cd su thay ddi va chuyen bien nhanh chdng Vi vay, nhilu nghien ciiu vl ling tap trung tim hieu nguyen nhan cua sir chuyen dich dan cu, di dan tu: ndng thdn th; hon la tap trung nghien ciiu su hgp tic va cd ket lang (Dean v i Wang, 2008) Ngoai nghien ciiu v6 ling cdn dugc dua vao cac chuang trinh nghien ciiu iing d\mg vi phat ttiln Ching han, Trudng Dai hgc Bath d Anh da tien hinh nhilu nghiSn cuu toan dien vl ling d Ethiopia, Peru, Thai Lan va Bangladesh Ridng d Ethiopia, 15 ling dugc nghiSn cdu nam 1996; den nam 2006, lang so dugc nghien cihi cip nhit (Abebe v i cdng sir, 2006) NghiSn ciiu ve ling d Viet Nam cd Ijch sd hon 100 nam, va tdi cd khoang 500 nghiSn cim, song phdn Idn vl lang Viet Cd nhiSu nginh khoa hgc tham gia nghien ciiu vl ling, trSn nhilu phuang dien, vdi sir da dang vl chii de v i cich tilp can (Biii Xuan Dinh, 2013, tr 14-24) Ngay tir cuoi till ky XIX, cac hgc gia ngudi Phap da chii y nghien ciiu lang Viet, tiSu bieu la cdng trinh La Commune Annamite au Tonkin [Lang xa An Nam d B3c KJ'] (1894) ciia Paul Ory, vi Les Paysans du Delta Tonlcinois [Nhiing ngudi ndng dan vimg chau thd Bic KJ] (2003 vi 1936) ciia Pierre Gourou Mac du mang muc dich chinh tri, song cac nghien Clin la CO sd quan trgng vl hgc thuit cho cac nghien cdu sau Tiep theo, cd nhilu hgc gia Viet Nam quan tim nghiSn ciiu lang Viet, nhu Nguyin Hdng Phong, Tran Tii, Phan Dai Doan, Phan Huy Le, Ha Van Tin, Bui Xuan Dinh, Nguyen Quang Nggc Ngoai ra, ling Viet cung la chu dl thu hiit sir quan tam cua nhiSu hgc gia nudc ngoii, ndi bit la nghien ciiu cua Scott (1976) vi Popkin (1979) - giy nSn tranh luSn hgc thuat vl ldi sdng va iing xd cua ngudi ndng dan Trudc day, hau hit nghiSn ciiu ve lang Viet ia nghien ciiu ciia ca nhan, theo timg chuyen nginh thdi gian ngin Gdn day, da xudt hien xu hudng nghien ciiu lien, da nginh, dai han, toin dien va lap di lap lai ve mgt hoic mdt sd ling Theo xu hudng VmmgXudn Tinh vd cgng sif nay, ndi bat li du an nghiSn cihi ve ling Bach C6c^ (Sakurai, 2003; Vu Muoh Giang, 2009; Biii Xuan Dmh, 2013) va chuang trinh nghien ciiu ve lang chau tho sdng Hong (Papine va Tessier, 2002) Cac chuang trinh nghiSn ciiu lang cd Dudng Lam vi ling Co Loa cung cd hudng tuang tir COng giong nhu lang ViSt, lang (bin, budn, sdc) ciia cac tOc ngudi thiSu sd la don vi xa hgi quan trgng tn, dim bao cugc song cua ngudi dan, nai giii gm va tii t^o bin sic vin hda tdc ngudi Trudc kia, dli vdi hau hit cac tdc ngudi tiiieu sd d Viet Nam, ling gdn nhu la dan vi xa hgi co sd nhdt; rit it tdc ngudi cd td chdc xa hgi ldn hon ling nhu mudng cua din tdc Thai hay dSn tdc Mudng Tuy viy, den nay, sd lugng nghiSn ciiu vS ling d cic dan tdc thiSu s6 cdn it, va ding chu y li tie pham Chung toi dn rimg (1982 va 2003) cua nhi din tge hgc Phap Georges Condominas'*; ngoii ra, ^ NghiSn ciiu ling Bdch Cic (xa Thanh Lpi, huy^n Vy Ban, tinh Nam Djnh) 1^ dy dn hop tac giua cSc tmong d^i hoc Nhat Ban va D^i hoc Quoc gia Ha N6i GS Sakurai khoi xudng Dii an duoc tien hinh 14 nam {1994 - 2008) thu hiit su tham gia cua 176 nhd nghien ciiu tii 17 tru&ng dai hpc ciia Nh|tva nhilu nhd nghien citu a Viet Nam De cao tinh lien ngdnh vd da nganh, Du an c6 si^ tham gia ciJa rlt nhieu nhd chuyen mon khac nhu xd h^i hpc, sit hpc, khao c6 hpc, dan tpc hpc/ nhdn hpc, gia dinh vd gioi, nflng hpc, dja ly, ^ a chat, kinh tS, kien true, thiiy lpi, duoi sy dieu hanh ciia cac nhd sii hpc (Sakurai, 2003; Vu Minh Giang, 2009) ^ Nghien ciiu ve lang vimg chau tho song Hong la chuang trinh hpp tdc giiia ViSn Viin DSng bdc c6 Phap (EFEO) va cac hpc gia Vi?t Nam (1996 - 1999) dl flm hilu m§t so lang dong bdng Bdc Bfl va Phii Thp, tap tnmg vao cac vdn de di cu mua vy, bu6n ban - dich vy, so hQu dat dai, dong hp, khong gian van hoa - xa hfli M6t phan ket qua nghien ciiu cua Chuong trinh dupc xuSt ban nam 2002 cufln Lang d vitng chau tho song Hdng: Vdn de bo ngo (Papine va Tessier, 2002) * Cong trinh ndy dupc hinh dya tren tu heu dien da ciia ong suot hai nam (1948 - 1949) tai ldng cd mgt so nghiSn cdu cua cic nha dan tge hgc Vi^t Nam nhu Luu Hung (1996), Nguyen KhSc Cinh (1998), Vuong Xuin Tinh (2010) Dilu ngac nhien la mac dii ling li khai niem rdt quen thuOc thuc tiln ciing nhu hgc thu$t, song din ngi ham cua nd vin chua dugc lam rd, chua cd dinh nghTa ro rang ling la gi Sir khilm khuyet dy cd thS xudt phat tli tinh da dgng v i phdc tap ciia lang Trong nghien ciiu chi tiet ve mdt lang ngudi Kha-me d Campuchia, Ebihara (1968, tr 8) phai cdng nhan rdng "CJ mgt vai phuong dien nao do, m^t lang gi6ng vdi tat ci cac ling; d mgt vii khia c?nh, mgt lang gidng vdi mdt vai lang khic; d mdt vii phuang diSn, mdt ling khdng giong bdt kj* mgt lang nio khac" Tuong tu, de cap den lang ngudi Viet, Klemen (1999, tr 2) cho ring khd cd thi chi dien mEio chung cho cic lang vi sir da dang vl cinh quan, tiiudc tinh v|t chit, bdi canh lich sd, tirang hudng xa hdi va vin hda Tuy nghien ciiu ve lang rat da dang va nhieu chiSu, nhung vl ca ban, cac nghiSn cdu iy deu tip trung vao hai thugc tinh hay hai thai cue chinh, la tinh ddng (hay khep kin) v i tinh ma cua ling; tinh ddng thudng gin vdi lang truyen thong, tinh md - vdi lang hien d£ii Vdn dl trung tam cac cu6c tranh luan hgc thugt vl lang cfing chii yeu xoay quanh tinh tuang doi ciia hai thudc tinh Sar Luk (nay Id buon Rchai A, xd Krong No, huySn Ldk, tinh P l k Ldk) - mot lang ciia nguoi Mnong Tac gid da de c ^ mflt each todn dien vd tl mi vl d6i sing cua ngucri Mnong ngoi Idng dd neu, rit kinh te, 3^ hpi den van h6a vd ton gido tin nguong Cong trinh dupc ddnh gid la m^t nhiing nghien ciiu khoa hpc kinh diln, mau myc dan toe hi • noi chung vd nghiSn cihi ve lang n6i rieng Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd4&5 - 2015 (Nguyin Anh Tudn v i Derks, 2013) Tren co sd nghien cihi d Java (Indonesia) va Trung My vio nhiing nim 1950, Wolf (1955, 1957) da dua hai loai hinh ling: ldng ddng (closed corporate peasant community) tuang phan vdi ldng md (open peasant community)^ Theo Wolf, lang ddng die tnmg bdi mdt hS thdng khep kin, vdi nhiing gidi han rd ring mdi quan hS vdi ca ngudi ling v i ngoai lang Nd cd bin sdc mang tinh cdu tnic qua thdi gian Nhin tli bSn ngoai, cgng dong lang xuc tiSn mdt loat cac hoat ddng v i tri cac biSu hien, dai dien tSp thi (collective representations) Nhin tir ben trong, nd djnh rd quyen lgi va trach nhiem, va quy dinh hanh vi ting xii ciia cic vien lang Trong dd, ling md tap trung vao mdi quan he tuang tac lien tuc vdi the gidi bSn ngoii, gan sd phan cua nd vdi nhu cau ben ngoai VS lich sd, ling md sinh va phat triSn cung vdi nhu cdu cang ting vl cay cdng nghiep, ciy hang hda phuc vu su phat triSn tu ban chu nghTa d chau Au Md hinh phin loiii niy cua Wolf da vi dang dugc sd dung rdng rai viec tim hilu cic dac tnmg cua ling d nhiSu noi tren the gidi (Nguyin Anh Tudn vi Derks, 2013) vdi Nha nudc, anh hudng cua vSn hda v i kinh tl thuc dan phuang Tay, va quan hS giiia cac ling, nhdt la lang phat trien ve thii cdng nghiSp, budn ban Nhu vSy, cd the ndi, tinh ddng v i md ciia ling chi la tuong doi, va hai thudc tinh tirong thirc tiln ludn ciing t6n tai d m§i lang vdi nhung miic dd khac nhau, thudc vio bdi cinh lich sii, dieu kiSn tu nhiSn v i kinh tl - xa hgi Ndi cich khic, ling Ii mdt thuc thi ddng - ludn biln ddng va thay ddi khdng ngimg, dudi tic dgng cua khong gian, thdi gian va ddi chua dung nhieu mau thuan (Nguyen Duy Quy, 2002, din theo Papine va Tessier, 2002, ti- 8) Xet vl Ijch sii, ling tiiudng cd xu hudng biln doi tu dong sang ma, nhdt li bdi cinh toan can hda * Closed corporate peasant community dupc t^m dich c0ng wng nong """ dan "