Nghien cuu - Trao doi XOA 001 GIAM NGHEO BEN VUfNG la Sir nghiep cua toan Dang, toan dan I P G S TS V C V A N P H U C * T hd' gidi bubc sang the' ky XXI vdi nhiing t h k n h tiru to ldn v l tid'n bd khoa hoe cdng nghd, nhb l a m tang dang ke cua cai vat chCt xa hpi, cung n h u su giau cd cho loai ngubi, n h u n g ed mdt nghich eanh, dd la ngheo dbi vkn dien r a tren tat ca cac ehau luc vbi nhiing miie dp khac nhau, dac bidt b cae nubc dang phat trie'n, la md'i lo va de dpa h a n g ty ngiroi, thuc td' la mdt phan ba sd' dan thd' gidi vkn khd'n cimg vk ddi khat Van d l xoa ddi giam ngheo (XDGN) ludn gan bd vk chiu a n h hubng cua b a n chat cae chd' dp xa hdi vk quan he giai cap khac Dubi chd dp t u b a n chu nghia mk muc tidu n h a t vk cudi ciing Ik Ipi n h u a n da l a m p h a n hda xa hdi, day nhidu ngubi vao canh ngheo n a n khdn khd Vk, vdi b a n chat ciia ehd' dp nay, nhirng chinh sach giai quyd't ngheo ddi thubng chi mang t i n h n h a n dao, khdng hubng tdi giai quyd't t a n gd'c can^nguydn cua nd O Viet Nam, dubi s u l a n h dao eua D a n g Cdng san, vdi b a n chat cua mpt Nha nubc cua nhan dan, n h a n dan va vi n h a n dan, cae chinh sach xoa ddi, giam ngheo cua Nha nubc ta ludn nha't quan va kidn tri' trid'n khai t h u c hidn Ciing n h b dd m a Viet N a m da giii duoc * Tong Bien tap Tq.p chi Cdng sdn 16 TUYeNGlAOSO'6-2013 chinh tri - xa hdi d'n dinh, toan Dang, toan d a n va toan qukn ludn thong n h a t mdt khd'i doan ket, ciing vupt qua khd k h a n de xky d u n g va bao vd Td qud'c Viet Nam xa hpi chii nghia Q u a n d i ^ m ciia Chii tich Ho Chi M i n h v e c d n g t a c XDGN Ngay tir nhirng n g a y dau moi t h a n h lap chinh quyen each mang, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh da ludn cham lo d e n dbi sd'ng n h a n dan: he dan ddi la D a n g va Chinh phu cd loi, he dan ret la Dang va Chinh phu cd ldi, hd dan dm d a u benh t a t la Dang va Chinh phu cd ldi, h e dan khdng duoc hoc h a n h la D a n g va Chinh phu cd ldi Ngay sau Cach mang T h a n g T a m t h a n h cong, phien hpp d a u tidn cua Chinh phu 3-9-1945, Ngubi da ndu sau van dd cap bach dd ciiu ddi la mpt s a u nhidm vu cap bach h a n g dau Ngubi ndi: n h a n dan dang ddi Hon h a i t r i e u dong bao chiing ta da chd't ddi vi chinh sach ddc ac ciia bpn P h a p , Nhat Nhiing ngubi sap chet ddi n a y ciing bi ddi, Chfnh p h u ta phai l a m the' nao eho hp sd'ng Ngubi ndu r a bien p h a p khac phuc: "Tang gia s a n xuat! Tang gia s a n x u a t ngay! T a n g gia s a n xukt niia! Dd la k h a u hidu cua ta Dd la each thidt thuc cua chiing t a de g i u v u n g quyen t u dpc l a p " (1) Ddng thbi, Ngiroi dl Nghien ciju - Trao doi Phdt trien cay cao su tren dd't Tdy Nguyen gop phdn XDGN ben viing Anh: Ngoc Nhu nghi mb mdt cudc lac quydn, tu^n gao tidt kidm dup-c se gdp lai vk p h a t eho ngubi ngheo Ngubi ndi: "Liic chiing ta nkng bat com mk an, nghi dd'n ke ddi khd', chiing ta khdng khdi ddng Ibng Vay tdi xin de nghi vbi ddng bko ca nubc vk tdi xin thuc hknh trubc: Cu 10 nhin an mdt biia, mdi t h a n g nhin biia Dem gao dd (mdi bua mdt bo) de' ciiu dan ngheo" (2) Theo Ngubi, XDGN la: "Lkm eho ngubi ngheo thi du an, ngubi du an thi kha giku, ngubi giku thi giau thdm" Vky la, mpi thknh vien xa hdi khdng ngimg p h a n da'u vuon ldn vuot qua eua ddi ngheo Theo Ngubi, mdt dan tdc dd't ciing la mpt dan tpc ye'u, giac dd't ciing Ik mdt ba thii giac nguy hid'm no se kim ham sir phat tridn, Ngubi ehi rSng: an no mac am phai di liln vdi hpc h k n h tie'n bd, xa hdi phai ngky ckng tid'n, vat chat ngky ckng tang phai di l i l n vbi tinh t h a n cang td't Qua dd chiing ta thay rang y nghia sau xa t u tirbng XDGN eua Ngubi la bdn canh XDGN ve vat chat phai chii y ea XDGN v l tinh than, khdng ndn phien dien mdt ehilu chi t a p t r u n g v l kinh te, mk bo qudn van hda tinh t h a n , liie ay se x u a t hidn nguy co, lire can nguy hid'm a n h huong ddn s u phat trid'n XDGN la trach nhidm cua toan Dang, tokn dan, Ngubi keu gpi toan dan doan kdt phat huy tinh than nhan ai, gia tri truyen thd'ng cua dan tdc "la lanh diim la rach" dd' giup da n h a n dan vuot qua ddi ngheo Khi chinh quyen ve tay n h a n dan rdi phai lam eho n h a n dkn thay dupe gia tri cua t u binh dang thuc sir mdi la ndi dung dich thuc cua ddc lap t u do, theo Ngubi: "Nubc nha da gianh duoc ddc lap t u ma dkn van ebn ddi ngheo cue khd' thi ddc lap t u khong ed ich gi" Trong D I chuc, Ngubi chi rd: "Nhan dan lao ddng ta a mien xudi cung n h u a midn nui, da bao dbi chiu dung gian khd bi chd' dd phong kien va thuc dan ap biic bdc lot, lai kinh qua nhieu nam chie'n tranh Tuy vay, nhan dan ta rk't anh hiing, diing cam, hang hai, can cii Tir ngky cd Dang, nhan dan ta ludn ludn di theo Dang, rat trung thknh vdi Dang Dang can phai cd kd'hoach that td't de' phat trien kinh td' va van hda, n h a m khdng ngimg nang cao dbi sd'ng eua nhan dkn" (3) Nhiing gia tri to ldn t u tuong cua Chu tich Hd Chi Minh v l XDGN vkn nguyen gia tri mk chiing ta can van dung sang tao d i l u kien tinh hinh moi, p h a n da'u dat muc tidu chung: Dan giku, nubc m a n h , dkn ehu, cdng bang, van minh C h i i truoTig, dud-ng lo'i ciia D a n g t a v e XDGN qua cac thbi ky Trung t h a n h vdi di huan cua Chii tich Hd Chi Minh, nhirng nam qua Dang ta da ludn quan tkm, nkng cao khdng ngimg dbi sd'ng vat chat vk tinh t h a n cho n h a n dkn, XDGN, giai phdng ngubi khdi mpi ap biic, bat cdng, bao dam an sinh xa hdi, thuc hien cdng bang xa hdi TUYEN G I A O S O - 2013 f l Nghien ciiu - Trao doi Trong cac van kidn quan trpng cua Dang Cdng s a n Viet Nam, van de' XDGN duoc nhieu lan d l cap tdi Hdi nghi Trung uong (khda VII) da d l chii truong XDGN ehien lup'C phat trie'n ndng thdn, ndng nghiep va ndng dan cung n h u chid'n luoe p h a t trid'n chung ciia xa hdi va da tro thknh mdt chii truong chie'n luoe, nhk't quan, lien tuc duoc bd sung, hoan thien qua cac ky Dai hpi cua Dang Dai hdi lan thii VIH eua Dang mdt lan niia n h a n m a n h tkm quan trpng dac biet cua cdng tac XDGN, xac dinh phai n h a n h chdng dua cac hd ngheo t h o a t r a khoi hokn eanh tiing thid'u vk sbm hba n h a p vdi su p h a t tridn chung eua dkt nubc; de Chuong trinh qudc gia ve XDGN n a m 19962000 eung vbi 10 Chuong trinh kinh te' - xa hdi khac Thuc hien chu truong eua Dang, dau nam 1998, Chinh phu chinh thiic phd duydt Chuong trinh muc tidu qudc gia ve XDGN (Chuong trinh 133) cho giai doan 19982000 vdi muc tidu giam ty Id ddi ngheo cua ca nubc xud'ng 10% vao nam 2000 Ciing vbi dd, t h a n g 7-1998, T h u tuong Chinh phu tidp tuc bd sung Chuong trinh 135 - Chuong trinh hd trp phat trie'n co so t a n g thiet ye'u cae xa mien nui, vung sau, viing xa, viing dac bidt khd k h a n vbi 1.715 xa ngheo Mue tieu chinh cua Chuong trinh nky Ik hd tro xay dung he thd'ng CO so h a t a n g nhu: he thd'ng 18 'TUYENGIAOSC56-2013 dien, dubng giao thdng, trubng hpc, t r a m y td t a i cac xa ngheo ndi tren Ket qua Ik dd'n n a m 2000 ty Id ngheo cua ca nubc 10% theo chuk'n eii, dat muc tieu cua Chuong trinh de Tuy nhien, chung ta cung n h a n thk'y, khdng the' chi theo dudi muc tidu giam nhanh ty le hd ngheo ma c i n giii viing ket qua giam ngheo da dat dupe, tang k h a n a n g ben vung, hidu qua eua edng tac giam ngheo, dac biet dieu kidn phat tridn kinh te' thi trubng Vi vay, quan did'm giam ngheo b i n viing da dupe dd cap va thd hien Nghi quydt Dai hdi DC eua Dang la: "Tiep tuc thuc hidn ed hidu qua chuong trinh XDGN Quan t a m xky dung kd't eau tang cho cae viing ngheo, xa ngheo; ddng thbi nkng cap, cai tao cac tuydn true giao thdng ndi viing ngheo, xa ngheo vdi noi khac, tao d i l u kidn t h u a n Ipi cho vung ngheo, viing khd k h a n p h a t tridn Di ddi vdi vide xay dung ket cau h a tang, phai rat coi viec tao ngudn luc can thidt de dan cu b cac viing ngheo, xa ngheo day m a n h san xua't, phat trien ngknh n g h i , tang n h a n h thu nhap Nkng dan miic sdng eua eac hp da thoat ngheo, t r a n h tinh t r a n g t a i ngheo" (4) Tidp tue thue hidn chuong trinh XDGN vk Tuydn bd Thidn nidn ky ciia Lien hpp qud'c, Nghi quyet Dai hdi X eua D a n g chi rd: "Tid'p tuc day m a n h XDGN Da d a n g hda cae ngudn luc va phuong thiic t h u c hien XDGN theo h u b n g p h a t h u y cao dp ndi luc va kd't hpp sur dung ed hidu qua s u t r p giiip cua qud'c te' kd't hpp chinh sach cua N h a nubc vdi sir giup dd true tid'p va cd hidu qua cua toan xa hdi, cua nhirng ngubi k h a gia eho ngubi ngheo, hd ngheo, nha't la dd'i vbi n h u n g viing dac biet kho khan Ngan chan tinh trang tai ngheo" (5) Nghi quyd't Dai hdi dai bieu tokn qud'c lan thii XI da tid'p t u c k h a n g dinh cdng cupc xoa ddi, giam ngheo: "Tap t r u n g tridn khai cd hidu q u a cac chuong trinh XDGN b viing sau, vimg xa, viing dac biet khd khan Da d a n g hda eac ngudn luc va phuong thue XDGN gan vdi p h a t trid'n ndng nghiep, ndng thdn, p h a t trie'n giao due, day n g h i va giai quyet viec lkm de XDGN b i n viing; tao dieu kien va khuyen khich ngubi da thoat ngheo vuon len lkm giku vk giiip ngubi khac thoat ngheo" (6) N h u vay, eb the'thay, qua eac ky dai hdi Dang ta da ludn d k n h s u quan tkm dac bidt de'n cdng tac XDGN, de r a chie'n lup'C phu hop vdi didu kidn timg thbi ky N h u n g t h a n h t i m c c h a n t r o n g c o n g t a c XDGN nhihig nam qua N h b ed sir eo' gang cua t o k n Dang, t o a n dan, tokn quan, t r o n g dd cd sir ddng gdp khdng nhd cua cac d o a n h nghiep, cac ca quan, to chiie xa hdi vk eac ca n h a n , ty Id ddi ngheo b nubc t a cho de'n n a y da giam mdt Nghien cuu - Trao doi each tich cue Tinh dd'n n a m 2012, da cd 500 nghin luot hp ngheo duoc hd t r o ve n h a a; 542 t r i e u luat ngubi ngheo duoc hd tro bao hid'm xa hdi; h a n g chuc trieu lupt ndng dan dupc dko tao nghe mien phi Ciing vdi dd, d i l u kidn sd'ng cung da duoc eai thidn, khdng chi dd'i vbi cac hd sat vbi chua'n ngheo ma ca vbi r a t nhieu hd ngheo nhat cua Viet Nam Cd the' ndi, qua trinh dd'i mdi, nhung cai each theo eo che' thi trubng dinh hubng xa hdi chu nghia n h a m thiic day tang trubng kinh td' nhanh va ben virng ddng vai trb toi quan ddi vbi t h a n h cdng cua Viet Nam XDGN Nhiing nd lire dd lai duoc cung cd' them boi cae chinh sach dam bao edng bang cung cap cae dich vu CO ban, su dung dat va dau t u vao co soha t a n g n h a m d a m bao ngubi ngheo dupe tid'p can eo hpi rpng rai The' gidi ciing d a n h gia rat cao nhiing thknh tiru cua Viet Nam cdng tac xda ddi, giam ngheo Trong cdng bd' bao cao "Khoi d a u tdt nhung chua phai da hokn thknh: Thanh t u u an tupng cua Viet Nam v l giam ngheo va nhiing thach thiic mdi" cua Ngkn h a n g Thd' gidi (WB), ngky 24-1-2013, thi ty Id ngheo a Viet Nam giam tir gan 60% xudng 20,7% 20 nam qua (1990 - 2010) vdi khoang 30 trieu ngubi Bdn canh dd, Viet Nam cung dat dupe thknh turu a n tupng ve giao due va y td' Ty Id n h a p hpc b bac tieu hpc cua ngubi ngheo hon 90% vk b bac t r u n g hpc eo so la 70% Trinh dp hpc van tang vk su da dang hda cae hoat ddng phi ndng nghiep, co hdi lkm viec b cdng trubng, nhk may ddng gdp tich cue cho XDGN tai Viet Nam Nhirng t u u XDGN nhirng nam qua da gdp phan tang trubng kinh te' va thuc hidn edng bang xa hpi, an sinh xa hpi cho ngubi dan viing dac bidt khd k h a n va nhiing ngiroi thupc dien ydu thd' xa hpi Tuy nhidn, kd't qua giam ngheo a nubc ta chua thuc sir ben viing, so' hd da thoat ngheo n h u n g miic thu n h a p n a m sat chuan ngheo ebn ldn, ty Id hd t a i ngheo hang nam cao; chenh lech giku - ngheo giiia cae viing, nhdm dan cu van chua duoc giai quyet triet dd'; dbi sd'ng ngubi ngheo tid'p tue gap nhieu khd khan, nhk't la a khu vuc m i l n niii, viing cao, viing dong bao dkn tdc thie'u so' thubng xuyen vk khdng cd phue Ipi xa hdi n h u bao hid'm xa hpi vk bao hie'm y td XDGN b e n vu:ng la s u n g h i e p ciia t o a n Dang, t o a n dan, ciia ca h e thd'ng c h i n h tri Can khang dinh mot each m a n h me rang, XDGN khdng dimg lai a viec thuc hidn chinh sach xa hdi, khdng phai vide ridng cua ngknh lao ddng - xa hdi hay mdt sd' ngknh khac, ma la nhidm vu chinh tri, kinh te, van hda, Ik nhidm vu chung cua toan Dang, tokn dan, cua ea he thdng chinh t n Mudn thuc hidn thknh edng su nghiep XDGN, t a t ca cac cap liy dang, chinh quyIn d i u phai quan tam cung giai quyd't, thuc hidn eac giai p h a p mdt each ddng bp va phai ed sir t h a m gia cua toan thd cpng ddng Giai quyd't van de ngheo doi ludn duoc xac dinh la nhidm vu khd khan, lau dai de' bao dam an sinh xa hdi, thuc hidn mue tieu "Dan Ben canh dd, nhiem vu giku, nubc manh, dan chu, giam ngheo cua Viet Nam cong bang, van minh" Trong van dang dd'i dien nhidu thbi gian tdi, giam ngheo b i n thach thuc Dd la su t i l m a n vung Ik mdt nhung n h i l u bat on vi md, n h u n g nhidm vu trpng tam, uu tien tae dpng ttr ben ngoai vk sir chid'n luoe phat trid'n bat binh dang giiia eac tkng kinh te - xa hdi dkt nubc ldp dan eu dang dat De lkm diroe dieu nay, nhiing thach thuc mdi Tdc trubc hd't can dd'i mdi t u dp dd thi hda nhanh, dkn v l chinh sach XDGN Sinh ngheo t h a n h thi ciing t r o thbi, Chu tieh Ho Chf Minh thknh thach thiic mdi ddi vdi da timg vach ro ba thvc giac Viet Nam Sd' dan ndng thdn de dpa s u t d n vong ciia chinh di cu r a t h a n h thi dd l a m quyen n h a n dan sau Cach vide khu vuc t u n h a n m a n g T h a n g Tam nam va dich vu gia tang, chu ydu 1945, dd la: giac ddi, giac la nhiing cdng vide khdng dot, giac ngoai xam Sau 30 TUYSN G I A O S O 6-2013 '^AQ Nghien cuu - Trao doi nam trubng ky k h a n g chie'n chiing ta da giai quyet van d l giac ngoai xkm, gianh duoc doe lap dan tdc, giai quydt vkn de "giac ddi", "giac ddt" thi sau hon 38 n a m chiing ta van chua ed nhieu bubc tie'n v l chat lirong va hieu qua Day Ik thach thiie ben ldn nhat bube vao giai doan mdi vdi nhiing bien dd'i cd tinh birdc ngoat, n I n kinh td' dang giai doan tai cacau mpt each toan dien vk triet dd' Dd'giai quyet van de "giac ddi" vk "giac dot" mdt each triet dd', dbi hoi Dang Cdng san phai cd t u moi vk nang lire moi xky dung va thuc hidn chidn liroc p h a t trien dat nubc, dd ed t u mdi v l chinh sach XDGN mpt each bdn viing, khdng ngimg nang cao chk't luong cupc sdng vd mpi m a t cua ngubi dkn XDGN vira cd tinh c o b a n vk can thirc hidn lien tue, lau dai, lai Ik mdt cdng vide can kip, trubc m a t , bai vl sir nghiep each m a n g va cdng cudc ddi mdi ludn dat nhidm vu: mdi bubc p h a t trid'n kinh te' - xa hdi la mpt bubc cai thien dbi sd'ng eua nhan dan Day khdng chi la vide thuc hien truyen thd'ng, dao ly cua dkn tpc "thirong ngubi n h u the' thuong than", ma ebn Ik nhiem vu dd' bao dam d'n dmh xa hdi, eung cd' khd'i dai dokn ket dan toe De' cu the' hda hon dinh hubng cua Dang, can dua mue tidu can d a t duoc ve giam ngheo timg giai doan, dd xac dinh 20 TUYENGIAOS66-2013 giam ngheo ben viing la mdt nhirng trpng tkm cua chie'n lupc phat trien kinh te' - xa hdi n h a m cai thidn va timg bubc nkng cao dieu kidn sd'ng eua ngubi ngheo, trubc hd't b khu vuc mien nui, vung ddng bao dan tdc thid'u sd; tao su chuyen bidn m a n h me, toan dien b cac viing ngheo; t h u hep khoang each chenh lech giiia t h k n h thi va ndng thdn, giiia cac viing, cac dan tdc va eac tang ldp dan cu P h a i khdng ngirng cai thien d i l u kidn song eua ngubi ngheo, trube hd't Ik van d l y td', giao due, van hda, nubc sinh boat, nhk b; ngubi ngheo tiep can cang t h u a n Ipi hon cac dich vu xa hpi ea ban; co so h a t a n g kinh te' - xa hdi a cac huydn ngheo; xa ngheo, thdn, ban dac bidt kho k h a n duoc tap trung dku t u ddng bd theo tidu chi nong thdn mbi, trubc hd't Ik h a t a n g thiet ydu n h i r giao thdng, didn, nubc sinh hoat Dd' dat dupe eac mue tieu tren, thbi gian tbi can tiep tuc thirc hidn nhirng chuong trinh, du an, chinh sach giam ngheo da vk dang trie'n khai, nhir Chuong trinh muc tidu qud'c gia ve giam ngheo, thuc hidn Chuong trinh 135 giai doan 3, tiep tuc t h u c hidn Nghi quyd't 30a cua Chinh phu vk eac chuong trinh phat trie'n kinh td' - xa hdi khac Huy ddng tdi da mpi ngudn lire dd' thue hidn giam ngheo, bdn canh ngan sach Nha nubc ebn can h u y ddng sir t h a m gia vdi t i n h t h a n t r a c h nhiem eao cua cae t a p doan kinh td, cac td'ng cdng ty nhk nubc, ngan h a n g t h u o n g mai, eua edng ddng xa hdi, cua mpi ngubi dan va dac bidt la tir su nd lire cua chinh ban than ngubi ngheo Da dang hda cac phuong thuc hd trp ngiroi ngheo, n h i r hd tro ngubi ngheo vay vdn tin dung u u dai, hd trp ve nhk b, hd trp- ve cung cap vk tao didu kidn tri vbi cac loai dich vu, hd tro giao dat, giao rimg; ve dko tao ngudn nhan lue Cimg vbi dd, can khac phuc nhiing b a n ehd' cua edng tae thbi gian qua, n h i r vide trien khai chua t o a n didn cac chuong t r i n h giam ngheo; nhilu chinh sach, chuong trinh giam ngheo mang tinh ngan h a n , ehdng cheo; ngudn lire cho giam ngheo bi p h a n t a n , dkn t r a i dkn dd'n chua dap u n g ydu cau; thieu giai p h a p cu the' gan ket viec thirc hien chinh sach giam ngheo vdi chinh sach an sinh xa hpi; vide phdi hpp chi dao t h u c hien giua eac bd, n g a n h , dia phuong chua chat che, hidu qua, v.v / (1) (2) Ho Chi Minh: Todn tap, Nxb CTQG, H, 2002, t 4, tr 115; 31 (3) Ho Chi Minh: Todn tap, Sdd, t 12, tr 498 (4) DCSVN: Vdn ki4n Dai Mi dai bieu todn qudc ldn thd IX, Nxb CTQG, H, 2001, tr 299 (5) DCSVN: Vdn ki$n Bai h0i dai biiu todn qudc ldn thii X, Nxb CTQG, H, 2006, tr 217 (6) DCSVN: Vdn kien Bai hoi dai biiu todn qudc ldn thd XI, Nxb CTQG, H, 2011, tr 229 •