vấn đề nông nghiệp nông thôn và nông dân

VAN Dfe NONG NGHIEP, NONG THON VA NONG DAN TRONG P H A T TRI^N B^N VUNG VUNG TAY NGUYEN BUI QUANG DUNG NGUYEN HOAI SON" Tdm tat: TTiyc tien phat trien Tay Nguyen hien doi hoi phai tim nhiing dgng lyc moi, ldi giai mdi, dac biSt la vin dl tam nong Van dl nflng nghidp, nflng thon, nflng' dan Tay Nguyin ein dugc dat ttong mfli quan hi hdu CO, chinh the, ttong ehiln lygc phat trien lien vimg va hgi nhap quflc tl Vl nflng nghiep, van de then chflt la tim kiem nhdng the che nhim phat huy vai tto cua eac chu the kinh te nflng nghiep, tien tdi nen san xuat hang hoa Trong cau chuyfn quan Iy xa hgi nflng thfln la viec giai quylt sy dan cai phdc tap gida cac nhan to quan tri, nham thiet lap mfl hinh quan ly xa hgi phu hpp vdi bfli canh phat trien Qua trinh hien dai hoa la xu the tat yeu, dieu quan ttgng la phii thao go nhdng rao can de kich thich sy doi mdi, tao nhdng dgng nSng xa hfli va phdt huy vai tro chu the cua ngydi nong dan phit trien ben vdng vimg Tiy Nguyen TO; khda: Nong nghipp, nflng thon, nflng dan, Tay Nguyen S p v^n d l Nflng nghiflp Viet Nam ttong thap nien 1980 dypc danh diu bing eae chinh sach cii each quan ttpng; diu tien la BChoan 100 (Chi thj 100 cda Ban Bi thu Trang uong Dang, nam 1981); tiep sau dfl la Khoan 10 vl "dfli mdi quan li nong nghidp" (Nghj quyet 10 eua Bp Chinh ttj, ban hanh thang 4/1988), thee dfl ragng dit timg bude dupc giap chp ngudi dan quin ly Cac chinh sach dfl da khfli phyc l?i ban chit vfln cd cua boat dgng kinh tl noi ehung va kinh te nflng nghidp, nflng thon noi rieng Tu sau do, nhdng eii c4ch phap ly tilp tyc ddi da hfl ttg sy phat ttiln eua thj ttirdng dat dai Luat Dat dai nam 1993, Luat Dat dai sua dfli vao nam 1998 va 2001, va Luat Dat dai moi nam 2003 tilp tuc eai each chinh sach ve dat dai tten eo sd giao quyen sd dyng dat cho eae ca nhan va hfl gia dinh Nhtlng cai each quan trpng da thap gd nhdng diem nghen, dem din nhtlng dpng lyc phat triin moi ' va dua Viet Nam to mflt nude phai nhap khiu luong thye ttd cudng quflc ve xuat khiu gap ttfln the gioi chi sau hon hai thap nien Thyc tiin da ' ' Pho giao su, tien sT khoa hpc, Vipn Xa hpi hpc, Vi?n Han lam Khoa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam '"*' Vipn xa hpi hpc, Vipn Han lam Khoa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam 57 Tgp chi Khoa hoc xd hgi Viet Nam, sd 7(80) - 2014 chdng mmh rang thao gd cac rao can ve mat thi chi ddng vai tto trung tam sy phat ttiln nflng ngMep va nong thfln Viet Nam Vdi nhiing dilu kien ty nhien, dia chinh tri va dat ttong chien Mac phat trien ehimg cua dat nudc thi cong nghiflp hda Men dai hoa, xay dyng nen nflng nghiep hang hda la eon dudng tat ylu cua Tay Nguyen Tuy vay, tinh hinh dan cai phue tap cae phucmg thue canh tac va dng xd kinh te nflng nghiep Men d Tay Nguyen Isii dang tap nhihig rap can Ion cho qua ttinh Ben canh do, da dang can true tpc ngudi dat nhdng vin de het sue phdc tap dfli vfli quan ly xa hfli nflng thfln d khu vue Cac thiet ehi quin ly trayen thflng vin cdn in diu ttong ddi sflng eua cae toe ngudi thieu so tai chfl Tfln giao, dac bigt la dsio Tin Lanh, cdng cfl vai ttd Ion tfl ehdc khflng gian cu tru, khong gian xa hpi va van hda cda eu dan nflng thfln d nhieu npi Xet thye chat van dfl thi eSu chuyen quan ly xa hpi nflng thfln cda Tay Nguyen phy thupe vap viee giai quylt mfli quan he gida cac nhan tfl quan ttj nay, nhat la bfli canh cu dan nflng thfln d khu vuc dang phan hda nhiing nhdm xa hgi vdi nhdng nang lye, nhu eau het sue khae hgp dl kich thich sy dfli mdi, tao nhung dgng nang xa hgi va phat huy vai ttd chu thi eua nguori nong dSn ttong phat trien bin viing vimg Tay Nguyen Nong nghiep Bde ttanh kinh te nong nghiep Tay Nguyen hom hai thap ky qua cd nhieu biin ddi sau sic Nhdng toe nguoi thieu s6 tai chfl chuyen td hinh thdc canh tac nuong riy du canh du cu cfl trayin sang dinh canh djnh cu gin vdi cay luong thye, cay cdng nghiep ngan va tri khai thae eac ngufln lgi td rimg Sinh ke eua cac tpc ngudi din ta khu vuc mien nui phia Bae la su dan xen gitta canh tac Ma nudc rai rac va eay cflng nghiep Ben canh nhdng hinh thai kinh te tieu nflng la su xuat hien cda nhan vat nflng gia nim trpng tay cac trang teji ce qui mfl san xuat kha ldn Nam 2011, ty trpng ndng nghiep cd cau gia trj kinh te cac tinh diu dao dpng to 43% den 54% Nganh nflng nghiep eung la nganh thu hut ddng dao lyc lugng lao dpng ttpng khu vye Tdc dp tang tradng nflng nghiep eae tinh Tay Nguyfln td nam 2000 - 2005 diu djt tren mdc 7% theo nghj quyet 184 cua Thu todng Chinh phd dl ra"' Tu nam 2006 din nay, toe dp cd su phan hda chi hai tinh Lam Ddng va Dak Nflng dat Thyc tien dang ddi hdi phai tim nhtlng dgng lue moi, ldi giai mijti eho van de tam nflng d Tay Nguyen Qua trinh eong nghiep hoa, Men dai hda la xu the tat yeu, dieu quan ttpng la phai tim kiem nhdng the che phat ttien phu '" Trucrng Thj Hanh, Vu Tlln Dire (2013), "Kinh te nong nghipp Tay Nguyen tir nSm 2000 din va mflt s6 van de d§t cho phdt triin bin vihig", Ky yeu Hfli thao: Van de nonf 58 nghidp, ndng thdn vd ndng ddn trang phdt trien ben vung Tdy Nguyen, Buon Me Thupt Vdn de ndng nghiep, ndng thdn vd ndng ddn tten muc kl hoach dl ra, kM Kon Tum, Gia Lai va Dak Lak tang toong nflng nghiep dudi 7% Mae du cd nhttng bude phat triin dang kl song nin kinh tl nflng nghiep khu -vyc Tay Nguyen dang td ro nhflng hjn chi, ylu kem vl chit lugng, san lugng, nang lyc canh ttanh, djnh hucng thj tragng, dac biet la vdi nhttng san pham thi manh nhu hfl tieu, che, ea phfl Do dd, tiin hanh tai eiu true nen nflng nghiep Tay Nguyen la nhiem vu tat yeu, ndi each khae la, can thao gd nhdng dilm vfl mat thi chi ehinh sach nham thuc diy cac chd thi san xuit nflng nghiip phat triin Trong dilm mau chflt la can tim kilm nhdng dgng lue de phat huy uu thi cda timg loai hinh kinh te hd, kinh t l trang trai, hgp tae xa, eac doanh nghiep va lien ket nhdng chu thi vdi 2.1 Kinh tehp Kinh te hg gia dinh vin la noi tap tmng chd ylu luc lupng lap dflng cua khu vyc Tay Nguyen Trong trayen thflng, kinh te hp d khap cac bufln lang dac trang bdi phuong thuc canh tac nuong ray du canh du eu Mfli hfl gia dinh nhu mpt tfl bao nhd eua hinh thdc tfl ehuc kinh tfl cflng xa gan vdi so hdu cpng dflng ve dat dai Hien nay, canh tac nuang riy vin tfln t?i kha phfl bien d Tay Nguyen, song hinh thdc sd hiru va tinh chat da cd nhieu thay dfli Cac loai cSy cflng nghipp nhu ea phe, ehe, tieu, cao su (dupe ttong tten cac khoanh dat cjuih nai sinh sflng hoSc tten dign tich nuang ray) da dugc cai t£io Lda nydc va mgt sfl eay luong thuc (nhu ngfl, san) vin tfln tai rai rac d nhieu noi Nhirng hinh thdc canh tac cfl trayin, so khai cM tao duac mfli quan he can bing gitta dien tich dat dai va cau tao dan cu phd hgp) da bj pha vfl: bfli tae dpng td di d&i va quy Mat cua Men dai hea Day la mpt tit yeu kinh te va nd dat nhdng yeu ciu ve ehinh sach phat ttiln dfli voi bp phan kinh te Cung giflng nhu nhieu khu vyc nflng then d Viet Nam, sy manh mun, nhd le, phan tan vl rapng dat va ham lugng khga hge ky thuat thip ttpng san xuat, thu hpach, bap quan, ehe bien vin la dac diem chu yflu cua kinh te hfl d Tay Nguyen Thep ket qua dilu tta cua De tai: Vdn de nong nghiep, nong ddn vd nong thon phdt trien ben vieng vung Tdy Nguyen (gpi tit la "De tdi"), 34% tflng sfl hp ed manh dit canh tac chiem ty le liin nhit, 14,7% cfl manh, 15,4% ed bfln manh trd len va sfl hfl sd htm mpt manh chi ehilm 26,2% Tinh trang manh mdn dat san xuat la ket qua cua eae vin de ljch su khai hpang, chi dp phan chia thda kl chp cpn eai Dfli vdi ea nhiing tflc ngudi theo che dp miu he va phu he d Tay Nguyen, eon cai sau ket hfln se dupe cha me chia dat san xuat to quy dat chung cua gia dinh Thep nguyen tac, cac cpn dupe phan ehia dat kha dflng deu trpng dat dai cfl dp phi nhieu khae nhau, edng cd phan trpng sfl dat dugc xem la tflt nhat nen cd sy chflng ehflp kha phdc tap gida cac thda dat Hign nguyen tic 59 7