Quan niệm và thực hành về phân công lao động theo giới trong gia đình đồng bào dân tộc thiểu số ở việt nam

Ngitvin H_ieu^!l±^ Q U A N N I E M V A THlTC H A N H V E P H A N C O N G L A O D O N G T H E O G I O I T R O N G GIA D I N H D O N G B A O D A N T O C T H l £ u SO Cf V I E T NAJM GS.TS Nguygn Hiru Minh Vien Nghien cihi Gia dinh va Gioi Tdm tdt: Phdn cong tao dpng gia dinh truyen thdng cua cdc ddn tpc thiiu sd a Viet Nam thudng khac biel theo giai Nam gi&i tap trung vdo nhii-ng viec duac coi Id "quan trong" hay ddi ngogi nie gi&i ddm nhdn hdu hit cdc cdng viic lai Nhimg ndm gan day, cdc chlnh sdch thuc ddy binh ddng gi&i dd ldm thay ddi sic phdn cong lao dpng gia dinh ddn tpc thiiu sd, nhtrng the Men khde biel & mdi ddn tpc Bdi viit ndy phdn tich khudn mau phdn cdng lao dpng Irong gia dinh IS ddn tpc thieu sd Ihuoc linh & ba mien Bdc Trung vd Nam ciia nu&c ta giai doan Men nay, bao gom ddn tpc theo chi dp mdu he vd phu hi Kit qud phdn tich cho thay, khuon mdu phdn cong lao dpng theo gi&i truyen thdng vdn tdn tgi & cdc ddn Ipc duac khdo sdt vd cd su khde biit theo nhdm ddn tpc phu hi mdu he Ngodi ra, dgc diim hp gia dinh vd cd nhdn cung dnh hudng den khudn mdu phdn cdng lao dpng theo gi&i gia dinh ddn tdc thiiu so Tit khoa: Binh ddng gi&i, ddn tdc ihiiu sd, gia dinh, phdn cdng lao ddng, phu nie Ngdy nhgn bdi: 28/10/2019; ngdy giri phdn bien- 2/1/2020; ngdy duyet ddng 9/2/2020 Mddau Phan cdng lao ddng theo gidi frong gia dinh la mpt chi bao quan frpng ludng miic dp binh dang gidi Sir chia se nhieu hon eiia phu nii va nam gidi vao cac cdng viec gia dinh la mdt frong nhiing muc tigu ciia chinh sach binh dang gidi Van dg da dugc quan tam nghign ciiu d Viet Nam frong thap nien qua, bao gom mpt sd cugc khao sat cd quy md qude gia nhu Diiu tra Gia dinh Viet Nam 2006 (Bo Van hda, Thg thao va Du ljch va cac co quan khac, 2008), Khdo sdt thuc trgng binh dang gidi a Viet Nam 2005 (Tran Thi Van Anh va Nguyen Hiiu Minh, 2008) Ket qua cac nghign ciiu da chi su bao luu ciia khudn raau phan cdng lao ddng theo gidi fruygn thdng cac gia dinh Ke ca vg nlian thiic va hanh vi, ngudi phu nu va nam gidi dgu dupe gdn cho nhirng loai edng viec nhat dinh, coi la phu hgp vdi gidi ciia minh Chang han, ddi vdi ngudi pbu nii/ngudi vg dd la cac cdng viec ndi frp, cham soc frg em, giti tign, chara soc ngudi gia/ngudi dm; ngudi dan dng/ngudi ehdng chiu frach nhiem vdi cac cdng viec tigp khach la, thay mat gia dinh giao tigp vdi chinh quyen (Bd Van hda, Thg thao va Du ljch va cac CO quan khac, 2008; Trdn Thi Van Anh va Nguyln Hiiu Minh, 2008; ) Tuy vay, cac kgt qua nghien cim ciing ggi rang, mdt so cdng viee nhu ndi fra, eham sdc tre em, quan ly tign bac cd khac biet ve gidi tinb rd net, thi nhiing viee khae nhu eham sdc ngudi gia/ngu'di dm, tigp khach, thay mat gia dinh giao tigp vdi chinh quyen cd xu hudng giam ddn su khac biet gidi tinh, thg hien d ty le dang kg ca hai vg chong cimg tham gia (Nguygn Hiiu Mmh 2014) Tap chi Ddn tpc hpc so - 2020 Khudn mau ehung the hien d ea dan tdc Kinh va dan tde thieu sd (DTTS), song tiiy theo dac digm van hda mlu he hay phu he ma su phan cdng lao ddng theo gidi d eae DTTS cd khac (Bd VH, TT&DL va cae co quan khac, 2008; Trdn Thi Van Anh va Nguyln Hiiu Minh, 2008; Nguyln Minh Tudn, 2012; Dd Thi Binh, 1999; Nguygn Le Thu, 2017) Cac nghign cim cdn ngu Ign mdi quan he giiia cac ygu td kinh tg - xa hpi vdi phan cong lao dpng theo gidi frong gia dinh Nhung khac biet chu ygu cd lien quan dgn phan edng lao ddng theo gidi gan vdi mdt sd ygu td nhu: liia tudi, hgc van, miic sdng, dan tpc, dinh kign gidi Nhm chung, nhimg cap vg chdng cd hpc van cao thi ngudi chdng chia se nhigu hon cdng viec noi trg vdi ngudi vg, ca quan niem va hanh ddng cu the (Bd VH, TT&DL va cac ca quan khac 2008, tr, 78; Trdn Quy Long, 2007) Ngudi vg cd hpc van cao hon thi ty le ngirdi vp chiu frach nhiem chinh viec tiep khaeh ciing cao hon va su chia sg cua ca hai vg chdng tang Ign Ly la ngudi co hpc van cao hem thi it cd dinh kign gidi cac edng viee gia dinh ndn san sang tham gia viec nha Ty le ngudi vg lam eac cong viec npi frg cao han d nhiing gia dinh tre, d gia dinh ldn fridi thi cd su tham gia cao hon cua ngudi chdng (Nguygn Hiiu Minh, 2014) Ddi vdi gia dinh DTTS, ve ca ban, khudn mau phan edng lao ddng theo gidi fruygn thdng van ton tai Tuy nhign, bieu hien eu thg eua sir phan cdng lao ddng d tung dan tpc, timg dia ban cd khac mdt sd DTTS ngudi phu nir dam nhiem hai vai frd, hay ndi each khac "vai frd kep" gia dinh, vira la nhan vat chinh frong hoat dgng san xuat, viia la ngudi ndi trp va cham sdc gia dinh (Nguyln Thi H^, 2012; Nguyln Le Thu, 2017) Quan nigra tmygn thdng ve vai trd gidi cd y nghTa ehi phdi rat ldn ddi vdi su pb^n cdng lao dpng frong gia dinh, the hien d ca nam va nu Theo dd, nhiing cdng viee gia dinh phai phu nir dam nhiem bat kg loai gia dinh (Lg Thai Thi Bang Tam, 2008) Vi vay, khudn ralu phan cdng lao ddng theo gidi khdng nhiing quy dinh bdi tinh "nang - nhe", raa edn khac biet vg khdng gian "Viec dan ong" khong ehi lam nhiing viec ddi hdi nhigu siie lao ddng, ma cdn ganh them viec lign quan tdi giao tigp xa hdi "bgn ngoai" Q tat ca cac nhdm dan tpc, dan dng thudng la ddi tugng tham gia cac cudc hgp d xdm/ap Trong gia dinh, dan dng ciing thudng la ngudi lo toan ragi giay td thu tiie Hen quan den tai san gia dinh va phap luat Lao ddng nii gan vdi khudn vign gia dinh nen hau hgt phu nii DTTS d nha lo com nudc, chara soc cac vien gia dinh Mgt digm thieu hut hien la chua ed nhiing phan tieh d quy rad ldn vg dac digm phan cong lao ddng theo gidi ehia theo eac nhdm nhan khau - xa hdi cua eae DTTS, mac dii mdt sd nghign eiiu ciing da ggi nhiing khae biet nhat dinh vg khudn mau phan edng lao ddng theo gidi thude vao cac ygu to nhu nliom dan tgc, mirc sdng gia dinh, hpc van (Nguygn Minh Tuan, 2012; Nguygn Le Thu, 2017) Viec nhan dien thuc trang phan cdng lao ddng theo gidi cdng viee gia dinli va phan tieh sau ban mdi quan he giiia dae diem phan edng lao ddng theo gidi vdi cac ygu td gia dinh va ea nlian d cac DTTS la hgt sire can thiet Tir sd lieu cudc khao sat "Mot sd van dg ca ban ve binh dang gidi d vimg dan tdc thieu so nudc ta" (MA SO: CTDT.21.17/16-20), tiln hanh nam 2018 - 2019 tai tinh ciia Viet Nam vdi 2.894 dai dien hd gia dinh, tudi 17 - 69, thude 18 DTTS, bai viet phac hpa khudn mau phan cong lao dpng theo gidi frong gia dinh tu goc dp quan niem va thuc te Dae diem phan edng lao ddng theo gidi 82 Nguyin]^ Minh gia dinh d cac nhdm nhan khau - xa hpi khac cung se dupe phan tieh Quan niem vg phan cdng cong viec gia dinh giira nam - nir va khac biet giu"^ cac nhdm xa hpi 1.1 Quan niem vephan cong cong viec gia dinh Cuge khao sat da tim hilu quan niera cua ngudi dan vl nhimg cdng viee frong gia dinh thich hgp cho phu nii va nam gidi day khdng xem xet nhiing cdng viec lign quan din vdn de kigm thu nhap ma chi tap trung vao cac cdng viec nha Cu thg cd 21 loai cdng viec nhu vay Ngudi dupe hdi se cho biet quan niem ciia hp ve nhiing cong viee thich hgp cho phu nii va nam gidi vdi cac phuang an fra lai la: tinch hgp cho phu nii, nam gidi va ca hai Ket qua duge trinh bay d bang Bdng 1: Ty le y kien dong y vol phan cong cong viec cho nam gidi va phu nu' ( /o) Cong viec gia dinh 5, 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Bao tri, sua chira dd dung gia dinh Lam/sira nha Thiap huong/cung le d ban thd Dai dien gia dinh lam viec vdi chinh quyen/cdng ddng IVIua ban tai san/dat dai Dai dien gia dinli tiep kliach Dai dien gia dinh tham gia hieu/hy Liiy Clii Lay nudc Dua ddn ngudi nha di hgc/di lam Lo viec hgc/dinh hugng nghe cua Quan Iy tien chung cua gia dinli Quan ly chi tieu hang cho gia dinh Nau/chuiin hi cd gid/tet Day/hudng dan hoc Di chg mua thirc an, thuc pham Cham sdc ngudi gia/ngudi dm/tre em Giat, phoi, gap quan ao Dgn dep nha cira Niiu an Rira bat Nam gidi 84,7 72,6 44,9 34,5 31,1 25,1 21,3 18,9 15,7 15,2 12,0 10,1 10,0 9,6 9,2 8,0 3,6 1,7 1,3 0,9 0,6 Nir'gidi Cahai N 3,9 1,3 9,2 6,3 11,4 26,1 45,9 59,2 2883 2881 2781 2885 2,5 5,9 6,1 38,2 37,8 16,1 11,1 35,9 60,9 28,2 20,7 67,7 30,9 71,6 64,1 72,9 77,9 66,4 69,1 72,6 42,9 46,5 68,8 76,9 54,0 29,1 62,2 70,0 24,3 65,5 26,8 34,6 26,2 21.4 2805 2890 2887 2878 2839 2894 2842 2886 2888 2887 2851 2891 2885 2891 2892 2892 2893 Qua sd heu d bang cd the tdm tSt mdy nhdm quan niem Trudc hen ia nhirng cdng viec uong gia dinh dugc da sd ngudi tan coi la thich hop chi rieng cho nam gidi (khoang 70% y kidn trd len) bao gom; bao tri, sira chua dd dimg ttong gia dinh va lanVsira nha Day la nhung cdng Tgp chi Ddn lpc hpc sol -2020 viee von dupe coi la truygn thdng thudc vg nam gidi, ngn cac nghien ciiu mdy thap nign qua da chi rang, quan niem vg su phan cdng hau nhu khdng thay ddi dang kg Nhdm edng viec tigp theo cd ty le coi la thich hgp vdi nam gidi cao hon hdn so vdi phu nii nhu thap huang/ciing lg d ban thd (vdn frong truyen thdng chi la viee ciia nam gidi) va dai dien cho gia dinh cac quan he vdi bgn ngoai (tiep khach, lam viec vdi ehinh quyen, tham gia higu by) Quan niem "nam ngoai, nii npi" tmyen thdng ehinh la img vdi vdn dg dai dien cho gia dinh de quan he vdi ben ngoai va hien tai ngudi dan van eoi eac cdng viec thich hpp vdi nam gidi hon la phu nii Song can luu y rang, ddi vdi cac nhdm cdng viec nay, ty lg ngudi coi la thich hgp vdi ca hai gidi la kha eao, the hien mdt quan digm binh dang gidi kha ro ret Ngu so sanh vdi ket qua chung ciia Dieu tra gia dinh Viet Nam (tinh chung ca ngudi Kinh va ngudi DTTS) vl viec tiep khach va dai dien cho gia dinh frong giao tigp vdi chinh quyen (Bd VH, TT & DL va ca quan khac, 2008) thi thay cd thay ddi theo hudng tieh cue, dd la sir iing hd eao ban ddi vdi viee phu nii' ciing tham gia vao cac cdng viec Q Diiu tra Gia dinh Viet Nam 2006, frong so ngudi 18-60 tudi, ty le coi viec tigp khach va dai dien eho gia dinh lam viec vdi ehinh quygn thich hgp vdi nam la 60,3% va 74,5%, tham chi ty lg fra ldi ciia vi nien - tudi la 52,5% va 64% (Bg VH, TT & DL va eo quan khac, 2008), cao hon nhilu so vdi ddng bao DTTS fra idi cau hdi eugc khao sat Mua ban tai san/dat dai la viec ldn cua gia dinh, vdn dugc coi la cdng viee thich hpp vdi nam gidi Cugc khao sat chi rang, quan niem chung van coi cdng viee thich hpp hon vdi nam gidi so vdi phu nir (chenh lech digm phan fram gan 30) Song, eiing cd mdt ty le ldn (gan 70%) coi cdng viee diich hgp vdi ca hai gidi, nhu vay nhan thiic cua ngudi dan la kha tich cue van de Nhiing cdng viee ed su phan bd tuong ddi can bang thudng lien quan dgn giao due cai Co ty le eao coi viec hpc cua con/dinh hudng nghg cho hay dua ddn eon di hpc thich hgp vdi ca hai gidi ciing nhu ty le tuong duang coi cac edng viec dd thich hgp vdi mdi gidi Tuong tu, viec cham sdc ngudi gia, ngudi dm, tre em, day/hudng dan hge cung dugc da sd nhin nhan thich hpp cho ca hai gidi, sd cdn lai thi ty le eoi cdng viec thich hgp vdi nii eao hon so vdi nam Neu viec quan ly tign chung ciia gia dinh cd ty le hon 50% cho la thich hpp vdi ca hai gidi ma ty Ie coi thich hpp vdi phu nii cao hon, thi viec quan ly ehi tigu hang cho gia dinh thudng dupe da so ngudi coi thich hgp rieng cho phu nu Vi thg "tay hdm ehia khda" hay "npi tudng" ciia gia dinli danh cho ngudi phu nii dudng nhu thg hien ro d day Rigng cac cdng viec ndi trg nhu nau an, di ehg, rira bat, giat giii, dpn dep nha cira vdn dugc coi la thude vl phu nii' Quan niem hau nhu chua cd sir thay ddi chi ed mpt ty le rat nhd ngudi tra ldi rdng cac cdng viec dd thich hgp vdi nam gidi Ngugc lai, tir 64% den 78%) sd ngudi fra ldi coi chiing thich hgp vdi phu nii Ty Ie nhung ngudi coi cac cdng viec ay thich hgp vdi ca hai gidi khdng cao, chi tir khoang 1/3 den 1/4 sd ngudi, Nhu vay, cd su phan biet kha rd eac nhdm cdng viec ma ngudi DTTS nhin nhan thich hgp vdi gidi hay gidi Chang ban, di chp, ndu an, dpn dep, giat giii thich hgp cho phu nii va bao tri, sira chira diing gia dinh, lam/sira nba thich hgp vdi nam gidi Tuy nhign, cd thg nhan xet rang quan niem eiia ngudi dan vg van dg phan cdng lao dpng theo gidi da theo hudng tich cue hon, ty lg coi mdt sd cdng viec tmyen thdng von la cua phu nir thich hgp vdi ca hai gidi tuong doi cao ^4 ^ ^ NguyinHuu]^^!^ 1.2 Su khac biet gifra cdc nhdm xa hpi ve phan cong lao dpng O day phan tieh su khac biet ve quan niera phan cdng lao dpng giu-a nam va nir doi vdi cac cdng viec gia dinh Do s6 lupng edng viec nhieu ngn chi chpn rapt sd dua vao cac nhdm cong viec CO su phan cdng lao ddng kha gidng vira neu d tren de phan tieh Cu thg la: Thdp huong/ciing le d ban thd; Dai dien cho gia dinh lam viec vdi chinh quyln; Day/hudng d§n hgc: Quan ly tign chung cua gia dinh; Ndu an Nhiing dac digm ca nhan se dugc sir dung dg phan loai cac nhdm xa hpi Dg hudng tdi muc tieu binb dang gidi, chi bao sir tham gia cua hai gidi nhu se dugc sir dung cho phan tich Kit qua phan tich thi hien d bang Bdng 2: Ty le ddng y cac hoat dong duoi day thich hop cho ca hai gidi phan theo cac nhom nhan khdu - xa hdi (%) Dai dien ThSp lam viec Nhom nhan Day eon Quan ly tien Nau an huong N vol chinh khau - xa hgi Chung gia dinh hoc cting le quyen Gidi tinh Nam Nir Nhom tuoi