NBHIEN cuu-mo BOI ti- r i J i VE QUAN HE LOI ICH GllTACA NHAN VA CONG DONG, CA NHAN VAXA HOI NONG THON ^^^f DONG D A N G S O N G HONG HIEN NAY NGUYEN THI MINH TAM » I Khai niem xa hpi Iheo nghTa thdng thudng • dflng d l ehi nhflng cpng ddng ngud trong deu kien xa hpi xae dinh, mdi quan v d eon ngud, v d cdng ddng, v d t h l gid Ijch sfl Theo nghia hep, "xa hpi" la mpt phflong dien Viec nghian cflu ca nhan va xa hpi, ea nhan va cfla d d sdng xa hdi - la mat xa hpi cfla d d sdng b§n cpng ddng khPng t h l khdng gan v d eo sd nen lang canh cac ITnh viic kinh t d chinh trj, van hda Mat xa cfla quan he ndy la san xuat vat chat v d cde quS hpi eua d d sdng bao gdm: cae va'n de xa hdi (lao trinh kinh te (dieu kien tu nhien, trtnh dp cfla luc dpng, viae lam, y te, te nan xa hpi ); cac quan he Ifldng san xuat, quan he san xuat ) va t h l e h i thuc xa hpi gifla ngud v d ngud; chinh sach xa hpi Ndu hian nd cflng v d cac t h l chd khac nhfl chinh trj, van djnh vj xa hpi theo khPng gian, khai ni6m xa hdi hda - xa hpi v d phudng dian sinh hoat van hoa; tinh dupe bieu hien d nhieu cap dp khae nhau, rpng nhat than cua ngud, cfla cpng ddng xa hdi ma la xa hpi loai ngfld, ia nhan loai, la cpng ddng qudc dd ca nhan la vian Ve van de nay, C.Mac te; cap dp hep hon la nhflng he thdng xa hpi v d cac tflng chi rd: 'Chflng la thay rang mdt phflong Ihflc hinh thfle td chfle cpng ddng nhu: thj tdc, bd lac, san xuat nhat djnh hay mpt giai doan cPng nghiap qude gia dan tpc, chflng tdc ; khdng gian hep hpn nhat djnh la luPn gan lien v d mpt phuong thfle hpp nfla la dia phuong, khu vflc, mien, vflng Neu tidp tae nhat dinh hay mdt giai doan xa hpi nhS dinh; can cau Irflc - chflc nang, xa hdi dflpe hilu la tap rang ban than phfldng Ihflc hpp tac ay la mpt sflc hpp ed td chfle eua nhung ngfld hien thuc theo san xuat; va cung dd ma Ihay rang tdng I h l mpt quan he hoac trat tfl nhat djnh v d nhflng chuan nhflng liic luong san xuat ma ngud da dat muc, quy ude, quy djnh chung nhat djnh, ca nhan la dupe, quydt dinh trang thai xa hpi Va vi vay ngud la yeu td cfla he thdng xa hpi Ndu xet vd he thdng ludn phai vidt va nghian cflu ljch sfl loai ngfld gan dpng lue thi xa hpi ia tap hpp cfla cac ca nhan va lien v d Ijch sfl cfla edng nghiap va trao ddi.""' nhPm ea nhan cd ket chat che v d vd Ipi ich, gia tri, td chflc, thiet che va hoat dpng Ca nhSn la phan tfl tao xa hpi Xa hpi giff vai trd la mdi trudng va nen tang vat chat, tinh than - ddu kien tdn tai va phat then eua ca nhan Sir phat triln cua ca nhan chi ed the dat dupe quan h6 v d xa hpi * Tieh sJ, Hoc vien Chinh tri Khu vuc I 14 Quan he gifla ea nhan va cpng ddng d ndng thdn ddng bang sdng Hdng vd phuong dipn ehlnh tri theo phd rdng nhat chinh la quan he cfla ca nhdn v d cpng ddng qudc gia dan tpc Viet Nam, v d t h l ehd chlnh In dan ehfl nhan dan ma eo ehd Ihuc hidn • C.Mdc ud Ph Angghen (2004) Todn tdp, t&p 3, Nxb Chlnh tri Qudi: gia, Hd Ndi, tr 42 TAP CHi GIAO Dgc LY LUAN - S6 216 (2014) la Dang lanh dao - Nha nudc quan ly - Nhan dan tudng, nghe nghiep, sd thich Cflng v d sir phat lam chu; theo phd hep hon la quan he v d ehinh triln xa hpi, nhu eau cfla ngud khdng ngimg quydn co sd - cap xa, n d ca nhan cu tai; ve phuong gia tang, den lupt nd thfle day ngfld hoat dpng dien kinh l l , van hda dd la cpng ddng thdn lang dap flng nhffng nhu eau Hoat ddng cfla ca Trong eae quan h6 xa hpi efla ca nhan, loi ich la nen nhan va su phat triln ca nhan ddn lupt no lai la lang, la dpng luo dpng luc phat triln xa hpi, phan anh tnnh dp phat Moi ca nhan cd d d sdng v d cae quan he xa trien ngud xa hpi hpi, nhu cau, nguyan vpng va Id ich rieng Hoat Nhu eau la mat khau quan trqng thflc day ddng cfla ngud thudng bj tac dpng b d yeu td xa hdi phat triln N l u nhu cau la thupc t'nh vdn cd nhu cau Id ich, ban nang va tac dpng xa hdi Nhu efla eon ngud thi Ipi ich chinh la tinh hien thuc cfla eau la nhffng mong mudn cfla ehfl the Nhu cau la nhu eau, la nhu eau dupc thuc hien Xet trPn binh khd diem cfla hanh ddng Khdng cd nhu cau thi di6n gia trj, lpi ieh ehinh la phan thu dupc cd ich, ed khdng ed hanh dpng Khi nhu cau dupc y thflc, icJi cfla ea nhan hay cpng dong tham gia vao mpt dupe phan anh tu cfla ehfl the se tao hoat dpng nao dp Cac nha sang lap chfl nghTa Mac dpng co, dpng Ifle cho hanh ddng mang - Lanin eoi lpi ieh la dpng iue manh me eua su phat tinh hudng dich Muc dich duoc xac djnh, xuat trien xa hpi, phat triln xa hdi chlnh la viae giai quyet phdt tfl nhu eau, sS djnh hudng hanh ddng ddn van d i id ich Lpi ich ea nhan la dpng luc hoat dpng kdt qua nhat djnh tnic tiep cfla ca nhan, nd la nen tang cfla quan Nhu eau la thupc tinh cfla eon ngud, nhu cau tdi giffa ca nhan va xa hpi Quan he liJi ich gifla ea thilu nhat ddng thd eo ban nhat cfla ngfld la nhan va xa hpi vfla eo tinh thdng nhat vfla bao ham tdn tai, ehlnh nhu cau tdn tai bupc ngud lao mau thuin NhOng deu kien xa hdi se tao Sen de ddng kiem sdng va tu ve, qua tnnh ay ehi duoc hien chocanhan phat huy nang luc rieng phu hop v d Ipi thue hda ngud hipp tac, giao tilp v d nhau, ich va muc tieu cfla xa hpi Phat trien ea nhan d lien v d edng ddng xa hdi C Mae phan tich: "Trong mpi v d phat trien xa hpi C.Mac viet: "chi eo cpng hoin canh, cae ea nhan bao gid cung xuat phat tfl ddng, ca nhan m d co dupe nhffng phuong tien d l ban than nhung vi rang hp khdng phai la nhat cd the pbat trien toan dien nhffng nang khieu eua theo nghia la hp khdng can nan he gi v d ca, minh, va dd chi cd cpng ddng md cd the eo bd vi nhu cau cfla hp tfle la ban tinh cfla hp va tu ca nhan' Nhu vay, chinh nhu cau ton tai, phat phflong thflc thoa man nhu cau lam cho hp lien he triln cfla ea nhan lam sinh d ngud nhu cau v d nhau""; "Ngay tfl dau da co mdi lien he vat chat hpp tac san xuat, trao ddi, chia se id ich vat chat va gifla ngfld v d ngud, mdi lien he bi qui djnh b d tinh than Bleu dua ddn su lien k i t cae ca nhan nhffng nhu cau va phflPng thflc san xuat va cflng tflng nhdm xa hpi, cac cpng ddng, lau d d nhu ban than loai ngud."'^' Su phat trien eua xa hpi sdn xuat, cfla xa hdi dan hinh cac gia tri van Trong hanh dpng xa hdi eua eon ngud, cai ban hda, dao dfle, su d d cfla nha nudc, cua cac thidt nang luon ton tai chi phoi chfl the, dong thd chdxa hpi Theo dp, nhu eau va su hpp tac efla eon ngud chiu su kiem soat cfla xa hpi thdng qua cae ngud md rdng, bao gdm cac linh vuc khPng chi kinh chuan muc va thiet chd ma xa hpi xac lap DU(J tac t l ma ea chinh trj, dao dfle, tham my, khoa hpc, tu ddng cfla xa hpi didn qua trtnh xa hpi hda, ca nhan bupc phai chap nhan nhflng chuan muc cua - C.Mdc vd Ph Angghen (2004), Todn tap, tdp 3, xa hpi va thich nghi v d chuan mue hoac lam thay doi he thing chua'n muc Khdng ca nhan f c l f „ f p ? l & f S : r l « , , p , naotontaitrongxahdmakhongchiusflxahdhoa Nxb Chinh tri Q " * ôã" "'ã ^i "ãã ^^' rtay Dp la qua trtnh tuong tae, giao ldp, trao dd TAP CHi GIAO DVC LYLUliN-56216(2014) 15 NBHIEN cuu-THAO BUI giffa cac ca nhan va cac cpng ddng xa hdi, ban canh cae ehuan muc phap lual, cac chuan qua trinh m d quan hS tuong tac diln co the mue gia tri dao dfle, van hda, luat tuc, quan la ddng thuan/ thieh flng hoac lach pha Quan he Ipi ich gifla ca nhan va xa hdi cd cac huyet thdng cd anh hudng sau dam Cac quan he xa hpi dupc hinh trBn CO sd lian kdt cae loi ich cap dp: Lpi ieh ea nhan, Ipi ich xa hpi; Ipi ich rieng, hop ly, mang tinh than thien Ben canh dd, ndng Ipi ich chung; Id ieh tnidc mat, id ich lau dai Quan thon ddng bang sPng Hdng mang nhflng dac thing Ipi ich xa hpi va lpi Ieh ea nhSn cd t h l phfl hpp, gan v d lang xa truyen thdng, d dd quan cfla ca cd t h l mau thuin Viae giai quylt m d quan giffa nhan thudng didn pham vi lang xa, dua Iran Ipi ich ea nhan va lpi ich xa hpi ehlnh la mpt cae CO sd huyet thdng (gia dnh, ddng hp); ve lanh nhffng nguyan nhan xa hdi cfla bat binh dang xa hpi thd (thon, xdm); vd tudi tac (giap); vd nghd nghiep - tinh trang khPng ngang ve co hdi va quyen (phudng, hpi cfla nhffng ngfld cflng lam nghe thfl Id ma ngud dupc hudng m d tuong quan eong hay buPn ban); ve hpc thflc hoac v d mue didi v d nhflng trach nhiem, nghTa vu ma hp thuc hien tuong trp (hpi hieu, hpi hy, hpi chd hp ) Dd la mpt nhffng nguyen nhan xa hpi cfla su phan tang xa hpi Viae ca nhan khdng nhan dupc l f l xa hpi cae Ipi ich thda dang ma hp mong chd tfl su cdng hidn cfla hp, tfl quyen ma hp dfldc hfldng hoac tfl su tranh gianh lpi ich v d nguyen dd cao Ipi ich ca nhan Giai quyil quan he giita ca nhan va xa /loi, giO'a (^ nhiin va cong dong d nong thon ^ng bang song i^ong chinh la giai quyet mgt so van de ca ban nhat sau: Mot la, ve van de t h l chd vd viae giai quydt xung dot Id ich eua mpt bp phan lam tdn hai IcJ ich chung cua toan Can thilt lap vd hoan thian cac t h l che giff vai xa hdi, cfla ngud khac, hoac viae khdng cdng tro quyet dnh mang tinh ndn tang cfla xa hpi, trudc bang kiem soat eac ngudn id xa hpi la het la kinh te va chlnh trj, d l cho: (i) Cac bp quy nhflng nguySn nhan d i n d i n mau thuin xa hpi tac (phap luat, eac quy tac cua xa hpi, cfla mpt cdng Mau thuin vd Ipi ich giffa cae ca nhan, giffa ca nhan ddng ) khoa hpc, tao hanh lang phap ly hpp ly, va xa hpi tfch tu ddn mflc dp nhat djnh cd t h l d i n khoa hpe bao dam giai quyet lpi ieh cd nhan va den xung dpt xa hpi, lam rdi loan he thdng xa hpi, cd cpng ddng theo hudng cflng dupc hfldng ldi nhieu t h l pha vP hoae xda bd eau tnic hoac tang kha nhat; (ii) cac chfl t h l tham gia (cd quan quan ly nha nang thich nghi cua eac he thdng xa hpi mSu nudc, eac td ehfle xa hpi, cpng ddng, ca nhSn) thuin sinh dupe giai quydt dupe dung hda Td dflng tmdc nhflng bat ddng lpi ich, khPng tuong chflc quan ly xa hpi thuc chat la viec sap xdp, phan ddng Ipi Ich can co sfl can nhac nhflflg deu kien giai chia cae Id ich xa hdi cho khuyen khich dupc quyet thda dang, bao gdm ea mflc dp hudig Id hay hoat dpng cfla cac ca nhan theo hflOng phat huy thiet hai cua cdng ddng, efla ca nhan va sir giai nang luc cao nhat cua hp, tao cho cac ca nhan cae quyet nen cd su tham gia cfla cac bSn Ii8n dieu kien, co hpi cdng bang phat trtln d l thue quan He thdng phap luat Viet Nam hian da va day su tien bp chung efla xa hpi dang dupc xay dung theo hudng Nhtt vay, nhung Cpng ddng ndng thdn ddng bang sdng Hdng la bp phan eua xa hpi Viet Nam hien v d dac trung cfla cpng ddng nong thon xa hpi nong nghiep, ma dac trung cfla nd ia tinh chuyen mdn hda phan cong lao ddng cdn han ehd tinh edng ddng ed ket chat che dua tran cac m d lien he tflOng trp true tidp gifla eac ea nhan, eac quan he dupe dieu ehinh bang cac chuan mflc, 16 thuc tiln kinh te - xa hdi van dpng phat triln nhanh, ndu nhffng quy chuan phap luat nao khdng cdn phfl hpp can cd su dieu ehinh kip thd; dd la van de nan quan den he thdng quy tae ehuan muc, cdn ndu la nguyan nhan ve phia co quan quan ly thi can lam rd trach nhiSm va cd ehd tai d d v d mflc dd gay hau qua nghiem trpng vd Ipi ich cfla cpng ddng hoac ca nhan (iii) Cc che thflc thi cac bd quy lae TAP CHI GIAO D g c LY LUi»N • Sl5 216 (2014) NBHIEN cuu-THAO BOI cfla xa hdi, d Viat Nam hien dd ehinh la Bang dang chuyin ddi manh me, sii di dan dang diin lanh dao, Nha nudc quan ly, Nhan dan lam ehfl, khap cac lang qua, cd khoang 70 % gia dnh ndng vay Ihuc hien co che d d hdi su tham gia tare thdn cd ngud than d lam an xa que huong Sdng d tidp efla cdc ben lian quan, ngfld dan can dupe nPng thPn hien co ndng dan, tho thfl cdng, teu Iham gia tnic l i p vao viec quyel ilnh nhffng van dd thflong, cdng nhan, doanh nhan Rd rang nhffng lian quan ddn dia phflong, den cupc sdng cfla hp linh viic quan ly va nhflng van dd quan ly d cap ed ma khdng trai v d phap iuat hien hanh Phat huy sci cang nhidu, cang phflc tap d d hoi tinh ehflc nang xa hpi cfla Nha nflde Irong viae xa hpi ehuyan nghiep va trinh dp eao cfla chfl t h l quan ly, hda hon nfla nhffng van dd, nhflng Iinh vuc ed l i e , nhung can bp cap xa hien hoat dpng khdng dac biet nhffng van de nhay cam, lian quan l u o tiep chuyPn nghiep, trinh dp thap, sir am hieu phap luat ddn Ipi ich efla ngud dan hipn nhu giai phdng edn han chd va cd xu hudng quan lieu hda d i n den mat bang, quydn sfl dung dat dai, quan tri d nhidm hieu qua, hipu luc quan iy han che, tham chi edn m d trfldng - nhflng van dd dang gay khieu kien pham luat Cap xa la cap triln khai thflc hien chinh ddng ngud d co sd hian nham d l nd khong sach phap iuat chfl khong phai cap quyet sach ehuyin hda van de chinh trj, van dd quan nan nhflng van de bfle xflc cfla dan lien quan den efla ngud dan v d chlnh quydn, ma thuc t l hien chlnh sach vupt qua tam kha nang giai quyet efla ngfld dan dang quan nipm dd la van de quan thdn, cfla xa Bay cung la mpt nhflng nguyan cfla hp v d Nha nude, v d chinh quyen Tren liflc td nhan d i n den t'nh frang khidu kien vupt cap hien lai khdng phai bao giP cung Hh\J vay, nhieu du an Mpt dac d i m efla tu lang xa tilu ndng ePn phat triln kinh t l - xa hpi eo d d tuong thu hudng anh hudng kha sau dam d nPng thon ddng bang fruc lilp la ca nhan va eae Id ehfle xa hpi sPng Hdng hien nay, dd la tam iy tilu ndng v d cai Hai /a, van dd phdt huy gia tri luyen thdng Iran da ban thdn, lang Phat huy nhflng gia l i cPng ddng tmyen thdng nhin thiin can ludn chfl y cai Ipi tnidc mat, tu tudng binh quan cao bang - khdng mudn thiat du id Ich dp la rat nhd, nhflng lai rpng long nhan ai, ed t h l "cai efla van hda lang xa, quan hp gia dnh, ddng tdc d l chia thdc" nhung "md an com", dd xay dung ndng thdn m d hien dai vd Ipn nghi sinh hoach djnh chinh saeh kinh te - xa hpi phai luu hoat, vd su I l n bd va nhan van nhung luu gifl dupe y tam ly d l cd bien phap giai tda nhflng van dd gid l i tmydn lidng nhan nghTa, tuong than tuong ai, vudng mac n l u khong qua thiet hai den y ich cfla nhflng gia tri van hPa vat t h l va phi vat t h l ; mpt ca nhan, eua cpng ddng cu dan nPng thPn Irong nhffng gid tti Inh tfly nhat dupc chat Ipc sudt Xay dimg, cflng ed quan giffa ca nhan va chidu dai Ijch sfl - dd la t h l c h i tir quan thdn lang cpng ddng d ndng thdn ddng bang sdng Hdng phai Phdt huy t h l e h i tu quan thdn, lang nhung khdng l a n co sd phat lien kinh t l - xa hpi, bao dam cac Ipi d l tfl quSn bj d i n dat bd tu cam t'nh d i n ich kinh t l , chinh tri van hoa cfla nhan dan l a n dia d i n tam ly dam ddng Ihilu co sd khoa hpc Ban ban, dam bao su phat trien kinh td, tdn bd va edng chat cfla ngud ndng dan hdm da ed nhffng ddi bang xa hpi, dn dinh cfla loan vung, ddng thd eae md, Mnh dp dan In da eao hon, quan he xa hoi da ca nhan cd d d sdng kinh td khdng ngflng dupe md rPng hpn, Ipi ich kinh t l khPng eon phu thupe nang cao, cd deu kien, co hpi phat huy nang luc d l hoan loan vao thdn lang nhu xua nfla, nang dpng iam giau cho ban than, eho que huong dat nude, va bill tinh toan hipu qua hon Irong mpi cpng viec, dupc sang tao, cdng hien va hudng thu cae gia tr d d sdng vat chat va tnh than da dupc nang cao tnh than, cd cupc sdng binh an Sir tu phat triln ddng k l Dd la nhffng tuu efla ddi md Xa hpi efla ca nhan phai khdng lam phflPng hai ddn Ipi ieh ndng Ihdn hiPn khdng ehi ed ndng dan v d kinh ehung cfla cpng ddng t l ndng nghiap ma eo cau kinh Id, co eau xa hpi TAP CHl GIAO Dgc LY LUAN-5(5216(2014) Ba la, quan d i l m xay dflng, (xem liep (rang 27) ^rj ... muc phap lual, cac chuan qua trinh m d quan hS tuong tac diln co the mue gia tri dao dfle, van hda, luat tuc, quan la ddng thuan/ thieh flng hoac lach pha Quan he Ipi ich gifla ca nhan va xa hdi... cdn phfl hpp can cd su dieu ehinh kip thd; dd la van de nan quan den he thdng quy tae ehuan muc, cdn ndu la nguyan nhan ve phia co quan quan ly thi can lam rd trach nhiSm va cd ehd tai d d v d mflc... dan hipn nhu giai phdng edn han chd va cd xu hudng quan lieu hda d i n den mat bang, quydn sfl dung dat dai, quan tri d nhidm hieu qua, hipu luc quan iy han che, tham chi edn m d trfldng - nhflng