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VAN DUNG B O T I E U CHI DO DAC VE CHAT LU'ONG DAN SO VAO DANH GIA PHAT TRIEN CON NGU'Ol ,, j - TRINH THI KIM NGOC ^^ • Dat van de KI tir lin diu tien dl xuit quan dilm phat triln nguoi (PTCN) va bao cao PTCN (HDR) tir diu thap ky 90 cua thi ky XX cho toi nay, UNDP da nhan dugc sy ung hp rpng rai ciia gan 200 quoc gia va vimg lanh tho tren the gioi nham dac va cong bo thuong nien chi so PTCN (HDI) ciia cac quoc gia Tuy nhien, gan 25 nam qua ciing la mpt qua trinh UNDP khong ngimg hoan thien va phat trien ly luan va phuong phap luan ve PTCN, cung nhu bp cong cy dac chi so HDI Qua trinh luon dien dong thoi vai nhirng de xuat va tranh luan nham tim mot each tiep can danh gia vira mang tinh he thong, khach quan, vira the hien dugc dac trung phat trien ciia tirng cong dong Ciing nhu gan 200 quoc gia khac, Viet Nam cung da tham gia dac va cong bo chi so HDI ciia nguoi Viet Nam tir bao cao dau tien nam 1991 Tuy nhien, cho dii luon luon iing hp quan diem nhan van cua UNDP, viec dac HDI va danh gia PTCN cua Viet Nam cho tai khong phai da nhan dugc nhiing y kien hoan toan dong thuan Dac biet, voi dac thii ciia nen kinh te va nhung dieu kien dja ly, dan cu va xa hpi cua Vi$t Nam thi viec nhieu tranh luan ciing la dieu de hieu Cung voi muc tieu hoan thien bp cong cu dac va co them cac tieu chi dl danh gia PTCN Viet Nam dugc thuan Igi va khoa hpc hon, de cung cip cac bing chiing va so lieu cho bp cong cu HDI truyin thing da dugc dong dao cac qulc gia chip thuan sii dung , tac gia bai viet de xuat de gioi chuyen gia co thi xem xet phuong an van dyng bg tieu chi dac chat lugng dan sl vao danh gia PTCN ^k xuit dugc dua tren mpt so co sa ly luan va thyc tien dugc de cap sau day Chat lu-pug dan so va bp tieu chi vl chit luong dan so 1.1 Khai niem dan so, dan cu vd chit luang dan si 1.1.1 Khdi qudt ve ddn so Tai lieu giang day ve dan so hpc co ban coi dan sl la dan cu dugc xem xet, nghien ciiu • PGS TSKH.; Vien Nghien ciru Con ngirai, Vien Hin lam Khoa hoc Xa hgi Viet Nam ' Bo cong cLi HDI bao gIm chi s6 ph^n' thu nhap, giao due va sire Ithoe 32 NghiSn cuu Con ngudl s64(73} 2014 Trinh Thi Kim Ngoc a goc do: quy mo va co cau Tiic theo nghia hep, dan so la so lugng va chat lugng nguoi cua mot cong dong dan cu, cu tni mot vimg lanh tho (hanh tinh, khu vyc, chau tho, quoc gia, ) tai mot thai diem nhat dinh Nhung chiing toi muon dl cap din khai niem dan so voi nghTa rgng Ion nhat cua no, la viec coi dan so la toan bg dan cu dugc xem xet o cac goc do: quy mo, co cau va chat lugng, chii khong chi la vl sl nguoi, CO cau theo tuoi va gioi tinh, ma no bao gom ca cac van de kinh tl - xa hgi, siic khoe the chat, tri lye va ki nang, van hoa va ngon ngir, gan vai cong dong dan cu do, no rpng hon rat nhieu so voi nghTa hep cua khai niem dan so Voi dac trung la dan so luon luon bien dpng theo thoi gian va khong gian xa hpi luon c6 nguoi dugc sinh va mat di, cung nhu mgi noi hien tugng di cu dang rat soi dgng, cho nen cung da co anh huang khong nho den cupc song cua moi gia dinh va ciia toan xa hpi Tuy nhien, dan so la yeu to dau vao quan trpng nhat tao nen nguon nhan luc, tro mpt nhan to mang tinh quyet dinh doi voi su bai ciia qua trinh phat trien noi chung, co PTCN 1.1.2 Khdi niem chdt luang ddn so Khai niem chit lugng dan sl (CLDS) lin diu tien dugc sir dung van hpc tit thi ky XVIII Khai niem vl chit lugng dan cU cung da dugc Anghen sii dung cac nghien ciiu ciia minh Anghen da xem xet chat lugng dan cu nhu la ylu to vat chat, co nghTa la cac dilu kien kinh tl, la mot mat ciia "yeu to ky thuat", coi nhu mot trinh dp phat trien ciia tu lieu san xuat Khdi niem vl CLDS da dugc sir dyng kha rpng rai thuylt uu sinh va dya tren co so gen di truyin, diln hinh la thuylt chiing tpc (thi ky XIX) cho ring co chiing tpc "Thugng ding" va "Ha ding" va su phan hoa mang tinh ty nhieh, di truyen va bat biln Do vay, cac nha khoa hpc tu san da chiing minh sy ton tai ciia bat binh dSng ve xa hpi xuit phat tir nguIn glc sinh hpc va dua kha nang giai quyet cac van dl xa hpi bang each hoan thien ban chit nguIn goc cua nguai Cac nha nhan khiu hpc Nga coi CLDS la "khai niem trung tam cua he thong tri thiic va dan sl" va dugc phan anh qua cac chi tieu sau: 1) Trinh giao due; 2) Co ciu nghe nghiep xa hpi; 3) Tinh nang dgng va tinh trang sue khoe Cac chi tieu vl dan sl neu tren cung da dugc cac nha khoa bpc va hoach djnh chinh sdch tham khao va dua vao xem xet chit lugng nguIn nhan luc ciia nuoc Nga Theo Chu nghia Mac - Lenin, ban chit va npi dung ciia CLDS xuat phat tir cac qua trinh v^ quan he xa hpi, dugc hinh thong qua qua trinh nguoi dugc cham s6c, nuoi duong giao due va dao tao dl truong thanh, dap img yeu cau cua phat triln Nhu v§y, CLDS dugc phan anh thong qua cac thugc tinh co the lien quan true tilp den tinh NghlSn ciiu Con ngudl s64(73} 2014 33 Van dung bo tieu chi trang thi luc, tri lye, trinh dp giao due, trinh khoa hgc ky thuat, co va kT nang nghe nghiep, xa hgi va tinh nang dgng ciia dan cu Trong hai thap ky vua qua, cac nha dan so hgc Viet Nam da ban nhieu ve chat lugng dan sl dl di din mot dinh nghia ting quat rang: Chdt lugng ddn so hdm chua mot he thing cdc dac trung cua ddn s6 dugc bieu thi bang cdc thuoc tinh bdn chdt cua ddn s6, Id trinh hoc vdn, ca cdu nghe nghiep, ca cdu xa hgi, tinh nang dong, tinh trang sue khoe vd cdc dac trung khac cua ddn so Tong hgp Igi co the Id cdc thugc tinh ve the luc, tri luc, ndng luc xd hgi vd tinh nang dgng xd hgi, Theo do, moi trinh dp phat trien cua luc lugng san xuat va quan he san xuat se tuong img vai mpt muc chat lugng dan so nhat dinh Nhu vay, chat lugng dan so dugc phan anh thong qua hang loat cac tieu chi cu the lien quan den tam voc, the luc, siic khoe sinh san, trinh hpc vin, trinh dp chuyen mon khoa hgc ky thuat, co cau va ky nang nghe nghiep, doi song vat chat va cac dich vu xa hpi co ban, doi song tinh than va cac van de van hoa thong tin, gan ket cong dong va an ninh xa hpi, ciia toan the dan cu Phap lenh Dan sl 06/2003/PL-UBTVQH 09/01/2003 ciia Uy ban thuang vu Quoc hpi xac dinh "Chat lugng dan so la sy phan anh cac dac trung vl thi chit, tri tue va tinh than ciia toan bg dan so", dong thoi quy dinh chat lugng dan so gom nhung to sau: I) The chat: gom cac so ve chieu cao, can nang, siic manh, toe dp, siic ben, sy kheo leo, dinh duong, benh tat, tuoi thg, cac ylu tl gilng noi, gen di tmyin (nhu tat nguyen bam sinh, thieu nang tri tue, nhiem chit dgc hoa hpc, chit dgc mau da cam, ) cua nguoi dan; 2) Tri tue: gom cac yeu to trinh hgc vin, thim my, trinh dp chuyen mon ky thuat, co cau nganh nghi, the hien qua ti le bilt chii, s6 nam binh quan di hpc/dau nguoi, ti le nguoi co bang cap, dugc dao tao vl chuyen mon ky thuat, ; 3) Tinh than: gom cac yeu tl vl y thirc va tinh nang dgng xa hpi thi hien qua miic dp tiep can va tham gia cac boat dpng xa hpi, van hoa, thong tin, vui choi, giai tri, cua ngucri dan 1.2 Bp tieu chi HDI mdi quan he v&i chit luang ddn si De danh gia miic dp PTCN ciia mot qulc gia, chiing ta co thi sir dung bp cong cu dac HDI, gom to co ban sau: 1) Mpt cupc song dai lau va khoe manh dugc bing tuli thg trung binh tinh tir luc sinh(HDll) 2) Kien thiic dugc bing ti le nguoi Ion bilt chii (voi quyin s6 2/3) va ti le nh^p hpc tho cua cac cip giao due tieu hpc, trung hgc va dai hpc (voi quyin s6 1/3) (HDI2) 3) Miic song bang GDP thyc tl diu nguoi tho siic mua tuong duong tinh bing la My (PPP$) (HDD) ' Theo Tir dien Bach khoa ciia Viet Nam (1995) 34 NghiSn ctiu Con ngudl 364(73} 2014 Trinh Thi Kim Nggc Nhu vay, chi sl HDI la trung binh gian don ciia ba chi sl phin noi tren: HDI = 1/3 (HDIl + HDI2 + HDI3) HDI c6 gia tri tir din I HDI cang gin co nghTa la trinh PTCN cang cao, trai lai cang gin nghia la trinh PTCN cang thip De phan anh cac ITnh vuc lien quan din PTCN, ngoai HDI, sau bao cao dugc bo sung mot so chi s6 quan trgng khac: Chi sl phat triln gioi (Gender Development Index - GDI) • Thuoc vj thi gioi tinh (G>^nder Emprowement Measure - GEM) Chi so doi ngheo (Human poverty Index - HPI) Chi so ngheo da chieu (MuUidimensional Poverty Index - MPI) Chi so bat binh dang xa hgi hay chi so an ninh nguoi, Quan sat thyc tl tinh toan nhilu nam qua ciia chiing toi cho thiy, chit lugng dan so dugc nang cao, tiic tuoi thg, siic khoe the chit \a tilm nang tri luc ciing dugc tang len; thu nhap ciia nguoi dan cung dugc tang len, thi ba chi so phin tren cung tang len theo ti le thuan Khi HDI cang tiln gin din Dilu co thi thiy ro cac truang hgp nhu: HDI cua Nht > Ban, Han Qulc, Uc, thu nhap va tuli thg ciia hp deu cao, hai to de dang keo theo chi so HDI tang len Thyc tien hpc thuat ve PTCN bung cho thiy, HDI'tir lau da dugc gioi hgc gia coi la mOt hgp phan quan trpng voi nhung thong tin khong the bo qua dl danh gia chit lugng dan so, dong thoi ve ban chat, no c6n dugc coi la mpt chi tieu tong hgp danh gia trinh dp phdt trien kinh te - xa hpi ciia cac quoc gia Theo tinh toan hoi quy ciia cac nha chuyen mon, mpt quoc gia muon tang HDI len them 0,010 diem, thi GDP binh quan dau nguoi ciia qulc gia phai dugc tang them 18%, theo tuoi tbp trung binh ciia ngucri dan ciing dugc keo dai them 1,8 nam va ti le di hgc ciia hgc sinh o cac cap them 3% Tuong quan tren cung ding thoi the hien mot nghich ly rang, cac quoc gia cang co miic phat trien cao ban thi cang gap kho khan hon viec nang cao them chi so PTCN Bp cong cu danh gia chat Ivong dan so Thong thuong, CLDS dugc cac quoc gia cau tir to co ban sau: 1) Thi chit va sire khoe: thi hien nang lye ve siic manh the chat ciia mot cong ding, CO timg ca thi; mot dan sl co chat lugng cao phai la cong dong gom cac ca nhan co diy dii nang luc vl site manh the chat, timg ngucri khoe manh 2) Tri tue, hpc vin, trinh dp chuyen mon ky thuat va tay nghi; the hien nang lye vl tri tu?, thong qua trinh dp hpc vin cung nhu tay nghi cac boat dpng sang lao, san xuit kinh doanh nhim phat triln kinh tl - xa hoi; mot dan sl c6 chit lugng cao phai la c^ng ding gIm cac ca nhan co diy dii nang lye ve tri tue, hpc van, trinh dp chuyen mon ky thu^t va tay nghe 3) Tinh thin, doi sing van hoa va gin kit cong ding: the hien nang luc ve loi sing, van hoa, quan h? va each irng xir cong ding, dam bao cho cong dong co sy gan NghlSn ciiu Con ngU& s64(73} 2014 35 Van dung bg tieu chi kit va cung la siic manh dl dat toi sy phat triln bin viing; mot dan s6 co chat lugng cao la cong ding gIm cac vien co day dii sire manh tinh than, van hoa, co kha nang gin kit va su doan kit chat che; mpi nguoi co sy thuang yeu diun bgc lln nhau; co cac quan he lanh manh, tien bg 4) Cac dac trung nhan khiu hgc: phan anh cac dac trung nhu miic sinh, chet; co cau dan sl, nhit la co ciu gioi tinh, dp tuli, theo dia ly; mot dan sl co chit lugng cao la cong ding c6 co ciu hgp ly vl diy dii cac khia canh dam bao cho qua trinh phat triln dan so va kinh te - xa hgi hai hoa, ben viing 5) Doi sing vat chit va cac djch vu xa hpi co ban: phan anh khia canh hieu qua cua dan sl: mpt dan sl c6 chit lugng cao la cong ding boat dgng co hieu qua ve kinh te - xa hgi, ciing nhu co sy tang truang kinh te hgp ly Dya tren tl ca ban tren, dl danh gia chat lugng dan so, tir nam 2008, cac nha dan sl hpc Viet Nam ciing da de xuat mpt bp tieu chi bao gom 17 tieu chi phan, phan anh ITnh vyc ciia chat lugng dan cu (nguon nhan luc) nhu sau: a) Nhom tl vl Thi chdt vd sue khoe: the hien nang luc ve siic manh the chat cua mot cong dong dan tpc, co timg ca nhan, dugc dac thong qua tieu chi: - Tuoi thg trung binh tinh tir liic sinh; - Ti le tre em duoi tuoi suy dinh duong (chieu cao theo tuoi); - Ti le tre em duoi tuoi dugc tiem chung day du cac loai vac xin; - Ti le nguoi tan tat cong dong b) Nh6m to ve Tri tue, hgc vdn trinh dg chuyen mon ky thuat vd tay nghe: the hien nang lye ve tri tue, thong qua trinh dp hpc van ciing nhu tay nghe cua dan cu cac hoat dgng sang tao, san xuat kinh doanh nham phat trien kinh te - xa hpi cua dat nuoc, bao gom 02 tieu chi: - Ti le hpc sinh di hpc diing dp tuoi thong; - Ti le lao dpng dang lam viec nen kinh te quoc dan da qua dao lao; c) Nhom to ve Tinh than, dai song vdn hoa vd gdn kit cong ding: The hien nang lye ve loi song, van hoa, quan he va each ung xir cua ca nhan cong dong, dam bao cho cong dong c6 su gan ket va ciing la siic manh dl dat toi sy phat trien; mpt dan so c6 chat lugng cao phai la cong dong gom cac vien co diy du nang lye ve tinh than, van hoa, co kha nang gan ket va su doan kit chat che voi tieu chi: ^ Ti le hp dan dat chuan van h6a; So lugt nguoi dugc phuc vu thu vien tinh tren 1.000 dan; Ti le hg dan co sir dung tivi; So nguoi sii dung Internet tinh tren 100 dan d) Nhom tl ve Cdc dgc trung nhan khdu hgc: phan anh cac dac trung nhan khau hpc nhu miic sinh, miic tii; tic sinh; co cau dan so, nhat la cac co cau vl gioi 36 Nghien ciiu Con ngudl s64(73} 2014 Trinh Thi Kim NgQc tinh, dp tuoi, khu vuc dia Ij?; mot dan s6 co chit luong cao phai la cong d6ng co co cau hop ly ve day du cac khia canh dS dam bao cho qua trinh phat trifa dan sd ciing nhu kinh te - xS hoi duoc ben vung voi tieu chi: - T6ng ti suit sinh (TFR); - Ti s6 gicri tinh cua tre em mod sinh; - Ti le dan so thi e) Nhom t6 ve Dai sSng vat chit va cac dich vu xa hoi ca ban: phan anh khia canh hieu qua hoat dpng cua dan s6: mpt dan s6 co chit lupng cao phai la cong ddng hoat dpng CO hieu qua, dat kSt qua cao cac hoat dpng kinh tl - xa hpi ciing nhu co tang truong kinh t6 hop ly bao gom tieu chi tiSp theo nhu sau: - Thu nhap binh quSn diu nguoi mpt thang; - Ti IS ngheo dan cu; " Ti le dan so duoc sir dung nuoc sach; • Ti le h6 dan dung h6 xi hpp ve sinh^ Chat lupng cupc song (CLCS) la mpt khai niem dpng, phat triSn tir thip len cao phu thupc vao su phat trien cua kinh te, che dp chinh tri, quan niem ve van hoa va truyen thong cua moi dan t6c o tung giai doan phat trien cua hinh thai xa hoi CLCS co quan he qua lai vol nhieu yeu to nhu nguon tai nguyen, su phat trien dan so, he thong chinh tri xS hpi, loi song, cac gia tri van hoa, ton giao va trinh dp phat trien kinh te cua xa hpi, Chinh vi vay, CLCS mpt mat la he qua, la mpt tieu chi cua CLDS, nhung no luon la muc tieu ciia PTCN, Doi moi cac chinh sach xa hpi va co co che tang cuong tinh thich img ciia cac chinh sach co lien quan den CLDS, cai thien phuc loi xa hpi va dich vu xa hpi, dam bap cong bing xa hpi mpt each hpp ly la nhimg giai phap de khong chi nang cao CLDS ma gop phin thiic day PTCN mpt each co hieu qua Cff Sff ly luan va thuc tien ciia de xuat neu tren 3.1 Cosdtyluan Thir nhit dan s6 la mpt nhan t6 co ban ciia phat triln nen khong thi bo qua danh gia PTCN bit ky mpt hinh thai kinh tl - xa hpi nao, muon ton tai va phat trien diu phai tri hai qua trinh san xuit: i) san xuit cua cai vat chat xa hpi, bao gom tu li?u san xuit va tu lieu tieu dung; va ii) san xuit chinh ban than nguoi - nguon luc quan trpng bac nhit ciia mpi qua hinh san xuat, cOng nhu mpi qua trinh phat trien Tuy nhien, qua trinh san xuit ta tu lieu san xuit se khong thuc hien dupe nlu khong co nguiri, boi suy cho cimg, tu lieu san xuit hay san pham tieu diing deu la san pham Ui Uif cua nguoi Su da dang, phong phu ciia chiing ciing nhu sir hien dai timg buoc ciia khoa hpc vi cong nghe la nhimg bang chimg vl sir phat triln tri me ciia ngucri Vi vay, viec ' Do4n Minh LOc Dirong Qu6c Trpng v i V6 Anh Dung (2012) "Bp lieu chi danh gia chal liiung dan so", J^pzM Dan s6vaphai trien, S^ 10(139) Nghlin etlu Con ngudl s64(73} 2014 37 Van dung bg tieu chi nghien ciiu tai san xuit dan sl la mot liiih vyc quan trgng, lien quan tryc tilp va quylt dinh din sy tin tai va phat hiln xa hpi Thyc tiln phat triln ciia cac nuoc "hoa ring" da chimg mmh, cac qu6c gja phat hiln tra nhiing cuong quoc thi gioi nhu Nhat Ban, Trung Qulc, hay An Dp hien diu thai ky dan so vang Ben canh do, mli lien he voi nen san xuit xa hgi, nguai vira la chii thi quylt dinh su tin tai va phat hiln ciia no, vira la khach thi, la lye lugng tieu dung nhiing ciia cai minh tao Vi vay, cac kl hoach san xuat, djch vu cua mot nen kinh tl khong th^ thilu dugc cac can cii vl quy mo, co cau dan so Viec nghien ciiu thi truong bat dau bang viec mo ta khai quat tinh hinh dan so ma no phyc vu Thu hai, cac ylu tl dan sl co anh huong rat Ion den tai nguyen thien nhien, trang thai moi truong va phat trien ben viing Nhan to co ban cua tang truong va phat trien kinh te - xa hpi la nguon nhan lye, ma nguon nhan luc luon luon gan lien voi sy bien d6i dan so ca ve so lugng va chat lugng Muc tieu ciia su phat trien suy cho cimg la nham n3ng cao CLCS va dap ling nhu cau cang cao ciia nguoi Muc tieu chi co the dat dugc quy mo dan so, toe tang truong dan so, su phan bo dan cu va ngu6n nhan lye that su phii hgp va c6 tac dgng tich eye den sy phat trien De CO sy phat trien ben viing, viec dap ling nhu cau va nang cao CLCS cua cac thi he hien tai khong dugc anh huong den cac the he tuong lai tren co so sir dung tai nguyen thien nhien, moi truong sinh thai va chat lugng ciia sy phat trien Trong thyc tl, cac yeu to dan so c6 anh huong rat Ian den tai nguyen thien nhien va trang thai moi truong Dan so phii hgp sy phat trien noi chung va PTCN noi rieng doi hoi sy dilu chinh cac xu huong dan so phii hgp voi sy phat trien nin kinh tl - xa hpi cua dit nuoc Su phii hgp la yeu to quan trgng kich thich sy phat trien nhanh va ben viing, nang cao doi song vat chat va tinh than ciia nhan dan, nang cao tilm luc cua luc lugng san xuat; la yeu to co ban de xoa doi, giam ngheo, giam tinh trang thit nghiep, giam ti le mil chii, ti le suy dinh duong, nang cao trinh dp hpc van, nang cao vj thi ciia nguoi phu nii, giam riii ro vl moi truong, mo rpng dich vu y tl, xa hpi va buy dgng nguIn lye diu tu cho phat trien san xuit, kinh doanh, khoa hpc va cong nghe; gop phin thyc hien muc tieu dan giau, nuac manh, xa hgi cong bing, dan chii, van minh Chiln luge dan sl la mpt bp phan quan trpng cua chien luge phat triln dit nuac, do no cung la vin dl quan trgng PTCN; mot nhiing vin dl hang diu tac dgng tryc tilp din nIn kinh te va cac qua PTCN, la ylu tl co ban dl nang cao CLCS cua nguoi Chinh vi vay, dan sl vira la muc tieu, vira la dgng lye cua phat triln bin viing va PTCN Thu ba, dan so nhu mot chi bao quan trpng, cho phep du bao vl xu huong kinh tl - xS hpi tuong lai Quy mo, co ciu, sy gia tang dan sl thuang la kit tinh cua c ^ ylu tl kinh te - xa hpi, phan anh cac dieu kien xa hpi Vi vay, xuat phat tit cac dac trung cua dan so, CO the tim hieu, phat hien, dy bao cac vin dl khac tuong lai Ching ban, nghien 38 NghiSn ciiu Con ngudl s64(73} 2014 Trinh Thi Kim Ngoc ciiu luong di dan giira n6ng thon va thdnh thi cho phep danh gia tinh hinh phat triln kinh te cua dat nuoc, co "sy bung no tre em hom nay" se giiip ta dy bao su bimg nl nhu ciu viec lam khoang 15-20 nam sau; xuat hien sy mat can bing gioi tinh sinh Cling canh bao trudc nhiing van de xa hpi cua 15 - 20 nam sau, co thi xay tmh trang lua gat, buon ban phu nii, tre em, gia tang nhu a Trung Qulc thoi gian qua Thu tu, nang cao chi so HDI va nang cao CLDS deu la cac muc tieu quan trpng cac chien luge phat trien cua the gioi ciing nhu cac chiln luge kinh tl xa hgi cua cac quoc gia Van de nang cao CLDS dugc de cap tren diln dan qulc tl tai Hgi nghi Quoc te ve Dan so va Phat trien (Cairo, Ai Cap) nam 1994 va dugc nhin manh Tuyen bl Almaty (Kazakhstan) vl dan sl va phat triln nam 2004 Tren thyc tl, nhilu nuoc tren the gioi, co cac nuoc dang phat triln nhu Viet Nam da dua muc tieu nang cao CLDS vao chien luge phat trien kinh te xa hgi quoc gia O Viet Nam, Van kien Dai hpi Dang lan thii XI da nhan manh toi van de nang cao CLDS giai doan 2011 - 2020 va chi ro: CLDS la tap hgp nhiing dac diem ve nang lye cua mpt quan cu, mot cong dong, mpt dat nuoc dugc the hien qua he thong cac chi bao: CO cau tuoi, the luc, tri luc, miic song va y thirc xa hpi, viec thyc hien nhirng chiic nang xa hpi nhat dinh nham dap img yeu cau phat trien kinh te - xa hpi cua toan bg dan sl noi chung va sy phat trien cua chinh ban than mli gia dinh, moi nguoi dan noi rieng, Dang Cong san Viet Nam khang djnh, "Nang cao CLDS la chinh sach CO ban ciia Nha nuoc su nghiep phat trien dat nuoc Nha nuoc thuc hien chinh sach nang cao CLDS vl thi chit, tri tue va tinh thin nham nang cao chi so PTCN ciia Viet Nam len miic tien tiln ciia the gioi, dap img yeu cau cong nghiep boa, hien dai h6a dit nuoc" Dang ta chii truong, viec xay dyng bo chi tieu danh gia CLDS phan anh su phat triln nguIn luc dit nuoc la cin thilt cho viec luong, danh gia va lap kl hoach phat triln kinh tl - xa hgi toan dien ciia dit nuoc 3.2 Cdc cffso' ve phuang phap lugn v l mat phuong phap luan, dh tinh dugc HDI va cac chi sl lien quan den HDI cap toan qulc, cip tinh, phi nuoc ta mot each khach quan va khoa hoc, can phai tiln hanh theo quy trinh nhilu buoc va dya vao nhilu nguon sl lieu khac nhau, nhihig s6 lieu va tieu chi vl CLDS la dilu khong thi bo qua Dl xuit dugc xem xet beri no thoa man nhung nguyen tic sau day viec danh gia CLDS va PTCN: Thu nhdt, co rit nhilu dilm gap bp cong cu HDI va bp tieu chi danh gia CLDS Qua bp tieu chi danh gia CLDS neu tren chung ta thay hau het cac chi tieu phin co ban cua bp cong cu danh gia HDI diu dugc thi hien cac tieu chi phin bp cong cy vl CLDS Bang sau day vl 25 tieu chi da dugc cac nha khoa hgc thing ke dl xuit dk tinh HDI cua Viet Nam nam 2010, tac gia xin dan day de nhOng quan tam c6 thi tryc quan so sanh NghlSn cOu Con ngUdI s64(73} 2014 39 Van dung bg tieu chi Bang 1: Bo chi tieu phuc vu tinh HDI va GDI cap toan quoc, cap tinh, Ten chi tieu Ting dan so titan quoc va cac tinh, Dan s6 tuli tir 6-24 ciia toan quoc va cac-tinh, ph6 Dan s6 nam ciia toan quoc va cac tinh, Dan s6 nam tuli tir 6-24 cua toan quoc va cac tinh, Dan so nii cua toan quoc va cac tinh, Dan s6 nii tuoi tir 6-24 ciia toan quoc va cac tinh, GDP theo USD-PPP cua toan quoc va cac tinh, Ting sl lao dgng dang lam viec nen kinh te quoc dan toan quoc va cac tinh, Ting s6 lao dgng nam dang lam viec nen kinh te quoc dan toan quoc va cac tinh, 10 Tong so lao dgng nir dang lam viec nen kinh te quoc dan toan quoc va cac tinh, 11 Ti le nguoi Ion biet chii ciia ca nuoc va cac tinh, 12 Ti le nguoi lan nam biet chii ciia ca nuoc va cac tinh, 13 Ti le nguoi Ion nii biet chir ciia ca nuoc va cac tinh, 14 So hoc sinh thong ciia toan quoc va cac tinh, 15 So hoc sinh nam thong ciia toan quoc va cac tinh, 16 So hpc sinh nii thong ell's toan quoc va cac tinh, 17 So hpc sinh trung hgc chuyen nghiep, cao dang, dai hgc cua toan quoc va cac tinh, IS So hpc sinh nam trung hpc chuyen nghiep, cao dang, dai hpc ciia toan quoc va cac tinh, 19 So hpc sinh nir trung hpc chuyen nghiep, cao dang, dai hpc ciia toan quoc va cac tinh, 20 Tuoi tbp trung binh tai liic sinh ciia dan so chung toan quoc va cac tinh, 21 Tuoi thp trung binh tai liic sinh ciia dan so nam toan qulc va cac tinh, 22 Tuoi thp trung binh tai liic sinh ciia dan so nCr toan qulc va cac tinh, 23 Chenh lech tien cong cua nu so voi nam pham vi toan quoc va tai cac tinh, thanli 24 Sire mua tuang duong tien dong Viet Nam so voi la My 25 Chi so gia sinh hoat theo khong gian ciia cac tinh, phi STT Nguon: De xuat cua nhom nghien cuu TCTK ve bg cong cu tinh chi so HDf Bang tren cho thay, dya vao the manh ve tinh cy the cua bp tieu chi danh gia CLDS da cho phep lam ro dugc them mpt so chieu canh quan trpng ciia PTCN Ciing chinh vi giiia Nguyen Van Pham (2010), De tai cip Bp: "Phuong phap va quy trinh tinh HDI cap tinh, t h ^ h ciia Viet Nam" TCTK, Ha Noi 40 NghiSn ciiu Con ngudl s64(73) 2014 Trinh Thi Kim Ngpc hai b9 cong cu co nhieu diem gap nen truoc co bo tieu chi danh gia CLDS (nam 2010), cae nha dan so hpc cung da sijr dung chi so HDI de danh gia CLDS cua Viet Nam^ Ca hai bp tieu chi danh gia CLDS va bp cong cu HDI deu thoa man nhimg nguyen tap xay dung chung, la: 1) Nguyen tdc 1: Tieu chi duoc lua chon phai phan anh dong thai thuc chdt CLDS va chdt lu^g PTCN Nguyen tac thoa man duoc viec cac tieu chi duoc lua chpn se dong thoi phan anh ro thuc trang ve CLDS va chat luprng PTCN Dam bao the hien duoc tinh chat lupng ctia phat trien, ciang nhu dam bao cac so lieu dac dupe luon trang thai dien tien thuc t^ cua cac binh dien CLDS va PTCN, cho phep du bao cac chieu huong phat trien di len hay tut hang PTCN va goi y nhung nguyen nhan cua cac xu huong 2) Nguyen tdc 2: Khi khong co duac tieu chi phan anh true tiep, co the xac dinh tieu chi thay the Nguyen tac thoa man viec nhOng trucmg hpp thieu so lieu doi vol cac tieu chi phan anh true tiSp v6 CLDS va PTCN, chiing ta vin c6 the tim dupe cac tieu chi phan anh gian ti6p d^ thay thi, vi du, de phan anh thu nhap cua nguoi dan idii tinh chi s6 HDI, le nguoi ta phai sir dung tieu chi t6ng thu nhap quoc dan (GNl), nhimg vi thiSu s6 lieu ve GNI binh quan diu nguoi (nhat la cac qu6c gia co trinh dp thong ke chua cao), nhiSu qu6c gia da sir dung tong san pham nuoc (GDP) binh quan dau nguoi dS thay thS, tvtc la coi GDP va GNl dSu co kha nang phan anh CLDS nhu 3) Nguyen tic 3: Ddm hao tinh huang dich hieu qua cim thong lin Muc dich cuoi ciing ciia viec xay dung cac bp tieu chi th6ng ke noi chung va bp danh gia HDI cung nhu CLDS, la cung cjp cong cu thu thap sd lieu dap img nhu cau sir dung thong tin ciia cac nha quan ly, hoach djnh chinh sach nhiing nguiri lam cong tac nghien ciiu va sii dung thong tin cho truySn thong, tirng linh vuc KT-XH eg thi Vol nguyen tSc nay, viec xay dung cac bo tieu chi luon nham dam bao cung cap thong tin theo yeu clu cac nhiem vu mot each he th6ng va khoa hpc, phuc vu hieu qua chp viec nghien ciru va hoach dinh chinh sach 4) Nguyen tdc 4: Dam hao tinh thing nhdl ciia ho lieu chi Nguyen tic dam bao tinh thSng nhit vj ngu6n s6 lieu va tinh tong hpp ve thong tin, giup cho viec thu thap va cap nhat cac theng tin s6 lieu dupe dS dang Viec dam bao tinh th6ng nhit giup cho viec thu thap cac s6 lieu th6ng ke nhat quan, dam bao tinh he th6ng v4 khoa hpc, dac biet la d5i vol ngu6n s5 lieu a cap trung uong 5) Nguyen tie 5: Ddm bdo tinh chinh thing ciia thong tin Tinh chinh thSng cua thong tin dupe thJ hien bSng viec sir dung cac so lieu thong ke chinh thirc cac ca quan nha nuoc co thIm quyen cong bo theo quy dinh cua phap luat Viet Nam Nguyen tic giiip cho viec danh gia CLDS va PTCN cung mang tinh chinh th6ng, thang nhit va khach quan, khoa hpc Thuc te dac PTCN a ciip tinh nuoc ' Tnrdng Tning cap Y li Ha Dong (2011), Giao trinh Dm sihQc ca ban, ir 43, Nghlin ciiu Con ngudl s64(73) 2014 Van dung bg tieu chi ta vao thap ky truoc da cho thdy nhung tranh cai vl thir hang giiia cac tmh chua co mot cong bl chinh thiic vl chi sl PTCN cap tinh nuoc ta 6) Nguyen tdc 6: Tieu chi vd sS lieu ddnh gid dugc phdn tS tai cdp tinh Tinh toan chi sl CLDS ting hgp hay chi sl HDI thuang dugc uu tien danh gia chung o cip qulc gia Tuy nhien, voi nhimg dac thii vl khu vyc, vimg mien, dia ly va dan tpc, viec cap nhat cac sl lieu dac trung cua cac dia phuong la v6 cimg can thiet Ngoai sl lieu chung cua ca nuoc, nhiing ngucri danh gia phai co so lieu ciia cac tieu chi thing ke tuong ling dugc phan bl toi c4p tinh, nham dam bao nguon thong tin, so lieu sat vai thyc tien phat trien cua cac dia phuong Mot vai nguyen tac khac ciing da dugc cac nha dan so hpc de xuat, rdiu dam bao sy minh bach cua tieu chi va sl lieu lya chpn, hay miic dp uu trpi ve y nghia ciia cac tieu chi Tuy nhien, tac gia bai vilt khong ding tinh voi cac nha dan so hpc cho rang, mpt sl tieu chi khong co y nghia cao viec xac dinh CLDS a nuoc ta, vi dy: Ti le hgc sinh dp tuoi dugc vao hgc lop 1; Ti le xa co tram y te; Ti le hg gia dinh dugc su dung di§n; Ti le hg gia dinh co tivi; Ti le dan song viing phii song phat thanh; Ti le dan song viing phii song truyen hinh; Ti le xa co duong to den trung tam xa; Ti le xa co truong mhi gi^o; Ti le xa co truong thong co so, Tren thyc te, day la cac tieu chi rit quan trpng va dac biet c6 y nghia doi voi viec danh gia CLDS va PTCN Chinh cac tieu chi da co tac dpng true tilp din CLDS va PTCN nuac ta Thu hai, Mli quan he giira CLDS - CLCS va PTCN Co su lien quan chat che giira CLDS, CLCS va PTCN Viec cai thien, nang cao CLDS se la dieu kien vat chat tien quyet gop phan cai thien chi so HDI ciing nhu nang cao CLCS cua nguoi dan Chinh su cai thien ve CLDS dugc the hien ban than CLCS cua nguoi dan Nhu vay, co the coi moi quan he nay, CLDS la dieu kien vat chat de PTCN CLCS chinh la muc tieu ciia PTCN, va den lugt minh no lai tro dieu kien de nang cao CLDS va nguon nhan lye ciia moi qulc gia Trong thyc te, nhieu chi tieu de luong siic khoe va CLCS cung nhu chat lugng giao due da dugc sir dung de luang sy cai thien phat trien vl CLDS Nhu vay, CLCS ciing dugc coi la mot khai niem tong hgp, bao gom cac chi bao tong hgp, CO npi dung rat phong phii lien quan den mpi mat ciia cugc song nguoi No thi hien nhimg nhu ciiu dugc thoa man vl vat chk cung nhu tinh thin cua ca nhan, cong dong va toan the xa hpi Voi 12 diem dac trung ma William Ben - nha dan so hoc My da de xuat, viec nang cao CLCS da tro muc tieu quan trpng nhit ma sy nghiep PTCN huong toi: • An toan; Sung tiic ve kinh te; • Cong bang theo phap luat; An ninh quoc gia; Dugc bao hiem Iiic gia, 6m dau; Hanh phiic tinh than; 42 NghiSn cOU Con ngudl s64(73} 2014 Trinh Thi Kim NgQc • Svr tham gia vao doi s6ng xa hpi; • Binh ding v6 giao d\ic, nha a va nghi ngoi; • Chat lupng diri song van hoa; • Quyen tu cong dan; • Chat lupng moi tnrcmg ky thuat giao thong, nha 6, thi6t hi smh hoat, thiSt bi giao due, y te, • Chdt lupng moi truong s6ng ^ Ket qua danh gia th* nghiem theo bS tieu chi ve chit Iirong cuoc song Tren co so s5 lieu chinh thirc' cong b6 nam 2010 cua Tdng cue Th6ng ke (TCTK) v6 cac chi so frong CLDS (PQI) cua viing kinh te - xa hpi va 63 tinh/thanh ph6 theo bp tieu chi ma cac nha dan sS hpc da dS xuit, nghien ciiu nay, chiing toi se t6ng hpp mpt so k6t qua dupe tinh tpan theo hai phuong phap trung binh cong vS CLDS cua cac tinh nuoc ta Cac bang ducji day se la bing chirng chimg minh cho su phti hop ciia cac chi tilu vS CLDS voi mirc dp tiSn bp vS PTCN Trong khuon kho nghien cim nay, chiing toi chi neu kat qua cua vimg kinh t6 tinh theo vi tri lanh th6 (Bang 2), tinh/thanh ph6 co gia tri PQI cao nhit (Bang 3) va tinh CO gii fri PQI thip nhit (Bang 4) theo phuong phap trung binh cong Kit qua nhu sau: B4ng Ket qua tinh chi so CLDS (PQI) theo trung binh cong cho viing niro'c ta Cdc viing Dong Nam Bp Dong bang s6ng Hong TDvaMN phia BIC BTB va DH MT Tay Nguyen DB song Cim Long To&n quoc The chat va sire khoe 0.884 Cac nhom to Chi Tri tue, Tinh Cac dac Doi song so PQI hpc van, than, doi (Phuong tnmg vat chat chuyen song van nhan vacac phap tnmg monky binh cong) hoa va khau dich vu thuat va gan ket hpc XHco tay nghe cong ban dong 0.498 0.858 0.824 0.491 0.711 0.868 0.546 0.491 0.727 0.696 0.666 0.820 0.838 0.814 0.437 0.465 0.421 0.438 0.466 0.415 0.672 0.689 0.650 0.425 0.578 0.548 0.558 0.607 0.570 0.836 0.843 0.383 0.464 0.479 0.473 0.737 0.751 0.569 0.624 0.601 0.631 Nguon: Kit qud thu nghiem vi CLDS cua Doan Minh Lgc va cong su, 2012 ' UBNDTp H i N?] (2011), Din theo Ddn so hpc ca bdn NghiSn ciiu Con ngudl s64(73) 2014 43 Van dung bo tiiu chi Bang cho thiy, cac tinh Dong Nam Bp g6m: Tp H6 Chi Mmh, Ba Ria - Viing Tau, Binh Duong, la cac tinh co cac tri s6 ve CLDS cao frong ca nuac, d6iig thoi ciing la cac tinh co chi s6 PTCN cao nhit; tiSp dSn la cac tmh D6ng bSng song Hong bao gom Ha Npi, Hai Phong, ; cac tinh co tri s6 CLDS duoi trung binh cong cung la cac vimg CO chi so PTCN thap nhat ca nuac Bang Kit qua tinh chi si PQI theo trung binh cong, tinh cao nhat Cac nhom to Cac tinh, Tp Ho Chi Minh Da Nang Ha Noi Can Tho Ba RiaViing Tau Quang Ninh Toan quoc Chi s6 PQI Dai (Phuong spng vat phap chat va trung binh cac dich c6ng) vu xa hpica ban Tri tue, hpc van, trinh dp chuyen mpnky thuat va tay nghe Tinh than, dai song van hoa va gan ket cong dong Cac dac trung nhan khau hpc 0.909 0.887 0.886 0.873 0.550 0.606 0.601 0.415 0.512 0.532 0.545 0.701 0.934 0.897 0.785 0.887 0.880 0.809 0.771 0.637 0.757 0.746 0.718 0.703 0.877 0.844 0.843 0.483 0.571 0.464 0.524 0.529 0.473 0.834 0.840 0.751 0.779 0.685 0.624 0.699 0.694 0.631 The chat va sire khoe Nguon: Ket qua thir nghiem ve CLDS ciia Doan Minh Loc vd cong sir 2012 Bang cho thiy, Tp Ho Chi Minh dimg thu nhit vcri PQI la 0,757, DaNSng dilng thu hai Ha Npi (bao gom Ha Tay m) dimg thii: ba Trong tip diu cua bang so sanh, tri so cac to "ThS chit va sire khoe" ciing nhu "Cac dac trung nhan khiu hpc" o cac tinh deu dat "mile tit"; tiip theo la fri s6 cua ti "Dai sing vat chit va cac dich vu xa hpi ca ban" ciing dat "mirc kha" - day la tri si gin bo chat che nhit, co thi coi la cac dir lieu co ban di danh gia PTCN Chi rieng tri si cua cac ti co ban, lien quan chat che den nguin nhan luc va doi sing tinh thin ciia hp, la: "Tri tue, hpc vin, trinh dp chuyen mon ky thuat va tay nghi" cung nhu "Tinh thin, doi song van hoa va gin kit cpng ding" lai mai chi dimg a "muc trung binh" Nhu vjy, tuong quan giiia cac tri so tinh toan dupe cho thiy, cac tinh diing tip dau cua bang xep hang thi qua dat dupe cua tiin bp xa hpi va PTCN ciing khdng tuong img ti le thuan vai 44 Nghien cOu Con ngua s64(73) 2014 Trinh Thi Kim Ngoc Ban ; Ket qua tinh chi si PQI theo trung binl Cac nhom to Tri tue, hpc Tinh than, Cac tinh, The chit van, trinh dai song Cac dac dp chuyen pha va sire vanh6a tnmg nhan mon ky khoe va gan ket khau hpc thuat va cpng dong tay nghe Lao Cai 0.796 0.409 0.407 0.600 Kon Tum 0.782 0.410 0.398 0.537 Son La 0.808 0.377 0.423 0.617 0.802 0.363 Dien Bien 0.362 0.594 Ha Giang 0.783 0.374 0.328 0.522 0.790 0.343 0.305 Lai Chau 0.562 0.843 Toan quoc 0.464 0.473 0.751 cpng, tinh thip nhat Chi si PQI Dai song vat chat va (Phuong phap trung binh cac dich vu Cpng) xahpi CO ban 0.363 0.444 0.309 0.255 0.273 0.213 0.624 0.515 0.514 0.507 0.475 0.456 0.443 0.631 Nguon: Ket qud thir nghiem ve CLDS ciia Doan Mmh Lgc vd cpng sir, 2012 Trong sl tinh xip cuoi bang so sanh, c6 tinh thupc viing Trung du va mien niii phia Bac, mpt tinh thupc Tay Nguyen Day la nhimg tinh nam o khu vyc viing sau, viing xa, each tro vl dia ly va co nhilu kho khan, thieu thon nhat nuoc ta khu vyc hau hit la nguoi dan tpc thilu sl (DTTS) thupc mien niii ngheo nhat, tri so to "Doi s6ng vat chat va cac dich vu xa hpi co ban" mirc thap nhat ca nuoc Tri so cac tl "Tri tue, hpc vin, trinh chuyen mon ky thuat va tay nghe" va "Tinh than, doi sing van hoa cpng ding" diu o mirc duoi trung binh De chiing minh cho nhan dinh tren, tac gia ting hgp Bang va Bang duoi day ve ket qua tinh chi so HDI ciia tinh cao nhit va tinh thip nhit 63 tinh a nuoc ta Bang 5: Kit qua tinh chi so HDI cua tinh cao nhat nuoc ta nam 2010 so sanh voi nam 2008 Nam 2010 STT Tinh/Thanh phi HDI Xep hang HDI Thay doi so vol nam 2008 Tang (+), Giam (-) Xep hang HDI HDI Ba Ria -0,0201 0,8467 Vung Tau 0,0437 0,8162 ^ Tp HCM 0.0299 0,7914 Da Nang -1 0,0155 0.7854 Ha Noi 0,0362 0.7801 Dong Nai 0,0505 11 0,7742 Binh Duong Ngudn: Tdng hop lir liil qua di Idi cap Bo ciia Nguyin Vdn Pham vd cqng su 201 Nghlin cllu Con ngudl si4(73) 2014 45 Van dung bg tieu chi Bang 6: Kit qua tinh chi so HDI cua tinh th^p n h i t nyo'c ta nam 2010 so sanh voi nam 2008 STT 58 59 60 61 62 63 Tinh/ Thanh Lao Cai Cao Bang Son La Ha Giang Dien Bien Lai Chau Nam 2010 HDI 0,6385 0,6326 0,6229 0,5795 0,5795 0,5394 Xep hang HDI 58 59 60 61 62 63 Thay doi so vol nam 2008 Tang (+), Giam (-) Xep hang HDI HDl' -0,0051 -1 -4 -0,0250 -1 -0,0176 0,0092 -1 -0,0203 0,0018 Ngudn: Tong hop tir ket qud de tai cdp Bg cua Nguyen Vdn Pham vd cong su 2010 Ket qua neu tren cho thay, khong pha! khong co ly ma tac gia nghien ciru dua de xuat Van dung bp tieu chi dac ve chat lugng dan so vao danh gia phat trien nguoi Ro rang la co mpt sy tning hgp ky dieu ve thii hang ciia cac chi so HDI cap tinh voi thii hang ciia CLDS cua 63 tinh a nuac ta Do co nhiing co so ly luan va thyc tien neu tren, de xuat cua chiing toi da nhan dugc sy ung hg cua cac nha dan so hpc, cac nha thong ke, va cac nha dan tpc hpc a nuoc ta Nhieu y kien da nhat tri cao voi chiing toi la nen dua de xuat len UNDP de timg buoc kilm chimg va van dung vao dac HDI ciia cac quoc gia va cac khu vyc Ket luan Co ciing chung cac muc tieu nhan van la huong tai sy cai thien cang cao hon CLCS ciia nguoi, tren co so tong hgp, phan tich nhirng ket qua nghien ciru da co dugc ciia cac nha thong ke dan so hpc, nghien ciiu ciia chiing toi da chi ro su phii hgp va thoa man cao cac nguyen tac khoa hgc chung ciia cac chi tieu, cac tieu chi danh gia CLDS va PTCN Voi nhiing co so khoa hpc xac dang, chung toi hi vpng dl xuit manh dan se CO nhimg dong gop nhat dinh viec danh gia PTCN nuoc ta dugc toan dien va chinh xac hon, khac phuc dugc nhimg ban che von co ciia bp cong cu HDI van dung vao thyc tien danh gia PTCN Viet Nam Tai lieu tham khao DangCpngsan Viet Nam, Van kien Dai hgi Ddng Idn thir XL Nguyen Dinh Cir (2004), "Moi quan he giira dan sl va phat triln - Phuong hyong nghien ciru va kha nang irng dung" Tap chi Xd hoi hoc, Sl 3 Tong Van Duong (Chii bien) (2001), Giao trinh ddn so vd phdt trien diing cho sinh vien cdc trucmg dai hgc vd cao ddng, Nxb Nong nghiep Ha Npi 46 NghiSn c^jlu Con ngudl s64(73} 2014 Trinh Thi Kim Nggc Hpc vien Chinh tri Qulc gia H6 Chi Minh, Quy dan s l Lien hiep qulc (2000), Ddn sd vdphdt trien: Mot sd vdn de ca bdn (tai ban I5n thii nhSt co chinh sira va bl sung), Nxb Chinh tri Qulc gia Ha Npi UBND Tp Ha Npi (2011), Giao trinh Ddn sd hgc ca bdn Doan Minh Lgc, Duong Quoc Trong va Vo Anh Dung (2012), "Bp tieu ehi danh gia chat lugng dan sl" Tap chi Ddn s6 vdphdt triin Sl 10 (139) Doan Minh Loc, Duong Qulc Trpng, Vo Anh Dung va Nguyen Van Phim (2012), "Bp tieu chi phan anh chSt lugng dan sl va kit qua danh gia thu nghiem" Tap chi Ddn s6 vd phdt triin, S6 7(\36) Trjnh Thj Kim Ngpc (2014), "Nhimg co hpi va thach thirc vl dan sl va nguIn nhan luc tac d6ng den phat triln nguoi Viet Nam", Tap chi Nghien ciru Con nguai, Sl 3(72), tr.l3-28 Nguyen Van Vhzm (20\'i), Phuong phap vd quy trinh ddnh gid PTCN a cdp quoc gia, cdp tinh, thdnhphd ciia Viet Nam, TCTK, Ha Noi 10 Nguyen Thi Thieng, Luu Bi'ch Ngpc, Giao trinh Ddn so hoc (nam 2008>, Vien Dan so vacdc van dk xa hpi 11 Ting eye Thong ke - UNDP (2011), He thdng chi tieu thdng ke quoc gia, HaNpi 12 Tong cue Thong ke (2011), Dieu tra bien dong ddn so vd ke hoach hoa gia dinh 1/4/2010: Kit qud chdyiu Ha Noi 13 Tong cue Thing ke (2011), Tdng diiu Ira ddn so vd nhd o Viet Nam, Gido due & Vi^l Nam: Phdn tich cdc chi sd chu yeu Ha Npi 14 Trang Web cua Tong cue Thing ke: www.gso.gov.vn 15 Tirdiin Bdch khoa ciia Viet Nam (1995), Ha Noi 16 MC Nussbaum, J Glover (1995), Culture and Development Oxford University Press Women, A Study of Human Capabilities 17 UNDP, Cac Bao cao Phat triln nguoi (HDR) hang nam cua UNDP tir nam 1990 den nam 2011, http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports 18 Vien Khoa hgc Xa hpi Viet Nam - UNDP (2006) Phdt triin nguai 1999 - 2004: NhOng thay ddi vdxu huang chu yeu, Nxb Chinh tri Qulc gia Ha Npi NgMSn eOu Con ngudl s64(73} 2014