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N g h i § n cijtu Gia dinh va Gi6i S6 - Phan cong lao dong va quyen quyet fljnh gia dinh nong thon doing bang Bac Bg Vu Manh Loi, Trjnh Thj Quang, Nguyen Hong Thai, Nguyen Khanh Bich Tram, Dang Vu Hoa Thach Vien Xa hoi hoc Tom tat: Nghien ci3u trUdng hdp xa Hien Van ve phan cong lao dpng gia dinh da khac phuc thieu sot ciia cac nghien cilu trU6c day bang viec md rong them dien nhilng viec nha, bao g6ra ca cac loai viec dudc cho la nfl gioi hdn nam va cac loai viec diioc cho la nam gioi hdn nfl Mac dii khuon mau phan cong lao dong cho thay dong gop ciia ca nam va nQ vao cac cong viec ho gia dinh phu hop v6i quan niem truyen thong ve nang \\ic so sanh cua nam va n\i, phu nil nhin chung van la ngij6i danh nhieu thdi gian hdn cho cac cong viec gia dinh Trong gia dinh, phu niJ vSn la liic litdng chi'nh, dam dudng phan li3n ganh nang viec nha Ve quyen cac quyet dmh gia dinh, noi chung hai vd chong cung ban bac quyet dinh la hinh thiic bien nha't do'i v6i hau het cac khia canh ciia ddi song gia dinh Tuy nhien, vd la ngi{6i quyet dinh nhieu hdn chong doi vdi cong viec san xuat ciia gia dinh Day la dieu r^'t khac v6i cac nghien cilu trUdc day Ty le phu nfl la ngUOi quyet dinh chinh hay la ngifdi dong quye't dinh chinh cung ngang bang v6i nam gidi nhiSng viec lien quan den cham soc siic khoe cho cac vien va nhijing boat dong xa hoi chung ciia ca hai vd chong Dieu gdi rang phu nfl dang c6 xu hfldng gia tang anh hifcfng cua minh nhflng hoat dong xa hdi ngoai gia dinh, TH khoa: Phan cong lao dong gia dinh; Gia dinh: Gifli; Vai tro gidi 4 Nghien ciJu Gia dinh v^ Gidi Quyen 23, so 1, tr 3-16 Gidi thieu van Ai phan c6ng lao d6ng va quy^n luc giua vo va ch6ng gia dinh Iu6n \h ITI61 nhiJng v^n 6& quan dirac c^c nha nghien cuu va nhihig ngirfiri hoach dinh chinh sach quan tarn L^ ca ban la vi quan he quy^n lire giua vcf vJi ch6ng co anh hucmg true tie'p den phan cOng lao d6ng tiS'p can vS kie'm soat cSc ngu6n luc gia dinh thu hucfng cac phuc loi gia dinh vh cam giac hanh phiic (hay ba't hanh) CLia cac vien gia dinh Di^u n^y dSc biet quan lit goc 66 Ipi I'ch cua nhiJng ngu6i y^u the'nhu ngudi tSn tat tre em, ngucfi gi^ va phu nfl V^n d^ quan hS quyen luc giOa vo va ch6ng c6n la va'n de gia dinh trung tarn nhin ixs g6c d6 binh ddng gidi Cac chinh sach cua nha nu6c thdi gian g^n day cung chii y nhieu ban dCn khi'a canh LuSt I lOn nhan va gia dinh nam 2000 dat va'n d^ quan he quy^n loi va trach nhiSm giua vp va ch6ng chi tiet \':i ro rang hon nhieu so v6i Luat nam 1986 va 1960 Chien lupc Xay dung Gia dinh Viet Nam giai doan 2005 - 2010 cung nfiu ro nhiing van d^ CO lien quan d€n quan he quyin Ipi va trach nhiem giffa vp va chong Luat Binh ding gidi (2006) va Luat Phong chdng bao luc gia dinh (2007) cQng the hien mO'i quan tarn to 1cm ciia Dang va Nha nu6c, Quoc hoi doi vdi van d l tuong quan quyen luc giua vp va chOng gia dinh Nhu \'ay, nghien cuu \'an de \ira c6 y nghTa khoa hoc, vara c6 y nghla thuc tiSn to Idn va cap bach Bai viei the hien ke't qua mot nghien ctru thuc nghiem nho dupe lien hanh vao thang nam 2007 vdi co miu 200 h6 dupe chpn theo phuong phap ngau nhien phan tang tai xa Hien Van huyen Tien Du, tinh Bac Ninh Ngoai phong van sau (2 nam va nil) va thao luan nhom (1 nhom can bo nhom nam va nhom niJ) cung dupe thuc hi6n nham bd sung cho cac kc't qua dinh luong Do han che ciia khudn khd bai dang tap chi chiing tdi khdng ban vc quan he quyen luc the hien d bao luc gia dinh va quan he tinh due Vai net ve dja ban nghien cum Xa Hien Van cd dan sd la 5.892 ngudi, song 1.422 ho tai thdn Tdng dien ti'eh da'l cua xa la 446 ha, da't d ehie'm 75 ha, lai chu yeu la da't ndng nghiep \'a 11 da'l ddi riing Ve co ban nhan dan xa lam nong nghiep la ehi'nh, song da sd cac ho d^u tham gia cac hoat dpng phi ndng nghiep khac d^ tang thu nhap cho hd gia dinh Trong khoAng 4-5 nam gan day xa ed xuat kh^u tren 200 lao dpng Xuat khau lao dong la ngudn thu nhap Idn cho cac gia dinh ed eon em di lao dong nude ngoai La mot xa vanh dai cua phd Ha Ndi va cung khdng Vu Manli Lcfi v^ ckc tkc gia khac xa phd Bac Ninh nen HiSn Van khdng phai xa ngheo Tuy nhien, theo danh gia ciia lanh dao xa day v^n la xa tuong ddi ngheo vdi miic thu nhap binh quan d^u ngudi/nam vao khoang 4,5 trieu, binh quan luong thuc quy doi theo dau ngudi/nSm la 535kg Ty 16 hd ngheo nam 2007 la 18,6% Xa cd 200 hd gia dinh chinh sach Xa Hien van la xa cd truyen thd'ng van hda lau ddi Ngudi dan d^ eao cac tieu chu^n dao diic quan he gia dinh dong ho va lang xom Nam 2006 thdn dat tieu ehu^n lang van hda Xa d gan trung tam quan hp cua tinh nen da iir lau hat quan ho ciing la truyen thd'ng ciia xa Do tinh cd ke't cdng ddng chat che nen cho den ehua ghi nhan dupe trudng hpp te nan xa hdi nao xa Cac hoat ddng cham sdc sijc khde va giao due ciing dupe lanh dao va nhan dan xa dae biet quan tam Nam 2006 cd 14 hoc slnh tidu hoc va hoc sinh trung hoc co sd ciia xa dat cac giai cae ky thi hoc sinh gidi cua tinh vii huyen Phan cong lao dong NhiJng nghien euu dinh lupng trudc day ve phan cdng lao ddng gia dinh thudng ehi hoi ngudi dupe hdi ve cac edng viec ndi tro nhu nau an, rua bat quet don nha ciia, di chp, giat giQ, cham sde eon nhd, cham sdc eon tuoi di hpc, cham sde ngudi dm dau Mot sd it nghien ctJu ed hdi them ve va'n de mua tai san dat ti^n Dua tren cau Ira Idi cho nhiing van de nay, ke't luan thudng tha'y la phu niJ ia ngudi lam ehii yeu cac cdng viec gia dinh nhu da neu tren Nam gidi cd ddng gdp ra't ft va thudng ehi tham gia d miic dp nha't dinh viec day dd cai va mua sSm tai san dat tien (Nguyen Linh Khieu, 2003; Le Ngoc Van, 2004; Vu Tua'n Huy Vu Manh Lpi et al., 2004; Pham Thi Ngoc Anh 2006) Nhihig nghien cihi neu tren cd nhupe diem la da ehua tinh den thda dang khuon mau phan cdng lao ddng theo gidi tinh gia dinh dira tren quan niem chung ve the'manh ciia nam va ciia nir Nhieu nghien cuu (ca d Viet Nam va tren the'gidi) ve thai dp cho thay ndi chung ca nam \;i nu deu cho rang nam cd kha nang tot hon nii d nhD'ng khia canh nhu cd lam nhin xa trdng rpng, quyet doan, dam nghT dam Him, ed sire khde eo bap vii lam viec nang nhpe tdt hon nQ nam cd kha nang hpe va lam nhthig viec ddi hoi khoa hpc ky thuat td't hon nfl Trong dd nu cd kha nang hon nam cac viec ddi hdi tinh can than, can cii kien nhan, ly mi kheo leo; nhOng viec ddi hdi tinh cam nhu cham sde ngudi khac, nudi day nho, v.v (Franklin, 2001) Chua ban den viec nhtrng quan niem ve the manh ciia nam va eiia nfr nhu vay diing hay sai, cd co sd khoa hpe hay khdng ed co sd khoa hpe, song can nhan thay la nhirng quan niem da Nghien cflu Gia dinh vS Gidi Quyen 23, so 1, tr 3-16 dinh hinh each phan cdng lao ddng gia dinh ma ngucfi ta cho la "hpp ly" Ai gioi viec gl thi lam viec na'y la hieu qua nha't, dd la logic don gian va de hieu NhiJng ngudi phC phan cac nghien cuu ke' trSn cho rang nhCrng viec nha ma nhflng nghiCn ciiti d^ cap d^u ph^n Idti la viec ma phu nfl "gidi" hon nam gidi, dd ho lam nhi^u hon la dieu binh thudng Trong gia dinh, nam gidi thudng lam nhflng viSc nang nhpc, ddi hdi ky thuat, tam nhin, hay su quye't do^n nhu sira chfla cac thie't bi dien nirdc, bSn ghe, nha cira, mua sam dd diCn may nhuquat, TV, dSu DVD, tii lanh, Id vi song, xe may, xe dap, v.v Dd lii nhflng viec ma nhi^u ngudi cho rang nam gidi "gidi" hon phu nir nhung lai ft dupe c\6 cap den cac nghiSn cuu ve phan edng lao ddng De khac phuc thieu sot cua cdc nghien eihi ke' tren, nghien cilu chung tdi md rdng them dien nhfltig \iec nha dc bao g6m ca cac loai viec duoc cho la nu gidi hon nam va cac loai viec dupe cho la nam gidi hon nu nhu neu tren Day la ddng gdp quan trpng ciia nghien cuu vl cho de'n co ra't it bang chflng dinh lupng thuc nghiem ve \an de Bang trinh bay torn tat tinh hinh phan cdng lao dpng ho gia dinh Cd th^ ndi vide phan edng lao ddng gia dinh hoan toan phii hpp vdi nhutig dinh kie'n vi gidi nhu neu tren Phu nfl chu ye'u lam cac viec nhu gitr tien chi tieu, npi trp, dpn nha, giat giu, hay mua sam dd gia dung phuc vu ndi trp nhu noi nieu cac thiet bj be'p cae chat tdy njra Nam gidi rat it tham gia \'ao cac viec Cong viec gia dinh nha toi thi toi la ngitoi chinh, viec dong, vi6c nha, cham chau Anh nha em di lam ve chi viec an ccfm thoi (nCf, 52 tuot) Trong dd nam gidi la ngudi lam chii yeu cac viec nhu sua chfla vat U'ong gia dinh (cac thicl bi dien, nude, ban ghe', nha ciia ) hay mua sdm cac dd dien may nhu qual TV dau DVD tii lanh Id vi song, xe may, xe dap Phu nfl ra't ft iham gia vao cac viec dupe coi la ciia nam gidi Trong cuoc song hang co mot sd viec nO lam la chinh, mot sd viec thi nam lam la chinh, Ve chi tieu thi vo toi chi tieu la chinh Cac cong viec npi trd cQng va lam la chinh, Viec giup hpc tap va dua vao k'j luat noi chung la ca vp chong cung lam, luc nao minh co thdi gian thi minh giao due hoac co liic cung la vo toi The si>a chiia nhflng dec nha hay mua ban dien tCr nhu xe may, xe dap „ thi toi lam la chinh (nam, 47 tuoi) Viec cham sdc cac vien gia dinh bi dm dau, hay cham soc nhd (dudi tuoi) chii yeu phu nfl dam nhiem Ta cung tha'y cd su tham gia dang ke ciia nam gidi viec cham sdc ngudi dm, the hien d ty le eao y kien cho rang vp chong lam nhu Vu M a n h Lcli v a c a c t a c gia k h a c Bang P h a n cong lao dong ho gia dinh Trong 12 ihiing qua Irong ho giu dlnli cua 6ng/bii, at lii iigiriii lam chii yi^'u nhiing cong viCc sau day? Ong/ba, va/ch6ng ciia 6ng/ha hay ui khac? Viec nha a Gitt iicn chi lieu cho gia dinh b N6L im nhu mua thiJc an n;Yu cam rua bai c Don nhu, pm giu h Siia chita vul irong gia dinh (cac Ihie'l bi diC'n, nu^c ban, ghe, nha cira.,.) i, Mua sam gia dung phuc vu noi iro nhu noi nieu, cac ihiei bi bii'p cac chal idy rira k Mua sam dCi diSn may nhir quai, TV, dau DVD, til lanh, lo vi song, e may \e dap Chiim sue cac Ihanh vien d Cham H)C nho (du6i lu6i) m ChiilTl soc ngitoi 6m dau Viec hoc hanh cua cai e Day bao irong ludi di hoc (5-18 ludi) f Hop phu huynh hoc sinh g.Giiipconhocihem onha I Mua sim Irang ihiel bi cho di hoc Sinh hoat cong dong n.Didir cac cuoc hop Ihon So n}>ir('fi tra \iii Chong lalTi la chinh Vo ch6n(» lam nhir nhau(%) Vo lam la chinh (%) 200 200 II 3,S 15 74 90 30 187 7 43 83 47 107 2I T 108 104 107 29 18 18 200 Thin gian lam vice nha noi chung Nhin chung lal ca ciic dang viec no: 200 Ircn, la ngir5i iam nhieu ih&i gian hon Irong 12 ihang qua? _^_^ Luu y: Cac cau diroc nhom lai theo chCi de chir kliong iheo diing ihir tir nhir bang hoi; cau ve cham soc nho dudi iu6i chi ap dung cho 30 ho co nho ditoi tudi miu; ckuvi viec hoc cua cai chi ap dung cho 110 ho co tudi song Irong h& luu y la long theo hang co the kh6ng bang 100% vi mot sd viec CO "ngircii khac" lam (nhung sd rat nlid) 8 Nghien ciJu Gia dinh vA Gidi Quy^n 23, so 1, tr 3-16 Dd'i vdi viec cham lo hpc hSnh cho tu6i di hpc Hit den 18 tudi), ta tha'y su tham gia Ii'ch cue cua ca hai vp chdng Vai tro ngudi vp to quan trpng hem vai trd ngudi chdng, th^ hien d ty le ngudi vp lam chinh vice eao hon Song su tham gia ciia ngudi chdng, hoac vdi lu each ngudi lam chinh, hoac cdng ISm tuong duong vdi ddng gdp cua vp, cOng ra't eao Ddi vdi vide di du cdc cudc hpp thdn, mdt chi bdo don gi^n phan anh su tham gia edng ddng ciia cap vp chdng, ta th^y phu niJ tham gia vdi ty IS eao hon nam gidi Day la dilu d^ng chii y vl ngudi chdng thudng dupe coi la ngudi dai dien cho hd cac hoat ddng edng ddng, la ngudi "hudng ngoai" nhi^u hon ngudi vp Cd th^ di^u phan anh su thay ddi dien ihdi ky Ddi mdi, n^n kinh td'chuy^n sang kinh id'thi trucmg, nam gidi ban lam kinh tc va quan lam it hon de'n cac cudc hpp thdn Mac dii phan cdng lao ddng nhu neu d Bang cho tha'y ddng gdp cua ca nam va nir vao cac cdng viec hd gia dinh phu hpp vdi quan niSm truyen thd'ng ve nang luc so sanh ciia nam va niJ, phu nfl nhin chung van la ngudi danh nhieu thdi gian hon cho cac cdng viec gia dinh Cd de'n 76,5% ngudi dupe hdi cho rSng phu nu danh nhi^u thdi gian hon nam gidi, ehi ed 13,5% y kie'n cho rang nam gidi danh nhi6u thdi gian hon phu nil de lam viec nha Nhin chung, phan tich neu tren cho tha'y ITnh vuc viSc nha, phu niJ van la luc lupng chfnh, dam duong phan Idn ganh nang viec nha Ta cung tha'y ed sir tham gia eiia nam gidi U-ong mdt sd Iinh vuc, dac biet la viec cham lo cho hpc hanh eiia eon cai dd tudi di hpc Quyen quyet dmh Ke't qua ehung ciia nhflng nghien ciJu trudc day eho tha'y ndi chung hai vp chdng cung ban bac quye't dinh la hinh thfle phd bie'n nha't dd'i vdi h^u het cae khia canh ciia ddi sd'ng gia dinh Dd'i vdi nhflng hd va nhflng viec ma vp va chdng cd mti'e dd quyet dinh khac nhau, ngudi chdng thudng cd quyen quye't dinh nhi^u hon vp ta't ca cac khia canh nhu san xuat, mua sam dd dac dat tien, giao due eon cai, cac quan he gia dinh, dd'i vdi hp hang hai ben va ddi vdi edng ddng Ngudi vp chi to cd nhieu quyen quyet djnh hon dd'i vdi viec mua sam phuc vu cudc sd'ng hang nhu di chp (Tran Thi Van Anh and Le Ngoc Hung, 2000; Nguydn Linh Khie'u, 2003: Le Ngoc van, 2004; Vu Tuan Huy Vu Manh Lpi et al, 2004; Pham Thj Ngoc Anh, 2006) Bang vl co ban cung nha't quan vdi cac phat hien cac nghien Vu M a n h Ldi v a c a c t a c gia k h a c Bang Quyen quytS't dinh ho gia dinh Trong gm dinh Ong/bii, la ngix6i dira cac quy^l dmh quan vl nhihig va'n d^ sau day? Ong/ba, va/ch6ng cija 6ng/ba, ca hai nhir hay khac? a Cling viec san xuiit ciia gia dinh b Mua dac dai tien Irong gia dinh c Thu€ cac dich vu nhir dien nude, dien ihoai, dien ihoai di dong, internet, iruy^n hinh cap thug ngucri linn So ngiriVi tra lili Chfing QB nhieu htm (%) Vo chiing QBnhu nhau{%) VoQB nhieu hon 61 200 20 18 199 60 31 187 J6,.i (%) 14 d Ra cac quyet dinh v^ cham ,s6c site khoe cho cac vien (mua thudc men, dua ngir&i den co so y te, v.v ) e Ra cac quyet dinh ky iuat cai ludi di hoc f Ra cac quyet dinh lien quan d^n tuong lai ciia ciii nhu hudng nghiep hay chap Ihuan hoac khong chap thuan lua chon ban be ciia Ion (tudi vi nien) g Cac quan he irong gia dinh \ a ho hang ben va h Cac quan he irong gia dinh vii hp hang ben chdng Nhimg hoal dong xa hpi chung ciia ca hai vo chdng ciiu trudc d a y c h o rang viec hai vo chdng cung ban b a c quye't dinh la p h u o n g thiic p h d bie'n va ly le ngudi dirpc hdi c h o biet ngudi c h d n g quye't dinh n h i e u h o n v p e a o hon d a n g ke ty le ngudi d u p e hdi ndi rang vp quye't dinh n h i e u h o n c h d n g Ngay trudc, ngudi chong la ngudi dira cac quyet djnh quan trpng gia dinh, bay gid viec co su cong bang hon, nhung quyet dmh Idn vSn thuoc ve ngudi chong {nam, 69 tuoi) 10 Nghien ciJru Gia dinh v^ Gidi Quy^n 23, so 1, tr 3-16 Tuy nhien bang cung cho tha'y mdt sd khac bidt so vdi nhflng nghifin cflu da dan tren day ThiJ nha't, vp la ngudi quyfit dinh nhilu hon chdng ddi vdi edng viec san xuat cua gia dinh Day ia di^u ra't kh^c vdi cac nghien cflu trudc day Didu ed le liSn quan de'n vific ph^n Idn cac hd m^u lam ngh^ ndng va dd la viec ISm ehi'nh ciia ph^n Idn cac ba vp Di^u cung gpi rang ed le cac dng chdng hien cung it quan tam tdi ngh^ ndng ma chi chii tSm tdi nhuttg ngh^ phi ndng nghifip mang lai thu nhap eao hon Diem dang luu ^ thfl hai la phu nfl cd ty le la ngudi quye't dinh chinh hay la ngudi ddng quyd't dinh chinh ngang vdi nam gidi d nhung viec lien quan de'n cham sdc siic khde cho cae vidn va nhflng hoat ddng xa hdi ehung ciia ea hai vp chdng Di^u gpi rang phu nfl dang ed xu hudng gia tSng anh hudng eiia minh nhflng hoat ddng xa hdi ngoai gia dinh Dilu dang luu y khac la ngudi chdng v^n la ngudi quye't djnh ehi'nh cae quan he giua gia dinh vdi hp hang ca bdn chdng lan ben vp Di^u eho tha'y qua trinh cai thien binh dang gifla vp va chdng la qua trinh phflc tap, CO mat phu nu id cd nhilu quy^n quye't djnh hon, cd mat it tha'y sir thay ddi Trong cudc nghien euu, chiing tdi cd cau hdi chung v^ cam nhan ciia ngudi dupe hdi ve hai vp chdng la ngudi ed nhieu quyen hon vao nam d^u sau eudi va 12 thang qua Bang tdm tat cac cau tra Idi Nhin ehung, cd the' thay da sd ngudi dupe hoi eho rang ngudi nao cd nhieu quyen hon vao nam dau sau ke't hdn eflng la ngudi cd nhi^u quyen hon 12 thang qua Tuy nhien, ta ciing tha'y cd mdt sd hd cd sit djch chuyen ve tuong quan quyen luc tfl chdng sang \'p va tfl vp sang chdng Sd ngudi cho bie't cd su dich chuye'n quy^n luc tfl chdng sang vp nhi6u hon dang ke sd ngudi ndi cd xu hudng ngupe lai Di^u hd trp luan di^m cho rang cd sir cai thien ve binh dang gidi theo thdi gian De tim hieu sir dich ehuyen ve quyen lire gifla vp va chdng theo cac doan he hdn nhan, chiing tdi ti'nh rieng eho mdi doan he hdn nhan nhflng ngudi cho rang cd sir thay ddi tuong quan quy^n lire theo hudng tang quyen cua chdng hoac tang quy^n cua vp so vdi nam d^u ket hdn Bieu cho tha'y ed 15% ngudi vp ciia cae doan he hdn nhan trude nam 1980 va giai doan 1980-1989 cd tuong quan quy^n luc vdi chdng dupe cai thien (trudc chdng ed nhieu quyen hon thi ed quyen ngang hoac vp ed nhieu quy^n hon, hoac trudc ngang thi vp cd nhi^u quyin hon Nhirng ngudi vp mdi ket hdn gan day (tfl nSm 1990 de'n 2006) ciing cd ty le ngudi dupe tang quyen so vdi chdng, nhung khdng nhi^u Mdt sd Vu M^nh Ldi va cac tac gia khac Bang Tircmg quan ve quyen luc chung gifla vo va chdng theo cam nhan cua ngufri diroc hoi (so nguiri) Nhin chung 12 th:ing qua nhieu quyen hum hi) gia dinli Nhin chung ronsi - j^1L' , nam dau sau kcl h6n nhi^u quy^n hOn h6 gia dinh ^ • ' ^,i ,_ Chftnghon ChOng h(ni ,, 114 Nhw ,T 13 Nhu 38 Vohon I Vo him Chung 134 Chung ngudi chdng hien eiing cd nhieu quyen hon so vdi nam dau sau ke't hdn, nhung sd' dd ft hon nhieu so vdi sd ngudi vp dupe cai thien v^ tuong quan quyen lire vdi chdng Cd hai ly cd the giai thieh cho su gia tang ve quyen luc eiia ngudi vp ciing vdi nam thang sd'ng hdn nhan Thfl nha't, dd la nhung ddng gop ciia ngudi phii nu cho gia dinh theo nam thang, ca nhiing ddng gdp ve kinh te'eiing nhu ve tinh than va dae biet la ddng gdp v^ mat sinh de va nudi day cai Trong gia dinh truyen thd'ng, quyen luc ciia phu nu cQng gia tang cung nam thang, nha't la sau hp sinh dupe trai va trai hp lap gia dinh (Tran Tu, 1984; Mai Huy Bich, 2003) Ly thfl hai cd the la su thay ddi quan niem dudi anh hudng ciia nhung quan niem mdi hien Su cai thien tuong quan quyen lire gifla vp va chdng quan sat duoc d day ed the ca hai ly Vdi ed mau nghien eiiii nhd, viec bdc tach hai tac ddng khd thuc hien Di^u can dupe tie'p tuc nghien ciiii them cac nghien cflu chuyen de tuong lai De phan tich da bien vl tuong quan quyen lue giiJa vp va chdng, dua vao eau hdi vl quyin quyet dinh cac khia canh khac ciia cude sd'ng gia dinh neu bang 2, chung tdi xay dung mdt chi so tdng hpp vdi dilm sd dao ddng tir de'n 27 {mdi bie'n sd dao ddng tir de'n 3), vdi cae gia iri cang gan cang cd nghTa la ngudi chdng cd nhieu quyen hon ngudi vo va cae gia tri cang gan 27 cang ed nghla la ngudi vp cd nhilu quyen hon ngudi chdng Sii dung chi sd ndi tren nhu bie'n sd phu thudc, chung tdi su dung ham hdi quy tuye'n tinh tim hie'u tac ddng ciia cae bie'n sd doc lap nhu tudi, dd dai thdi gian tu ket hdn, gidi tinh, tdng so hien sd'ng, kieu gia dinh md rdng hay hat nhan, nghl nghiep, thdi gian lam viec, thu nhap va hpc va'n eua vp va chong 12 Nghi&n cflu Gia dinh vk Gidi Quy&'n 23, so 1, tr 3-16 Bleu Phan tfch da bien vd c^c yeu to anh hudng dfi'n tuong quan quy^n luc giiira vp va chong 15% K H irin'fc I9K(I(N=4H) 15% K H l9Hn-89 ( N = ) D Chdng K H l99ll-2()()6 (N=59) mVa Nhung bien sd dde lap neu tren xuat phat tir cac gia thuye't dupe xay dung tir nhung nghien cflu trudc day va tfl logic cua cudc sd'ng ma chiing tdi cam nhan duoc qua doe eac tai lieu va quan sat thuc te' Tudi va dp dai thdi gian tfl ket hdn duoc gia dinh la se gia tang quyin eua ngudi dupe hdi Nam ed xu hudng tra ldi hp cd nhieu quyen hon vp so vdi nfl tra idi chdng ho ed nhidu quyin hon hp Tdng so eon cd the lam tang vi the'va quyln cua ngudi vo; ngudi khdng ed hoac chua du sd' ma chdng va nha chdng mong mudn cd the bi coi thudng Cap vp chdng sd'ng gia dinh md rdng cd the chiu sflc ep cua cae ehu^n mue truyen thd'ng, trpng nam khinh nfl Idn hon Nghe nghiep va mue ddng gdp vao thu nhap thi hien quyin va uy tin ve mat kinh te'ciia ngudi dupe hoi Hpc vin phan anh nhan thfle eiia ngudi dupe hdi, ngudi ed nhan thfle eao (ed hpc vSn eao) cd the ed thai dp va I'mg xu binh dang hon ngudi cd hpc va'n thap Bang eho thay md hinh hdi quy tieu bieu Bang trinh bay he sd hdi quy da chuan hda (ed the so sanh duoc mflc dp anh hucmg gifla cac ye'u id) Nhung he sd cd dtiu la nhung he sd ed y nghTa vl mat thd'ng ke, cd nghTa la 95% kha nang tac ddng ciia chung de'n bien phu thudc khdng phai la ngau nhien ma la tac ddng cd that Cang nhieu da'u sao, mflc dd tac ddng cang chae chan Nhung he sd khdng cd da'u cd nghTa la chua du bang chung eho thay yeu id dd cd tac ddng that den bie'n phu thudc Gia tri eiia he sd cang Idn thi tac dpng cang Idn Da'u ciia he sd cho bie't chieu ciia lac dpng Dau am cd nghTa la gia tri cua bien dde lap tang, ngudi Vu Manh Ltfi va cac tac gia khac 13 chdng cd nhilu quyen hon ngudi vp Da'u duc^g cd nghTa la gia tri cua bi^n dde lap tang, ngudi vp cd nhilu quy^n hon Md hinh thfl nhlit bao g6m ta't ca cac bie'n ndi tren (trfl bie'n dd dai tfl ket hdn) Theo md hinh nay, chi cd tudi, gidi tinh tdng sd eon, kilu gia dinh la nhimg bie'n sd cd y nghTa vl mat thd'ng ke va cd tac ddng dang ke de'n tuong quan quyIn lire gifla vp va chdng Hudng eiia nhung tac ddng phfl hpp vdi gia thuyd't neu tren Nghi5 nghiep, thdi gian iam viec tao thu nhap va ddng gdp vao thu nhap khdng id cd tac ddng dang k6 Hpe va'n cung khdng th^ hien la ed tac ddng dang ke Trong md hinh chung tdi bd bie'n sd vl thdi gian lam viec Ke't qua la ddng gdp eua chdng trd nen cd tae ddng dang k^ de'n tuong quan quyIn lire gifla vp va chdng theo hudng du kie'n Nghl nghiep va hpc van vSn khdng ed tae ddng dang ke Md hinh la md hinh td't nha't (sau da thfl nhilu md hinh khdng neu d day) Theo md hinh nay, ne'u ta't ca cac bie'n sd khac la nhu nhau, tudi cang eao thi ngudi chdng cang cd nhilu quyIn hon, nam gidi thien vl viec coi minh cd nhilu quyen hon vp, cap vp chdng cang ed nhieu thi ngudi vp cang cd nhieu quyIn hon, nhung ngudi sd'ng gia dinh md rdng (trong trudng hpp la gia dinh md rdng vdi bo me va ho hang ben Bang Hoi quy tuye'n tinh giai thich tirong quan quyen luc giiJa vu va chong Tuoi Gi6i tinh Tong so Kl6u gia dinh Chong lam nhieu !hdi gian han vo Va lam nhieu thcji gian ban chdng ChOng dong gop vao thu nhap nhieu ban va Va ddng gdp vijo thu nhap nhieu hdn chdng Chdng liim nong nghiep Va lam ndng nghiep Hoc van ciia vg Hpc va'n cua chdng M6 hinh Mo hinh -0,215" 037** -0,205« -3,773"» 0,I77> -0,140* M6 hinh -0,205* -0,290**0,188* -0,142* 2,195* -1,985* 0,404 1,291 -1,674 -0,169* -0,179" -0,159 -0,001 -0,006 -0,238 -0,167 -0,829 -0,224 -0,018 -0,016 -0,066 -0,020 14 Nghien cflu Gia dinh va Gidi Quy6n 23, so 1, tr, 3-16 chdng) thi can can quyIn Iflc cang nghieng nhieu vl phia ngudi chdng Cud'i eflng, ddng gdp cua ngudi chdng dupe eoi trpng hon va lam eho ngudi chdng ed quyIn nhilu hon ddng gdp ciia ngudi vp khdng cd tae ddng diing kl din tuong quan vl quyIn luc gifla hai vp chdng Dilu cung phii hpp vdi luan dilm cua nhilu nghien cflu rang b^t binh ding gidi thf^ hien d ehd ddng gdp cua nfl khdng dupe coi trpng nhu ddng gdp eiia nam Ket luan Nghiln cflu trudng hpp xa Hidn Van eflng ciing cd thlm nhilu phat hien da dupe d l cap de'n eac nghiSn eflu trudc day Ddng thdi nghien cuu cung dua nhilu nhan dinh mdi can tie'p tuc nghien euu them dl ed thi hie'u dupe nhung gi dang diln quan he vp chdng ndng thdn hien dai Vl phan cdng lao ddng lam viec nha, nghien cun da khde phuc thieu sdt eua eae nghien cflu trudc day bang viec md rdng them dien nhung viec nha de bao gdm ca cac loai viec dupe cho la nfl gidi hon nam va cac loai viec dupe cho la nam gidi hon nfl Day la ddng gdp quan trpng cua nghien cflu vi cho de'n cd ra't ft bang ehflng dinh lupng thuc nghiem vl va'n dl Cd the ndi ehung la viee phan cdng lao ddng gia dinh hoan toan phu hpp vdi nhung djnh kid'n ve gidi Phu nfl chu ye'u lam cac viec nhu giu tiln chi lieu, ndi trp, dpn nha, giat giu, hay mua sim dd gia dung phuc vu ndi trp nhu ndi nieu, cac thie't bi be'p, eac cha't tiy rua Nam gidi ra't it tham gia vao eae viec Trong dd, nam gidi la ngudi lam chii ye'u cac viec nhu sua chfla vat gia dinh (cae thilt bi dien, nude, ban ghe', nha eiia ) hay mua sSm eac dd dien may nhu quat, TV, d^u DVD, tii lanh, Id vi song, xe may, xe dap Phu nfl ra't it tham gia vao eac viec dupe eoi la ciia nam gidi Mae dii khudn mftu phan edng lao ddng cho tha'y ddng gdp cua ca nam va nu vao cac cdng viee hd gia dinh phu hpp vdi quan niem truyen thd'ng vl nang luc so sanh eua nam va nfl, phu nu nhin ehung vfin la ngudi danh nhilu thdi gian hon cho eae edng viec gia dinh Trong ITnh vuc viec nha, phu nu van la luc lupng chinh, dam duong phSn Idn ganh nang viec nha Ta cung tha'y ed su tham gia eiia nam gidi mot sd ITnh vuc, dae biet la viec cham lo eho hpc hanh cua cai dd tudi di hoc Ve quyen cac quyet djnh gia dinh, ndi ehung hai vp chdng eiing ban bac quylt dinh la hinh thfle phd bie'n nha't dd'i vdi hSu het cac khia canh eiia ddi sd'ng gia dinh Ddi vdi nhflng hd va nhflng viee ma vp va chdng ed mue dd quyd't dinh khac nhau, ngudi chdng thudng cd quyIn Vu Manh Loi va cac tac gia khac 15 quye't dinh nhilu hon vp ta't ca c^c khia canh nhu san xua't, mua sdm dd dac dat tiln, giao due cai, eac quan he gia dinh, dd'i vdi hp hang hai bdn va dd'i vdi edng ddng Tuy nhien, cung cd mdt sd khac biet so vdi nhflng nghien cuu trudc day Thfl nha't, vp la ngudi quyl't dinh nhilu hon chdng dd'i vdi edng viec san xuat ciia gia dinh Dilu n^y cd le liln quan de'n viee ph^n Idn c^c hd mau iam nghl ndng va dd la viec iam chinh cua ph^n Idn cac ba vp Dilu cung gpi rang cd le eae dng chdng hiln eflng it quan tam tdi nghl ndng ma chi chu tam tdi nhflng nghl phi ndng nghiep mang lai thu nhap eao hon Diem dang luu y thfl hai la phu nfl ed ty le la ngudi quye't dinh chinh hay la ngudi dong quylt dinh chinh ngang vdi nam gidi d nhflng viec lien quan de'n ehSm sdc sflc khde cho cac vien va nhung hoat ddng xa hdi ehung cua ca hai vp chdng Dilu gpi rang phu nu dang cd xu hudng gia tang anh hudng eua minh nhflng hoat ddng xa hdi ngoai gia dinh Dilu dang luu y khac la ngudi chdng vin la ngudi quye't dmh ehi'nh cac quan he giua gia dinh vdi ho hang ca ben chdng lan ben vp Dieu cho tha'y qua trinh cat thien binh ding gifla vp va chdng la qua trinh phfle tap, cd mat phu nfl to ed nhilu quyIn quye't dinh hon, cd mat ta it tha'y sir thay doi Phan tich su thay ddi vl quyIn lue ciia vp va chdng tfl ke't hdn de'n cho tha'y cd sir cai thien ve binh dang gidi theo thdi gian Cd hai ly cd th^ giai thieh eho su gia tang ve quyen lire eua ngudi vp cung vdi nam thang sd'ng hdn nhan Thfl nha't, dd la nhung ddng gdp cua ngudi phu nfl cho gia dinh theo nam thang, ca nhflng ddng gdp vl kinh te ciing nhu ve tinh than va dac biet la ddng gdp vl mat smh de va nudi day cai Ly thfl hai ed the la su thay ddi quan niem dudi anh hudng ciia nhflng quan niem mdi hien Su cai thien tuong quan quyln luc gifla vp va chdng quan sat dupe d day cd the ca hai ly Vdi cd mau nghidn cflu nhd, viec bdc tach hai tac ddng khd thuc hien Dilu cin dupe tie'p tiie nghien cu\i them eae nghien cflu chuyen de tuong lai Phan tich da bien vl quan he quyen lire gifla vp va chdng eho thay, neu ta't ca cac bie'n sd khac la nhu nhau, tudi cang eao thi ngudi chdng cang cd nhieu quyln hOn, nam gidi thien vl viee eoi minh cd nhilu quyln hon vp, cap vp chdng cang ed nhilu eon thi ngudi vp cang cd nhilu quyen hon, nhung ngudi sd'ng gia dinh md rdng (trong trudng hpp la gia dinh md rdng vdi bd me va hp hang ben chdng) thi can can quyln luc cang nghieng nhilu ve phia ngudi chdng Cud'i ciing, ddng gdp eua ngudi chong dupe coi trpng hon va lam cho ngudi chdng cd quyln nhilu hon 16 Nghign cflu Gia dinh vS Gidi Quy&n 23, so 1, tr 3-16 ddng gdp cua ngudi vp khdng cd tac ddng dang k^ de'n tuong quan vl quyln luc gifla hai vp chdng Dilu n^y cung phil hc^ vdi lufln di^m eiia nhilu nghiln cflu rang bflit binh dang gidi thi hiln d ch6 ddng gdp ciia nfl khdng dupe coi trpng nhu ddng gdp cua nam Nhung nhan dinh nlu trfin cd h&m ^ IJ' luan va thuc tiln quan trpng Tuy nhiln, ein than trpng kh^i quat hda c5 mSu nho va ban ch£it ciia mdt nghien cuu trudng hpp khdng cho phep cd khai quat maltg tinh dai diln Nghiln cfln cua ehflng tdi dat nhilu cau hoi nghien cflu mdi hon la tra ldi nhiJng cflu hdi nghiln cflu hiln cd va dd chinh la dilm manh eua mdt nghiSn cflu nho tap trung sau vao mdt chii dl la quan he quyln luc giua vp va chdng.• Tai lieu tham khao ADB AusAid et al 2003 Bao eao phai Men Viet Nam 2004: Ngheo Ha Noi, WB Franklin B A 2001 Md rang tdm nhin: Bao cdo nghien a'ai phan tich doi tuang truyen thong vd chien dich truyen thong vi stt binh ddng Ha N6i NCFAW Le Ngoc Van 2004 Thuc trang vd nhftng va'n de dat doi vai gia dinh Viet Nam hien Ha Noi UB DS-GD-TE Mai Huy Bich 2003 Xa hoi hoc gia dinh Ha Noi NXB KHXH MPL 2002 Chie'n ItfOc loan dien ve tang trudng vd xoa doi gidm ngheo Ha Noi NXB Ban Nada K., T T V Anh ei al 2005 Chiidn bi cho lifcfng lai: Cdc chien luac m tien nhdm ihi'ic day binh ddng giai a Viet Nam Ha Noi UNDP va WB d Viet Nam Nguyen Linh Khie'u 2003 Nghien cthi phu ml giai va gia dinh Ha N6i NXB KHXH Pham Thi Ngoc Anh 2006 Vai tro giai vd lirang hda gia tii lao dong gia dinh Ha Noi Trudng can b6 Phu nfl Trung Ucfng Tran Thi Van Anh and Le Ngoc Hung 2000 Women and Doi Moi in Vietnam Hanoi Woman Publishing House Tr^n T\s 1984 Ca cau to chi'fc c iia lang Viet co' ti iiyen a Bdc Bo Ha Npi NXB Khoa hoc xa hoi Vu Manh Loi, Vu Tua'n Huy el al 1999 Viet Nam: Bao h(c tren ca sd gidi Ha Noi Vu Tua'n Huy Vu Manh Loi et al 2004 Xit hudng gia dinh Ha Noi NXB KHXH Worid Bank 1999 Vietnam: Attacking Poverty Hanoi Worid Bank ... ddng giai a Viet Nam Ha Noi UNDP va WB d Viet Nam Nguyen Linh Khie''u 2003 Nghien cthi phu ml giai va gia dinh Ha N6i NXB KHXH Pham Thi Ngoc Anh 2006 Vai tro giai vd lirang hda gia tii lao dong gia. .. tham gia cac hoat dpng phi ndng nghiep khac d^ tang thu nhap cho hd gia dinh Trong khoAng 4-5 nam gan day xa ed xuat kh^u tren 200 lao dpng Xuat khau lao dong la ngudn thu nhap Idn cho cac gia. .. tham gia dang ke ciia nam gidi viec cham sdc ngudi dm, the hien d ty le eao y kien cho rang vp chong lam nhu Vu M a n h Lcli v a c a c t a c gia k h a c Bang P h a n cong lao dong ho gia dinh Trong
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