GIA TR! DAO DUC C O A GIA DJNH VIET NAM TRUYEN T H O N G TRONG B O I C A N H T O A N C A U HOA NGUYEN THI THQ * Tdm th: Gia dinh Viet Nam tmyIn thflng la gia dinh dupc hinh va phat trien ljch su Viet Nam Trong gia dinh trayfln thflng cic gii tri dao due dugc de cao, dieu dfl tao nfln nip, gia phong, gia giio cua gia dinh Nhieu gii tri dao due cua gia dinh tmyen thong den van can dugc luu gid, bfl sung va phat triin Bai vilt phan tich cac gia tri dao due co ban cua gia dinh Viet Nam tmyen thong; sy can thiet giu gin vi phat huy cic gia tri dgo ddc gia dinh Viet Nam trayen thflng ttong bfli cinh toan ciu hoa Tic khda: Gia dinh, dao ddc gia dinh, gia dinh Viflt Nam trayen thflng, toan Gia dinh Viet Nam truyen thong Gia dinh li mgt don vj xa hpi, rapt thiflt chS xa hpi cfl xua nhat nhung lgi bSn vflng nhat Cfl xua nhit theo nghTa li, CO eon ngudi l i cd gia dinh, ngufli sinh ra, Ion Ifln va traflng thinh to gia dinh Trong tic phim "He tu toflng Due", C.Mie v i Ph.Angghen eho ring: "Hang ngiy tii tgo ddi sflng eua bin thin rainh eon ngudi bit diu tao nhflng ngudi khae, smh sfli, niy nd - li quan he gida chflng v i vp, eha me v i CPU cii, dd li gia dinh"*'' Gia dinh bit ngudn td quan he nam ntt, td viec sinh de eii rat ty nhien v i td nhu ciu nuoi duong, giao due eii Mae du bit ngufln ta nhtlng nhu eau rat ty nhien, nhung gia dinh li mpt thilt chi xa hgi, mpt hien tagng xa hfli, bdi viy, hinh thuc v i chue nang cda nd xet din edng bj quy djnh bdi tinh ehit cua quan he 96 sin xuat, quan he xa hpi ndi chimg vi cda ttinh dfl phit trifln van hoa xa hpi Tuong dng vdi mfli giai doan phit tiiln, hinh thue td chue, quy md, ehdc ning cua gia dinh cd nhdng thay d6i Gia dinh thyc Men nhiiu ehuc ning, frong ehdc nang gido due co mpt y nghTa die biet quan ttgng Bfli, giao due gia dinh li nfln ting dau tifln, lien tuc, thuong xuy6n v i liu dii dfli vdi rafli nguoi Trong giio due gia dinh thi giio dye dgo ddc rit dupc quan tam Nhiing quy djnh, phep tie, chuan muc dgo ddc gia dinh m i moi th4nh vifln phai toan theo sfl 14 CO sd dl gitt gin sy fln dinh, phit trifln cda gia dinh va xa h0i Gia dinh trayfln thflng l i gia dinh da '•' Tiin si, Truong Dai hpc Su phgm Ha Npi '" C Mac va Ph.Ang ghen (1995), Todn tgp, tap 3, Nxb Chinh trj quoc gig Ha Nfli,fr.4 L Gid tri dga due cua gia dinh Viet Nam truyen thdng hinh thinh v i tfln tgi qua khd, m i frong dd chda dyng nhiflu yflu tfl ben vflng dupc luu trayen ta the he niy sang the he khic, nhttng yflu tfl de phin inh nin van hpi bin dja v i gpp phan tgo nfln bin sic van hoi din tpc Trong gia dinh Viet Nam trayen thflng, nin nip, gia phong, giio due dgp ddc hit sdc dupc cpi trpng Khudn phep le giio lufln thim dupm hing trpng y thdc, treng dng xu v i giap tiep eda eic thinh vifln trpng gia dinh qua eic mfli quan he, dan trd nip sflng gia dinh, thinh gia phong cd thfl tfln tai v i phit trifln Dd li su gin bd gida ong ba, eha rae, anh chj em Quy rao cda loai hinh gia dinh niy thuong Ion (gia dinh md rpng), gflm tam, ta, ngd dgi dflng ducng Diy la gia dinh phu he, cpi ttpng thd cdng tfl tifln v4 chiu inh huong rit Ion cda Nho giao Net die trung cua gia dinh truySn thflng la sy gan bd cao ve tinh cim theo huyit thflng; b4o luu cac trayfln thflng van boa, tip tuc, IS nghi; phit huy tflt gia phong, gia IS, gia dao Cic thinh viSn gia dinh gidp vS vit ehit, tinh thin, nguoi gii dupe chira Gia dinh Viflt Nam trayin thflng chda see, the he tre duge flng bi, eha rae giio nhilu ylu tfl tuong dfli fln djnh v i luu due, trayin dat cic kinh nghiem cua tmySn td thS he sang thS he khic, cuflc sflng Gia dinh la mgt bfl phan gin gin liln vdixa hgi nflng nghiep, nflng vdi ddng hp, td dp niy sinh nhtlng quan thfln Hinh thii gia dinh niy gid dja vj he tinh cira, thira viSng, nhiing trach dflc tfln v i tfln tgi it li cho den trade nhiSra tacng trp "raflt gipt miu dip ban Vift Nam tiflp xde vdi vin minh ao nudc la", "rapt ngudi lira quan ci hp cflng nghigp v i dfl thi (vio khoing cufli dugc nhd" thi ky XIX diu thi ky XX) Theo Trin Cac gia tr| dao due co ban ciia Dinh Hugu, "gia dinh Viet Nam trayfln gia dinh Viet Nam truyen thong thflng li kieu gia dinh tfln tai trade Gii tri dao ddc trayin thflng li bp chiu inh huflng Au hoi, nghTa li tfln tgi phan cot loi ttong cie gia ttj tinh thin cho den cufli the ky XIX, vl sau vin eon trayen th6ng Viet Nara Ndi din gia trj phfl blln, nhung chd yflu Ii d n6ng dgo ddc gia dinh trayen thong li ndi dSn th6n"*^' Mfli gia dinh Viet Nara trayen cic chuan myc dgo ddc t6t dep, dugc thflng li raflt don vj kinh te dpc lap dien hinh thinh, phat triin gin lien vdi sy hinh, li mpt dan vj sin xuit ndng hinh thinh, phit ttiln eda gia dinh nghigp khep kin Trong gia dinh, mpi trayen thflng, raang tinh tuong dfli fln ngudi khdng chi gin be vdi bang nhflng mfli liSn he vgt chit, dim bio cho '^' Trjn Dinh Huau (1996), Gia dinh vd gido sy sflng cdn cua ban thin rai cdn bang due gia dinh, Nhiing nghien ciru xd hgi hgc ve nhttng mfli lifln hg tinh cira rait thilt dl gia dinh a Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi Hi Npi,fr 55 97 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam, so 7(80) -2014 djnh, dugc luu trayfln ta the he niy sang the he khic nhim diflu chinh hinh vi cua cie thinh vien gia dinh theo nhflng quan he co bin Trong gia dinh trayen th6ng ton tai mpt he thong eic quy tie dgo ddc chi dao radi quan he gitta cie thinh vien theo nhung khufln phep, chuin raue, dupe trayen ta the hS niy sang thi he khic bing hinh thue tmyen mieng va nhiflu hinh thuc khong thinh van khic Dd li kinh fren nhuomg dudi; kinh ttgng, biflt on cha me, liy ehtt hilu lim diu; kinh ttpng flng bi, thd phung tfl tifln; lgi ieh c i nhan phuc tung lgi ieh gia dinh, dong hp Co the khii quit rang, dao ddc gia dinh trayin thflng li nhung quy tie, chuin mye dgo ddc diflu chinh quan he dng xd gitta cic thinh vifln gia dinh; nhitag quy pham v i h4nh vi cua ngudi van dfl hon nhin va gia dinh; li sy bieu Men eda tinh taong dfli fln djnh, liu dii ttong cie mli quan he cha con, anh em, chflng vg Dao due gia dinh Viet Nam trayfln thong bao gflm mpt he thflng eic ehuin myc ,mang nhiflu sac thai ey thi d nhdng vdng raifln, nhflng thdi ky ljch sd khic Tuy vjiy, tinh cgng dflng v i raJit din tpc, tinh ki thda vi mat ljch su m i mgt sfl ehuan mye chung cd y nghla phfl bien dupe hinh thinh, fln djnh vi phit ttifln tao nfln nhdng gii trj tiTiyfln thong sy vin dpng v i phit trifln eua ddi sflng gia dinh Viet Nara Nhttng chuan muc, gii trj mang y nghTa phfl biin ttong gia dinh bao gflm: tinh nghia, thuy chung, hod thugn quan he chflng - vp; tic, hieu frong quan he cha me cii; hod thudn, de quan he anh chi era Viec thuc hien eac chuin mye dao ddc niy gflp phin dim bio sy on djnh, hii ho4, phit triin nfli bp mfli gia dinh v i quan he giua gia dinh voi hp tflc, ling xdm, dit nudc Thic nhdt, quan he chong va, tinh nghia, thuy chung, hod thuan 14 nhttng gia tri dao due can b4n dl tri, I4m bfln chgt cugc hon nhan gitta hai ngudi NghTa tinh l i hai yeu to vo cdng quan trpng ttong ehuin muc cu xu khflng chi ngoii xa hoi ma c i ttong ddi sflng vp chflng Cae cap vp chflng lay eo thfl khong cd tinh yflu, nhung vi tinh nghla ma tgo thinh spi day ring buoc hp suflt ddi "mot cung n6n nghia vp chflng" Dao 14m vg chong phii cung kinh y6u nhau, dflc iflng voi an nghla Tinh nghia, thuy chung, hoi thugn duac phin anh dam net frong dan ca, ca dao, trayfln nflm, traygn cfl tieh, ttong ea cac sing tic cfl tinh bic hpe "Vp ehing 14 nghTa tao khang/ XuIng khe bit 6c 16n ng4n hii rau"; "Riu tdm niu vdi mpt biu/ Chflng chan vp hup git diu khen ngon" Tinh nghla, thuy chung, hoi thuin niy sinh td cupc sflng, ta su chung sue lam in, chung vai ginh vie trich nhigm gia dinh Dfli cupc sflng cing kho khin, vit v i thi nghia tinh cang sau ning Tinh Gid tri dgo diic cua gia dinh Viet Nam truyin thdng nghia iy doi hdi phii ttin ttgng bang tinh yflu thuy chung, bing su tfln trpng lan nhau, "Chflng em io rich em thuong/ Chflng ngudi ao gim xong hucmg mic nguoi" Tu thuy ehung, tinh nghTa, hoi thugn m i ddi hdi vp chflng phii quan tam v i ton ttpng lin nhau, diy khflng chi li yeu ciu vfl mat dgp ddc, mi frong nhflng thdi ky ljch sd nhit djnh edn 14 ddi hdi eda phip luat Cd thi thiy rS diiu niy ttong nhflng dilu lugt vi dao ddc gia dinh cac bp Mat thdi LS, thdi Nguyin hoic Hiln phip vi Lugt Hfln nhan v i gia dinh d nudc ta hign thinh nhttng nguoi eon Hilu Hiiu li yflu ciu, li chuin myc dao ddc ttong quan he cua cai dfli voi cha rae Trong gia dinh Viet Nam tray6n thflng, hieu dupc coi li ehuin myc dgo due, dflng thdi li phim chit dao ddc v i quan ttgng nhat eda eon nguoi quan he gia dmh Hiiu dupe hmh thinh ta xa xua, gin lifln voi phong tue v i tin nguong thd edng tfl tien; din din dupc Phat giio lam phong phd v i ey the them ngi dung; dugc Nho giao ning ISn thinh yeu eiu bic nhit cua dao ddc gia dinh Hieu dupe xlp ddng diu ttim nSt eda ngudi: "Lim ttai net du trim duflng/ Thic hai, quan hp cha mf - Trade tien dilu hiiu dgo thudng xua cdi, tic, hiiu li nhttng ehuin myc dgo nay"; "Di6u hiiu ddng vdng, mufln dilu due cin bin Trong quan h^ eha me dfli thien theo/ Phuc thifln ddng dgo, phdc vdi cii thi tic dupe dat ISn hing diu linh duge gieo" Trong gia dinh trayin Tic li nhin td, dp lugng, li tinh thuong, thflng, dao Mflu dupe xem li gfle rfl eda sy qyan tim, trich nhiem cda eha rae mgi viee dgy dgo ly, gia phong Gia dfli vdi can cii Tinh thygng vi trich huin rin dgy eon eii ghi long tgc dg nhiSm cd cpi ngufln td quan he buySt cflng sinh thinh duong dye cda eha rag thflng, nhung vi bin chit, chdng phin v i bio dip cflng on dd bing hieu Chtt inh ehdc ning cda gia dinh vigc hieu ttong gia dinh Vigt Nam trayen sin sinh vi nufli dudng nguoi Tinh thflng thfl Men tinh cira cao quy nhin thuong v i trich nhiSm cda cha rae dfli bin eda ngudi vfl sy biflt on cflng vdi cii dupc hinh thinh ttong sinh smh thinh, day dfl, ty giic cd trich hogt gia dinh, cda nfln vin hoa ban dja, nhiflm, nghia vu chira nom, san soc, dong thoi cung chju inh huflng cua cie nufli ning phung duflng cha me Ide gii ton giio du nhip vio Viet Nara Sinh yeu, 6m dau; li tang ma chu dio, taflng vi giao dye eon, thuang yflu, chira nhd cong on cha me rait; li nfli sflc, nufli dgy nfln nguoi, tao dung nghiep nhi, lim rgng rd tfl tifln Chu cho ci doi sflng vgt chit va tinh thin trinh cua chtt Mflu li lifln tye, tira guong cua cic bge cha ra? dupe thi hien frong thye Men chd MSu eda thi he niy sfl inh chd tu, v i dd cung li co sd dl hinh huong va dupc kS tiSp d thS he sau 99 Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi Viet Nam, sd 7(80) - 2014 Thic ba, quan he anh chi em, hod thudn, de li chuin mue dgo due ein bin Duge sinh to mflt cpi ngufln, cdng Ion ifln duoi su eham sdc cda cha me v i thudng song voi suflt thdi tho iu duoi rapt mil nhi, nen tinh eim v i trich nhiem dgo due gitta anh chj em dupe niy sinh, phit tri6n v i bfln chat "Khfln ngoan dfli dip nguoi ngoii/ G i edng mpt rae chd hp4i da nhau"; "Cat diy biu diy bi/ Ai na cit day chj day era"; "Chj nga era nang" Hai thuan dpi hdi anh chi era phai thuong yflu, doin kflt v i gidp dd lin Sy hoi thuin gida anh chj em khflng chi li nhu ciu npi tgi cda quan he huyflt thflng trpng gia dinh, ma edn 14 nhu ciu, raong raufln eda eha me, hp hing Cha me sinh con, nufli v4 ludn mong raufln cie hoi thuin, thuong yeu, giup lin Gia hudn ca cd dogn: "Lai phii tuflng dgo chj era/ Dao em thi d ttflng len/ Dao chj tr6ng xuong cho 6m dep ehi6u/ Mieng bdi ngpt ehia diu nhy rapt/ BChi ning mua im spt dd tay/ Vdi nhu bit nudc diy/ L i linh ddra bge bang eay raom ra"*'' Trong quan he anh chj era, Nho giao xie lap phara tin De v i pham trd niy cflng duge thi Men ro net trpng dap ddc gia dinh Viet Nam trayen thflng De li yflu ciu vi chuin myc dao ddc diiu ehinh ci anh lin era Mpt ngudi anh ed di li rapt ngudi bilt thuong yflu v i ed trich nhiSra dfli vdi cic em Trach nhiflm iy cing trd nfln ning ne hem cha me mat sitai v i 100 eic era chua tracmg thinh Khi dd nguoi anh ed vai frd v i trich nhiem nhu ngudi eha Thye hien trach nhiem dfli voi cic em cung ding thfli li mgt ttong nhung y6u ciu, nfli dung eda viec thyc hien dgo hieu d nguoi anh Ngudi em co de li nguoi biit kinh ttgng, y6u thuang v i die biet l i biSt ving ldi anh Thyc hien de dfli vdi anh cung chinh 14 thuc Men rapt yen cau eda dgo hilu doi vdi eha rae Nhu vay, cung nhu hieu, de ttong y nghTa chin chinh eua nd v i nhthig dilu kien Hch sd sin sinh nd ed tie dyng Ion viec gdp phin xiy dung, edng ed dao ddc gia dinh Vi thi, de 14 mgt hinh thuc bilu thj chuin mye dao ddc gitta anh v4 em gia dinh ViSt Nam truyen thflng Gid gin va phat huy cac gii trj dao dire cua gia dinh Vi^t Nam truyen thong boi canh toan ciu hoa Trong mpt v4i thgp ni6n gin day, qui ttinh toin ciu hda ngiy cing tac dpng mgt each rgng Ion v4 siu sic din mpi quflc gia, dan tflc tr6n thi gidi Nhihig mfli day lifln he ching chjt, trade hit 14 tren ITnh vuc kinh ti, sau dd li cic Hnh vyc khic cda ddi sdng xa hpi di gin kit eac quflc gia lai gin hom Khi ndi d6n toin eiu hda, trade hit ngudi ta ndi dSn toin eiu hoa kinh ti, bdi kinh te li mflt nhdng ITnh vyc '" (1952), Gia hudn ca (Thi Nham Dinh Gia Thuylt dinh chinh va chi thich) In lan 4, Sach giaokhoaTanVipt,tr 17-18 Gid tri dao diic cua gia dinh Viet Nam truyin thong CO ban cua ddi sflng xa hgi Sau kinh tfl, mpi ITnh vye khic ta chinh ttj din vin hda, dgo ddc cdng dflu chju inh hudng cua toin cau hda vdi nhttng mdc dp khic BSn canh nhdng co hgi, toin cau hda cung dang tgo nhflng thich thdc to ldn cho cic nydc dang phit triin Toin ciu hda da gdp phin tich eye ttong vigc tang tradng kinh tl v i ning giup cac nude kem phit ttiln thoat khfli tmh ttgng ngheo ddi Nhu ciu vit chit cua ngudi dang ngiy cing dugc thda Nhung, edng nhu tit ei cie hiSn togng x i hpi khic, tpan ciu hca cung dang giy nhieu cang thing, thiflt tbdi vi nguy hai cho nhdng ngudi ngheo, nudc ngheo Trude 16c cua toin ciu hda, moi quoe gia, dan tgc cin phii lim gi dl tin dyng dupe thdi ca, vygt qua dupe thich thdc, hpi nhap rai khflng bj hfla tan? Day la cau hdi rai tit ci cae quflc gia deu phii quan tira dfl tim ldi giii dip thoa ding Nhung ed lfl, CO mgt cau tri ldi ehung nhit - dd Ii nhin tfl ngudi, nhdng ci nhin ed nhin cich, phit triin toan dien li ngufln lye eua mfli nguon luc Con ngudi li gii trj gfle sinh mpi gii trj vat chat v i tinh thin Sy nghiflp giio due, dio tgo cen ngydi li trich nhiSra cda toin xa hpi, nhtmg diu tifln phii li gia dinh, nhtrng nguySn tic, chuan myc dgo ddc gia dinh, dygc flng ba, eha me traySn day se li nhttng bii hpe diu tiSn, ein thi6t de ngudi lira hinh ttang bude vao cupc song Viet Nam dang tien hanh cflng nghiep hoa, MSn dai hoa, xay dyng, bio ve dit nude vihig bude di ISn chd nghTa x i hpi, chang dudng niy cin su dflng sde dflng long eda toin xa hfli, ttong gia dinh, giao dye dgo ddc gia dinh cd vai ttd hflt sde quan ttgng Van kien Hgi nghj Ian thd nam Ban Chip hinh Tnmg uong khoi VIII cda Ding da khang djnh: "Trong sy nghiflp iy, gia dmh va cic b i rae Viet Nara cd vai ttd eye ky to Ion, li nhtlng nguoi traySn thy hilu bilt v i nhan each cho cic thfl he Viet Nam td thud Igt long"''*' Giflng nhy nhiiu nude kem phit ttiln khic, xa hgi Viet Nam dang chuyin minh dl ttd thinh mgt xa hgi hien dai RiSng qui ttinh chuyin td trayin thflng sang hien dai di giy nhiSu dio Ifln ttong ddi sflng xi bfli, dd edng khflng trinh khfli nhdng dio Ifln, dfl vd ve thiet ehe gia dinh, dgo ddc gia dinh Thflra vio dd, qua trinh ehuyfln dfli nfln kinh tS td CO che tip trang bao cip sang kinh tl thj traong cting da lira cho gia dinh, dgo ddc gia dinh ed nhiing biSn dfli theo nhiflu chieu huong khic Vfl rait tich cyc, ddi sflng vat chit eda nhiflu gia dinh dugc cii thifln, sinh boat vin hoi, tinh thin phong phu da dgng; dieu tao nhiflu co hgi v i dieu kien de xiy dung cupc sflng gia dinh im no, binh