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Tài liệu giảng dạy Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Công nghệ thông tin (English for Information Technology) được biên soạn theo chương trình đào tạo nghề môn tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Công nghệ thông tin của Trường cao đẳng công nghệ thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. Tài liệu được viết theo các chủ đề liên quan đến ngành công nghệ thông tin. Cấu trúc tài liệu gồm 7 bài, mỗi bài có 3 phần: Tasks, language work, reading comprehension. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo để biết thêm nội dung chi tiết.
TẬP ĐỒN DỆT MAY VIỆT NAM TRƢỜNG CAO ĐẲNG CƠNG NGHỆ TP HCM TÀI LIỆU GIẢNG DẠY MÔN HỌC/MÔ ĐUN: TACN CÔNG NGHỆ THÔNG TIN NGÀNH/NGHỀ: CÔNG NGHỆ THÔNG TIN TRÌNH ĐỘ: CAO ĐẲNG/ TRUNG CẤP …………, năm 2019 English for information technology TUYÊN BỐ BẢN QUYỀN Tài liệu thuộc loại tài liệu giảng dạy nội sử dụng nhà trường với mục đích làm tài liệu giảng dạy cho giảng viên sinh viên nên nguồn thơng tin tham khảo Mọi mục đích khác mang tính lệch lạc sử dụng với mục đích kinh doanh thiếu lành mạnh bị nghiêm cấm LỜI GIỚI THIỆU Tài liệu biên soạn theo chương trình đào tạo nghề mơn tiếng Anh chun ngành Cơng nghệ thông tin Trường cao đẳng công nghệ thành phố Hồ Chí Minh Tài liệu viết theo chủ đề liên quan đến ngành công nghệ thông tin Cấu trúc tài liệu gồm Mỗi có phần: Tasks, language work, reading comprehension Trong trình biên soạn, có nhiều cố gắng khơng tránh khỏi hạn chế thiếu sót định, Tổ môn Ngoại ngữ mong nhận ý kiến đóng góp quý đọc giả để giáo trình ngày hồn thiện Xin chân thành cảm ơn! TP HCM, ngày……tháng năm 2019 Tham gia biên soạn Võ Thị Diễm Hà English for information technology CHƢƠNG TRÌNH MƠN HỌC Tên mơn học: TIẾNG ANH CHUYÊN NGÀNH Mã môn học: Thời gian thực môn học: 45 giờ; (Lý thuyết: 42 giờ; Thực hành, thí nghiệm, thảo luận, tập: giờ; Kiểm tra: giờ) I Vị trí, tính chất mơn học: - Vị trí: Mơn học đư c ph n b vào học k 4, sau môn học Tiếng nh Tiếng Anh - Tính chất: Là mơn học chun môn ngành, nghề II Mục tiêu môn học: Sau học xong môn học này, sinh viên đạt đư c: - Về kiến thức: + Hiểu sử dụng đư c từ vựng thuật ngữ chuyên ngành tin học; + Vận dụng đư c kiến thức văn phạm mạo từ bất định mạo từ xác định; hình thức so sánh; liên từ; động từ (hiện đơn; tương lai đơn; hoàn thành); mệnh đề quan hệ; câu bị động; cấu trúc câu cách mô tả chức năng; cách cho lời khuyên; cách diễn đạt nguyên nhân, kết quả, c u điều kiện - Về kỹ năng: + Phát triển kỹ giao tiếp dịch thuật tài liệu chuyên ngành tin học; + Phát huy kỹ tự học nghiên cứu tài liệu - Về lực tự chủ trách nhiệm: + Nhận thức đư c ý nghĩa tầm quan trọng môn học; + Rèn luyện kĩ nghe, nói, đọc, viết làm việc nhóm; + Rèn đư c tính tự tin, phương pháp học tư duy, phát huy tính tích cực, chủ động sáng tạo học tập III Nội dung môn học: Nội dung tổng quát ph n bổ thời gian: Thời gian STT Tên chƣơng, mục Tổng Lý Thực hành, thí Kiểm số thuyết nghiệm, thảo tra luận, tập Unit 1: Computer uses 6 Unit 2: Types of computer Achievement test 1 Unit 3: Keyboard and mouse 6 Unit 4: Input devices Achievement test Unit 5: Output devices Unit 6: Storage Devices Unit 7: Networks Achievement test Cộng 6 45 6 42 Nội dung chi tiết: Unit 1: Computer uses Thời gian: Mục tiêu: Sau học xong này, sinh viên đạt đư c: - Hiểu trình bày đư c s điểm văn phạm về: “ rticle”, “Pronouns”, “Relative pronouns”, s từ vựng thuật ngữ cơng nghệ thơng tin có bài; - Phát triển kỹ ứng dụng điều học vào tập thực hành giao tiếp; - Phát huy ý thức làm việc theo cặp/nhóm, trao đổi kinh nghiệm học tập tìm cách học phù h p cho th n, rèn luyện tính tự giác, hăng hái tham gia phát biểu x y dựng Nội dung bài: 2.1 Vocabulary: Words about computer uses Thời gian: 2.2 Grammar 2.2.1 Language work: Articles (with countable and uncountable nouns) 2.2.2 Pronouns 2.2.3 Relative pronouns 2.3 Reading & speaking Thời gian: 2.3.1 Computers in everyday life 2.3.2 Uses of computer technology 2.3.3 Computer application 2.3.4 The computer 2.4 Practice: Do exercises Thời gian: 2.4.1 Task 2.4.2 Task 2.4.3 Task 2.4.4 Task 2.4.5 Task 2.4.6 Task 2.4.7 Task Unit 2: Types of computer Thời gian: Mục tiêu: Sau học xong này, sinh viên đạt đư c: - Hiểu trình bày đư c s điểm văn phạm về: “Comparisons, Conjunctions”, s từ vựng thuật ngữ công nghệ thông tin ứng dụng máy tính loại máy tính có bài; - Phát triển kỹ ứng dụng phần kiến thức vừa học vào tập thực hành giao tiếp; English for information technology - Phát huy ý thức làm việc theo cặp/nhóm, trao đổi kinh nghiệm học tập tìm cách học phù h p cho th n, rèn luyện tính tự giác, hăng hái tham gia phát biểu x y dựng Nội dung bài: 2.1 Vocabulary: words about types of computer Thời gian: 2.2 Grammar 2.2.1 Comparisons of adjectives 2.2.2 Conjunctions 2.3 Reading & speaking Thời gian: 2.3.1 The computer industry 2.3.2 Mainframe 2.4 Practice: Do exercises Thời gian: 2.4.1 Task 2.4.2 Task 2.4.3 Task 2.4.4 Task Achievement test Thời gian: Unit 3: Keyboard and mouse Thời gian: Mục tiêu: Sau học xong này, sinh viên đạt đư c: - Hiểu trình bày đư c s điểm văn phạm về: “The simple present tense”, “Relative clauses”, s từ vựng thuật ngữ cơng nghệ thơng tin có thiết bị bàn phím, chuột máy tính; - Phát triển kỹ ứng dụng phần kiến thức vừa học vào tập thực hành giao tiếp; - Phát huy ý thức làm việc theo cặp/nhóm, trao đổi kinh nghiệm học tập tìm cách học phù h p cho th n, rèn luyện tính tự giác, hăng hái tham gia phát biểu x y dựng Nội dung bài: 2.1 Vocabulary: words about computer devices Thời gian: 2.2 Grammar 2.2.1 The simple present tense 2.2.2 Relative clauses 2.3 Reading & Speaking Thời gian: 2.3.1 Informatics in engineering tasks 2.3.2 History of computer 2.4 Practice: Do exercises Thời gian: 2.4.1 Task 2.4.2 Task 2.4.3 Task 2.4.4 Task Unit 4: Input devices Thời gian: Mục tiêu: Sau học xong này, sinh viên đạt đư c: - Hiểu trình bày đư c s điểm văn phạm về: “Word formation: suffix”, “language work, function”, s từ vựng thuật ngữ thiết bị nhập; - Phát triển kỹ ứng dụng phần kiến thức vừa học vào tập thực hành giao tiếp; - Phát huy ý thức làm việc theo cặp/nhóm, trao đổi kinh nghiệm học tập tìm cách học phù h p cho th n, rèn luyện tính tự giác, hăng hái tham gia phát biểu x y dựng Nội dung bài: 2.1 Vocabulary: Words about input devices Thời gian: 2.2 Grammar 2.2.1 The simple future tense 2.2.2 Passive voice 2.3 Reading & speaking Thời gian: 2.3.1 Types of error 2.3.2 Hardware & software 2.4 Practice: Do exercises Thời gian: 2.4.1 Task 2.4.2 Task 2.4.3 Task 2.4.4 Task 2.4.5 Task Achievement test Thời gian: Unit 5: Output devices Thời gian: Mục tiêu: Sau học xong này, sinh viên đạt đư c: - Hiểu trình bày đư c s điểm văn phạm về: “How to give advice, present perfect tense”, s từ vựng thuật ngữ thiết bị xuất khác như: hình máy in; - Phát triển kỹ ứng dụng phần học vào tập thực hành giao tiếp; - Phát huy ý thức làm việc theo cặp/nhóm, trao đổi kinh nghiệm học tập tìm cách học phù h p cho th n Nội dung bài: 2.1 Vocabulary: Words about output devices Thời gian: 2.2 Grammar 2.2.1 Giving advice 2.2.2 The present perfect tense 2.3 Reading & speaking Thời gian: 2.3.1 How to read monitor ad 2.3.2 Informatics in secretarial tasks 2.3.3 Printers 2.4 Practice: Do exercises Thời gian: 2.4.1 Task 2.4.2 Task Unit 6: Storage devices Thời gian: Mục tiêu: Sau học xong này, sinh viên đạt đư c: English for information technology - Hiểu trình bày đư c s điểm văn phạm về: “Linking words and conjunctions”, s từ vựng thuật ngữ cơng nghệ máy tính, thiết bị lưu trữ thơng tin, cơng nghệ máy tính, xử lý liệu, sở liệu; - Phát triển kỹ ứng dụng phần học vào tập thực hành giao tiếp; - Phát huy ý thức làm việc theo cặp/nhóm, trao đổi kinh nghiệm học tập tìm cách học phù h p cho th n Nội dung bài: 2.1 Vocabulary: Words about storage devices Thời gian: 2.2 Grammar 2.2.1 Linking words 2.2.2 Conjunctions 2.3 Reading & speaking Thời gian: 2.3.1 Data processing and database 2.3.2 Types of memory 2.4 Practice: Do exercises Thời gian: 2.4.1 Task 2.4.2 Task 2.4.3 Task 2.4.4 Task Unit 7: Networks Thời gian: Mục tiêu: Sau học xong này, sinh viên đạt đư c: - Hiểu trình bày đư c s điểm văn phạm về: “Predicting consequences; if clauses”, s từ vựng thuật ngữ mạng máy tính; - Phát triển kỹ ứng dụng phần học vào tập thực hành giao tiếp; - Phát huy ý thức làm việc theo cặp/nhóm, trao đổi kinh nghiệm học tập tìm cách học phù h p cho th n Nội dung bài: 2.1 Vocabulary: Words about networks Thời gian: 2.2 Grammar 2.2.1 Predicting consequences 2.2.2 If clauses 2.3 Reading & speaking Thời gian: 2.3.1 Computer networks 2.3.2 Terminals 2.4 Practice: Do exercises Thời gian: 2.4.1 Task 2.4.2 Task 2.4.3 Task 2.4.4 Task 2.4.5 Task Achievement test Thời gian: IV Điều kiện thực môn học: Phịng học chun mơn hóa/nhà xưởng: phịng học lý thuyết Trang thiết bị máy móc: máy tính, máy chiếu /LCD, phấn, bảng Học liệu, dụng cụ, nguyên vật liệu: tranh ảnh minh họa, tài liệu phát tay cho người học, tài liệu tham khảo Các điều kiện khác: Không V Nội dung phƣơng pháp đánh giá: Nội dung: - Kiến thức: Đánh giá thông qua kiểm tra thường xuyên; định k ; thi kết thúc môn học, sinh viên cần đạt yêu cầu sau: + Từ vựng chuyên ngành tin học theo chủ điểm máy tính, loại máy tính, loại thiết bị xuất, nhập, lưu trữ, thuật ngữ mạng máy tính, ứng dụng máy tính đời s ng, ; + Văn phạm mạo từ bất định mạo từ xác định; hình thức so sánh tính từ, trạng từ ; liên từ; động từ (hiện đơn; tương lai đơn; hồn thành); câu phức có mệnh đề quan hệ; cấu trúc câu bị động qua thì; cấu trúc câu cách mơ tả chức năng; cách cho lời khuyên; cách diễn đạt nguyên nhân, kết quả, c u điều kiện - Kỹ năng: + Dịch thuật tài liệu chuyên ngành tin học thể qua đọc hiểu; + Khả tự học nghiên cứu tài liệu - Năng lực tự chủ trách nhiệm: Đánh giá trình học tập cần đạt yêu cầu sau: + Chấp hành nội qui, qui chế nhà trường; + Chuẩn bị đầy đủ tài liệu hoc tập; + Chuẩn bị đầy đủ nội dung tự học, tự nghiên cứu; + Tham gia đầy đủ thời lư ng môn học, tích cực học Phương pháp: Các kiến thức kỹ đư c đánh giá qua nội dung tự nghiên cứu, ý thức thực môn học, kiểm tra thường xuyên, kiểm tra định k kiểm tra kết thúc môn học: - Điểm mơn học bao gồm điểm trung bình điểm kiểm tra: tự nghiên cứu, điểm kiểm tra thường xuyên, kiểm tra định k có trọng s 0,4 điểm thi kết thúc mơn học có trọng s 0,6; - Điểm trung bình điểm kiểm tra trung bình cộng điểm kiểm tra thường xuyên, kiểm tra định k tự nghiên cứu theo hệ s loại điểm Trong đó, điểm kiểm tra thường xuyên điểm tự nghiên cứu đư c tính hệ s 1, điểm kiểm tra định k tính hệ s 2; - Hình thức thi: trắc nghiệm online 45 phút (đư c thông báo vào đầu học k ) VI Hƣớng dẫn thực môn học: Phạm vi áp dụng mơn học: Chương trình mơn học Tiếng nh chun ngành sử dụng để giảng dạy cho sinh viên trình độ cao đẳng Hướng dẫn phương pháp giảng dạy, học tập môn học: - Đ i với giảng viên: English for information technology + Đ y môn học gắn liền với thực tế nghề công nghệ thông tin, giảng viên nên kết h p nhiều phương pháp thuyết trình, đàm thoại, giảng giải, nêu vấn đề, vấn đáp, thảo luận đóng vai hội thoại; + Trước giảng dạy, giảng viên cần vào nội dung học để chuẩn bị đầy đủ điều kiện cần thiết nhằm đảm bảo chất lư ng giảng dạy; + Nên hướng dẫn tập tự nghiên cứu mang tính minh họa để sinh viên hiểu hoàn thành t t tập đư c giao - Đ i với người học: + Chuẩn bị nội dung thảo luận nhóm, nội dung tự học tự nghiên cứu đến lớp; + X y dựng kế hoạch tự học, tự nghiên cứu cho cá nh n; + Nghiên cứu tài liệu trước lên lớp; + Tham dự 70% thời gian học lý thuyết đầy đủ học tích h p, học thực hành, thực tập yêu cầu môn học đư c quy định chương trình mơn học Những trọng t m cần ý: - Từ vựng, thuật ngữ chuyên ngành cơng nghệ thơng tin - Văn phạm: Các cách sử dụng tiếng nh, mạo từ, liên từ, cấu trúc câu Tài liệu tham khảo: [1] Basic English for Computing, Nhà xuất Đại học sư phạm, tháng 10 năm 2004 [2] Oxford English for Computing, Oxford University Press, 1996 [3] Từ điển Anh- Việt, Việt- Anh [4] Raymond Murphy, English Grammar in use, Cambridge Press a line, and lines on a page One of the most difficult parts of printing output is the reaction of the user to the printed page, because somehow the printed output produces a response from the reader much like that of people to a roomful of new furniture They have definite ideas where each piece should go, but after seeing it there, they are apt to change their minds The same occurs when the reader first sees the printed output of a report, for instance No matter how simple or complex the data-processing operation is, the final results must be made available in a form usable by humans, and usually in a form of permanent record This is the purpose of the printers used with computing equipment Printers vary in speed, size, and cost, and are designed to meet printing requirements ranging from roughly the speed and volume of a typewriter up to thousands of lines per minute There are two ways of printing: by impact ( striking a character through a carbon, like a typewriter) or non-impact ( photocopying, like an office copier) Impact printers are generally a drum, or a chain or a train The drum has a spining cylinder for each character position in a line, and each cylinder contains all the characters in a character set As each cylinder spins into the appropriate character position, it is hammered into the paper through a carbon ribbon Drum printers generally give the lowest quality printing, because if the hammer hits a little early or late, the character will appear slightly above or below the line This is noticeable on a printed line, giving it a wavy appearance In train or chain printers, the characters move lately across the page, and as the proper character moves into position, it is hammered onto the paper through a carbon ribbon If the hammer hits a little early or late, character will appear slightly to the right or left of its proper position, but variations in horizontal spacing are not noticeable to humans Other types of impact printers are the daisy wheel printer, the matrix printer, and the line printer The daisy wheel printer uses a wheel with up to 100 characters, each being on an individual arm, so that only rotation is needed The hammer hits a single letter, guaranteeing accurate positioning and uniform striking This allows fast, quiet, and reliable operation, with superb print quality A matrix printer, on the other hand, uses pins to print a pattern of dots on paper The characters are generated by selecting the appropriate combinations of pins in a rectangle of rows by columns or columns Each pin is equipped with a coil, which, when energized, throws the pin against the ribbon, printing a dot on the paper For each character, seven or nine lines of dots have to be printed; however, the inertia is minimal, so fast operation is possible The general advantages of using matrix printers are relative low cost, high speed, and quiet operation The main disadvantage is the relatively poor quality of printing, which is sufficiently good for the eye, but not for reproduction or for business letters English for information technology Finally, the printing mechanism in line printer is completely different from matrix printers In the line printer, the character set to be printed is on a cylinder where each segment has the full set of characters in raised form around its edge ll segments are aligned with one another, that is, all the “ s”, for example, are in line Whenever the printer is in print mode, the cylinder is rotating and each character in the set passes by the line to be printed as one complete revolution of the cylinder is made The printer times the movement of a print hammer so that the character on the cylinder is brought into contact with the ribbon and paper One complete line of characters is printed during one revolution of the cylinder.It is interesting to note that all the “ s” used in the line are printed first, then all the “ Bs” , and so on until finally all the letters that make up the words have been printed and the line is complete Whereas 200 to 600 lines per minute maximum are produced by the other printers, a line printer will operate up to 3,000 inches per minute There are several types of non-impact printers called thermal and electrosensitive printers ( electrostatic printers) These printers use a special chemically treated paper and expose the characters onto it by some means such as laser The characters are then fixed onto the paper by heating it Because the printing element is simple and has no moving parts, these printers are inexpensive and silent These newer devices are also much faster and allow any character set to be used In addition to drawing lines and shading, light can be flashed through a translucent slide to expose a drawing onto the paper Very fast non-impact printers are capable of rates up to 13,360 lines per minute In the largest computer installations, where cost is no longer a consideration, non-impact printers are used for very high speed An ink jet printer operates by projecting small ink droplets and deflecting them electrostatically Speeds of 40,000 lines per minutes may be achieved In the laser writer, the paper is charged electrostatically and attracts dry ink powder, as in a Xerox machine The pattern is then baked in the paper Many lines are printed simultaneously, and speeds of 20,000 lines per minute can be attained Multiple copies of output are often required, and can be produced either by printing the report several times or by using multipart paper, which consists of layers of paper seperated by carbon sheets However, non-impact printers can not use such multipart paper Microfilm is often used as alternative to the printer The output is “ printed” on microfilm rather than paper, which, in addition to being faster, also condenses large stacks of paper down into small amounts of microfilm with no special programming The drawback of computer output microfilm (COM) is that it takes a special device to print the microfilm and a special viewer to read it Main idea Which statement best express the main idea of the text? Why did you eliminate the other choices? Line printers are the most superior of the impact printers because they are fastest Basically, there are two types of printers: impact and non-impact Microfilm is replacing the printer because it is a faster way of storing information Understanding passage Decide whether the following statements are true or false (T/ F) by referring to the information in the text Then make necessary changes so that the false statements become true A printer output of the data- processing operations is valuable because it provides a permanent record of the results Chain and train printers give a better quality printing than drum printers Drum printers move sideways across the page The matrix printer is excellent for business letters because the print is very clear Line printers are much faster than other impact printers Line printers print one complete word at a time Thermal and electrostatic printers are capable of shading, whereas impact printers are not Where speed is required, line printers are used Laser writers are capable of printing more than one line at a time 10 Computer microfilm of printed using the regular printer Translate the text into Vietnamese English for information technology UNIT STORAGE DEVICES Task1 Study these rules for CD-ROM and floppy disk care Tick ( ) things to and cross (x) things not to ……… Hold a CD-ROM by the edges ……… Keep the optical / silver side of a CD-ROM clean …… Smoke when you use CD-ROM drive …… Put sloppy disks near a magnet …… Keep disks away from the sun and excessive heat …… Write the contents on the label on your floppy disk …… Put extra labels on floppy disks …… Remove by force a disk stuck in the drive …… Remove a disk when the drive light is on Task Read the text below A Most computers can use floppy disks Floppies conform to a standard and you can use them to carry data from one place to another They are also very cheap, but they are slow and have limited capacity B All most desktop computers have hard disks They are fast and an store much greater amounts of data than floppies, but they are fixed inside the computer and you cannot use them to transfer data C You can move data from place to place using removable hard disks and also have high capacities, but they are relative expensive They not all conform to one standard and they are not very common D CD-ROM disks are very common and conform to a standard They are removable and can hold large amounts of data They are also cheap to make However, they are usually read-only You cannot change the information on them They are also slow compared to hard disks E Magneto-optical disks are like CD-ROMs, but you can write data on them They are removable, have large capacities, and last for a long time, but they are expensive and not all conform to one standard For this reason they are not very common F Magnetic tape is cheap medium You can use it to store very large amounts of data, but it does not allow random access Every time you read or write a piece of data, you start at the beginning of the tape Tape drives are slow Therefore, it is only suitable for doing backups Workgroup Read the text again and complete your selections of the table Medium Floppy disk Fixed hard disk Advantages Disadvantages Removable hard disk CD-ROM disk Magneto-optical disk Magnetic tape Now exchange information with the other students in your group to complete all the sections of the table Ask questions like these What are the advantages of floppy disks? What are the disadvantages of magnetic tape? Do CD-ROMs conform to a standard? Language work: Linking words Study examples Magnetic tape is cheap, but it is very slow because tape drives are slow, so we use it only for backups We use but to show a contrast, because to show that the next idea is a reason, and so to show a result Other words and phrases used in this way are: however (contrast), therefore (result), and for this reason (result) Magnetic tape is cheap However, it is slow to use Magnetic tape is slow Therefore, we use it only for backups Magnetic tape is slow For this reason, we use it only for backups Task Fill in the gaps in this summary of storage devices using the correct words in the box But however because so Therefore for this reason Floppies are very cheap, 1………………… they are slow and have a limited capacity Hard disks are fast and can store large amounts of data 2…………………… they are fixed inside the computer, …………………… you cannot use them to transfer data You can transfer data with remove hard disks, ……………… they are very expensive CDROM disks can hold quite large amounts of data, …………………… , they are usually read-only ……………… you cannot change the information on them Magnetopical disks are like CD-ROMs …………… you can write data on to them They are removable and have large capacities, 8……………………… they are expensive and not conform to a standard 9……………… they are not very common Magnetic tape is cheap and has a large capacity, 10 …………………… It does not allow random access and drives are slow 11 ………… it is only suitable for backups Task Study this description of one method of backing up your files English for information technology Work in pairs to complete the table and answer the questions Establishing a comprehensive backup regime Buy 10 tapes and label them Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday1, Friday 2, Friday 3, Month1, Month 2, Month For the first week, back up everything on each day to the appropriately named tape, and on Friday, use Friday In week 2, the same but use Friday 2, and in week use Friday In week 4, exactly the same, but on Friday use Month Do the same for the next two months, but on the last Friday of each month, use Month 2andMonth Then start the whole cycle again With ten tapes, at any point in time you have full daily backups for the last week, full weekly backups for the last month, and full monthly backups for the last three months Fill in the gaps in this table Tape Label Monday Wednesday Tape 10 Label Friday2 Month Which tape you use on these day? Friday, Week 2 Friday, Week Thursday, Week Monday, Week Friday, Week Reading Comprehension TYPES OF MEMORY As mentioned previously, one of the most important characteristics of a computer is its capability of storing information in its memory long enough to process it Not all computer have the same type of memory In this section, three types of memory will be discussed: core memory, semiconductor memory ( or chip), and bubble memory The memory of the first computers was made up of a kind of grid of fine vertical and horizontal wires At each intersection where the wires crossed, there was a small ferrite ring called a core (hence the name “core memory” which was capable of being either magnetized or demagnetized Every intersection had its unique address: consequently, when an electrical current was passed through the wires, the magnetized as well as the unmagnetized cores were identified by their respective addresses Each core represented a binary digit of either or 1, depending on its state Early computers had a capacity of around 80,000 bits; whereas now, it is not surprising to hear about computers with a memory capacity of millions of bits This has been made possible by the advent of transistors and by the advances in the manufacture of miniaturized circuitry As the result, mainframes have been reduced in both size and cost Throughout the 1950s, 1960s and up to the mid 1970s, core memory dominated the market In the 1970s, there was a further development which revolutionized the computer field This was the ability to etch thousands of integrated circuits onto a tiny piece (chip) of silicon, which is a non-metallic element with semiconductor characteristics Chips have thousands of identical circuits, each one capable of storing one bit Because of the very small size of the chip, and consequently of the circuits etched on it, electrical signals not have to travel far, hence, they are transmitted faster Moreover, the size of the components containing the circuitry can be considerably reduced, a step which has led to the introduction of both minis and micros As a result, computers have become smaller, faster, and cheaper There is one problem with semiconductor memory, however; when power is removed, information in the memory is lost unlike core memory, which is capable of retaining information during a power failure Another development in the field of computer memories is bubble memory The concept which consists of creating a thin film of metallic alloys over memory board When this film is magnetized, it produces magnetic bubbles, the presence, or absence of which represents one bit of information These bubbles are extremely tiny, about 0.1micrometer in diameter Therefore, a magnetic bubble memory can store information at a greater density than existing memories, which makes it suitable for micros.Bubble memories are not expensive, consume little power, are small in size, and are highly reliable There is probably a lot more to learn about them, and research in this field continues Comprehension Main idea Which statement not express the main idea of the text? Core memory was the first type of computer memory developed There are at least three kinds of memory used in computers Bubble memory is the largest development in computer memory Understanding passage Decide whether the following statements are true or false (T/ F) by referring to the information in the text Then make necessary changes so that the false statements become true The most important function of a computer is to hold information in its memory in order to process it English for information technology Minicomputers, microcomputers, and mainframes all have the same kinds of memory Semiconductor memory was developed before core memory and after bubble memory Core memory uses small metal rings which can be magnetized or unmagnetized The state of the core can be represented by either or Early computer memories had less storage capacity than newer ones A transistor and a chip are the same kind of device The development of chips made it possible for minicomputers and microcomputers to be invented Bubble memory is smaller than a chip 10 Bubble memory doesn’t have very many advantages DATA PROCESSING AND DATABASE The data processing is performed by a computer, programmers and operators The functions of the computer are to perform operations as they are programmed to, and to make the results of these operations accessible to computer users The functions of programmers are to prepare, test, and document computer programs We may say, the computer capabilities are limited only to the imagination of the programmers only The functions of computer operators are to feed data into the computer for being processed An approach used by operators in data processing is structuring and organizing the data so as to make them useful to everyone who wants to use them This process is called database management Answer the questions Who is the data processing performed by? What are the functions of computers? What are the functions of computer operators? Give the definition of the concept” database management” Translate the paragraph into Vietnamese? UNIT NETWORKS Task1 Study this example of a local area network (LAN) Answer these questions Who are the users? What kind of hardware is used? What the doctors use it for? What the receptionists use it for? What does the practice manager use it for Task work in pairs List some places where you might find a local area network Task Read the text and then answer the questions WHAT IS A NETWORK? A network is simply two or more computers linked together It allows users to share not only data files and software applications, but also hardware like printers and other computer resources such as fax Most networks link computers within limited area – within a department, an office, or a building These are called Local Area Networks, or LANs But networks can link computers across the world, so you can share information English for information technology with someone on the other side of the world as easily as sharing with a person at the next desk When networks are linked together this way, they are called Wide Area Networks, or WANs Net works increase productivity by allowing workers to share information easily without printing, copying, telephoning, or posting They also save money by sharing peripherals such as printers Questions: What is network? What are its hardware components What is the difference between a local area network and a wide area network? What advantages you think networks have? Language work: Predicting consequences Example: The cable fails The whole network will fail (action) (consequence) If the cable fails, the whole network will fail If you don’t use the right password, you won’t get access to the network Note: The action is in the Present Simple, and the consequence in the Simple future Task Link each action (1 – 10 ) with a suitable consequence ( a – j ) Example: If you place a floppy disk near a magnet, you will destroy the data you place a floppy disk near a magnet a the cursor moves to the left You press Print Screen b The computer hangs you input the correct password c it is not lost when you switch off you add memory to a computer d you damage the drive you move the mouse to the left e you copy the screen you store data in RAM f you have access to the network you use a faster modem g you destroy the data there is a memory fault h it runs faster you press the arrow key i your phone bill are lower 10 you move a CD-ROM drive with the j the cursor moves across disk in place Task A Answer the questions: What is a LAN? What is a WAN? B Before reading the text below, match these words and phrases with their definitions protocol bulletin board user interface make a query parse synchronous a analyze the syntax of a string of input symbols b teleconferencing system allowing users to read messages left by other users c agreement governing the procedures used to exchange information between co-operating computers d means of communication between a human user and a computer system e taking place at exactly the same time as something else f request a search C Read quickly through the text below, and then match each paragraph with the appropriate summary Network uses, past and present How distributed systems work Networks and the future What networks are and how they operate The growth of networks, past and present Reading Comprehension COMPUTER NET WORKS Computer networks link computers by communication lines and software protocols, allowing data to be exchanged rapidly and reliably Traditionally, networks have been split between wide area networks ( WANs) and local area networks (LANs ) A WAN is a network connected over long-distance telephone lines, and a LAN is localized network usually in one building or a group of buildings close together The distinction, however, is becoming blurred It is now possible to connect up LANs remotely over telephone links so that they look as though they are a single LAN Originally, networks were used to provide terminal access to another computer and to transfer files between computers Today networks carry email, provide access to public debased and bulletin board, and are beginning to be used for distributed systems Networks also allow users in one locality to share expensive resources, such as printers and disk-systems Distributed computer systems are built using networked computers that cooperate to perform tasks In this environment each part of the networked system does what it is best at The high – quality bit – mapped graphics screen of a personal computer of workstation provides a good user interface The mainframe, on the other hand, can handle large numbers of queries and return the results to the users In a distributed environment, a user might use his PC to make a query against a central database The PC passes the query, written in a special language (e.g Structured Query Language – SQL ) to the mainframe, which then passes the query, returning to the user only the data requested The English for information technology user might the use his PC to draw graphs based on the data By passing back to the user’s PC only the specific information requested, network traffic is reduced If the whole file were transmitted, the PC would then have to perform the query itself, reducing the efficiency of both network and PC In the 1980s, at least 100,000 LANs were set up in laboratories and offices around the world During the early part of this decade, synchronous orbit satellites lowered the price of long-distance telephone calls enabling computer data and television signals to be distributed more cheaply around the world Since then, fiber-optic cable has been installed on a large scale, enabling vast amounts of data to be transmitted at a very high speed using light signals The impact of fiber optics will be considerably to reduce the price of network access Global communication and computer networks will become more and more a part of professional and personalizes as the prices of microcomputers and network access drops At the same time, distributed computer networks should improve our work environments and technical abilities TERMINALS As central computers became faster and more powerful, it was possible to establish many remote display stations from which operators could all use the same computer to display information and enter data Later, even the small machines were equipped with a fairly large display screen and keyboard oriented towards use by a person with limited training, rather than by a highly skilled computer operator For many interactions with computers a permanent record is unnecessary; therefore, output that is scanned once and then thrown away produces a lot of wasted papre To solve this problem cathode ray tube (CRT) terminal can be used In addition to eliminating paper waste, these terminals are completely silent and frequently much faster than hard-copy terminals Because of their speed and quietness, CRT terminals are very useful interactive devices for use in offices and in other areas The electronic circuitry used in them is very much the same as that in the familiar TV (video) set These display terminals are diverse and colourful The original video output was single colour ( black and white) upper-case letters, but in more highly developed devices, lower-case letters can be displayed, and some give options of blinking and dual-density characters Certain screens can produce “ negative” (dark) characters on a bright background or even make each character a different colour, if so desired The later is an important feature in order to catch someone’s attention when a value is abnormal More sophisticated screen can generate continuous lines for graphic displays The simplest of these are monochromatic and may have: strictly limited graphic applications For example, they may use special characters strung together in order to form lines that look continuous, or they may be restricted regarding the number and the shape of curves that can be drawn at once Multicolour pictorial graphics are extremely useful in emphasizing contrast, and have been used with good result in nuclear medicine, where differences in intensity would be too subtle if shades or only one colour were used The full power of visual display terminals may soon be realized Already dynamic ( motion) graphics output devices that display simple changing scenes have been developed for flight trainers and computer-generated movies These devices could have an important impact on the use of computer-assisted instructions (CAI) techniques in school and colleges Besides screens, a wide variety of devices called plotters and are used to produce permanent copies of graphics output The first plotter developed used a pen that moved back and forth across the rotating drum to which paper was attached These devices produced results which were both quite accurate and reasonably fast Other plotters featuring a moving pen in two dimensions are relatively slow, because not only are they mechanical devices, buy also most can produce only one continuously line at a time However, the modem electrostatic plotter, an extension of the previously mentioned electrostatic printer, can obtain slightly less artistic results in seconds because it doesn’t depend on a moving pen This is because it electronically generates patterns of dots in a line across the page to make up a picture Graphic output may be an effective alternative to high-speed hard-copy output where graphs are more useful than columns of numbers for showing results Most of the time, a graph is not only better than columns and pages of printed numbers, but also has the advantages of being quicker to produce and easier to understand and file.Pen plotters have been used a great deal in scientific research, where results are often expressed in terms of graphs In recent years, new output devices have been developed to bridge the gaps between the various devices just described For instance, terminals with both video screen and hard-copy output are now available These devices don’t waste paper, since hard copy is produced only when a permanent record is needed Terminals of this nature are used in applications where relevant personal data is needed which can be corrected or edited on a screen before a English for information technology hard copy is made University registration or patient registration are two areas where these devices save time and money, because a new hard copy need be produced only if something has changed from the previous registration or visit Finally,there are electrostatic printer-plotters available which produce both print and graphic display with equal facility It is possible with these devices to change the style and size of the letters at the users’wish and to have graphs and displays interspersed between the printed lines It is therefore very clear that in modem times, the converging technologies of printers, plotters, and graphic displays have resulted in the creation of a few hybrid devices capable of doing many things Main idea Which statement best express the main idea of the text? Why did you eliminate the other choices? CRT terminals are interactive peripheral devices which allow users access to the computer even from remote stations Modem terminals have numerous features which can be of use in computerassisted instruction Some modem terminals are equipped with video screen and hard copy output Understanding passage Decide whether the following statements are true or false (T/ F) by referring to the information in the text Then make necessary changes so that the false statements become true The development of CRT terminals helped reduce the problem of wasted paper Blinking is one of the features which display terminals are incapable of Multicolour graphs are more useful in modem medicine than monochromatic graphs Plotters can move in various directions, but the majority produce one continuous lines at a time All plotters depend on a moving pen Terminals with video screens and hard copy output are useful for checking student records Terminals are considered peripheral devices but plotters are not Both interactive terminals and plotters have to be on-line at all times On modem terminals, it is possible to display both upper and lower case letter 10 Dynamic graphics were first developed for computer-assisted instruction (CAI) ... mục đích kinh doanh thiếu lành mạnh bị nghiêm cấm LỜI GIỚI THIỆU Tài liệu biên soạn theo chương trình đào tạo nghề mơn tiếng Anh chun ngành Cơng nghệ thông tin Trường cao đẳng công nghệ thành... technology TUYÊN BỐ BẢN QUYỀN Tài liệu thuộc loại tài liệu giảng dạy nội sử dụng nhà trường với mục đích làm tài liệu giảng dạy cho giảng viên sinh viên nên nguồn thơng tin tham khảo Mọi mục đích... nguyên nhân, kết quả, c u điều kiện - Về kỹ năng: + Phát triển kỹ giao tiếp dịch thuật tài liệu chuyên ngành tin học; + Phát huy kỹ tự học nghiên cứu tài liệu - Về lực tự chủ trách nhiệm: + Nhận