Nho sĩ minh hương với các hoạt động làng xã dưới thời nguyễn

NHAM THj LY Hho SI Minh Htfdng V^^ill I S NHAM TH! LY* Tom tdt Ting lop nho sT khoa bang Minh Huong la mgt bO plian cu dan co dia vj cao c^ng ding nguai g6c Hoa a Viet Nam vao thoi Nguyen, co sy lien ket va quan he g^n bo vai cac nhin sT ban dja cac hoat dgng van hoa - xS hoi noi chung Viec lap hgi Minh Van, xay dung mieu V5n Thanh cho thay sy hoa nhap cang sau vao dai song v3n h6a giao dye dja phuong cua cgng dong ngudi HoaMinhHuong Hg da tr6 mot bg phan cu dan quan trgng, dong vai tro tich cyc doi voi sy phat trien kinh te thuong mai va hinh sac thai van h6a dgc dao a timg dia phucmg Tir khda: Ngudi Hoa, Minh Huong, thcri Nguyen V iet Nam tir xa xua da cd lich sir giao luu thuang mai vdi cae nudc khu vuc, dong thai ciing thu hiit dong dao thuong nhan nudc ngoai den dinh cu buon ban lam an Trong do, cgng dong ngudi Hoa noi chung, ngudi Minh Huong noi rieng da tich cue tham gia vao cac hoat dgng kinh t l ngoai thuong d Viet Nam thdi trudc Chinh vi vay, bai viet dua tren eo sd khao sat, nghien ciiu mgt s6 tu lieu chit Han, Han Ndm nhu van bia, gia pha, van ban trat siic eiia xa Minh Huong , nhim phae hoa khai quat ve vai tro ciia ting Idp nho sT Minh Huong sinh hoat cgng dong lang xa d mgt sd dia phuong dudi thdi Nguyen 54- Viec khuyen hpc ciia nha Nguyen doi vdi ngudi Minh H u o n g Tir eu6i thdi Le, tinh hinh chinh trj roi ren va nhu cau md rgng thi trudng buon ban, cae chiia Nguyen da tao dieu kien thuan lgi eho ngudi Hoa den djnh cu lau dai va to chirc boat dgng thuang mai Dang Trong, dan hinh nen nhiing khu phd ngudi Hoa d cac dia phuang (con gpi la Dudng nhan phd) Den thdi Nguyen, cgng ddng ngudi Hoa d Viet Nam chia hai bd phan ro ret la Hoa Ngu bang (con ggi la ngudi Thanh, hoac Hoa kieu) va Hoa Minh Huong Minh Huong la tit de gpi cai cua cac eudc hon nhfin hon " Dai hgc KHXH va nhan vSn, Dai hgc Quoc g Ha Noi NGHIEN ClifU TRUNG QUA'C so 1(173) - 2016 Nho SI Minh Hwong vdn cac hoat hgp Hoa - Viet, mac dii hdi diu, tir dugc dung dl ggi nhom ngudi Hoa bao gdm nhiimg cuu thin, quan lai, than dan cua nha Minh di cu din Viet Nam ty nan sau nhirng bien dgng chinh tri tai Trung Qude Nhdm ngudi cd khuynh budng chinh tri trung vdi nha Minh Co the ndi "sir hod nhgp giira Viet Nam v&i Trung Hoa va y thuc ve su khdc biet cua minh, cd hai hap lgi dd tgo nen Minh Huang" Do dugc hudng nhieu chinh sach uu dai cua cac chinh quyen phong kien Viet Nam nen ngudi Hoa Minh Huong da lira chgn an cu lap nghiep lau dai tai day Tir nam 1842, chinh quyen nha Nguyin da cho dang ky ngudi Minh Huong tach biet khoi ngudi Hoa nhap cu Neu nhu ngudi Minh Huang td chiic theo kieu lang xa cua ngudi Viet thi ngudi Dudng (Thanh) lai to chire lien ket theo hinh thirc "bang" mgt each chat che Hg la nhimg "thuong khach" Trung Qu6c, chu yeu den tir vimg Dong Nam duyen hai Tnmg Quoc, khdng nhap qudc tjch Viet Nam Trong do, cd khdng it ngudi sau mgt thdi gian buon ban da quyet djnh d lai dja phuong lam an sinh sdng, lay vg sinh eon de chau va dugc nhap cu vao lang Minh Huong theo quy dinh vl quan ly hg tich cua nha Nguyen v l mat chinh sach, chinh quyen nha Nguyin da thuc hien cae chinh sach mem mdng doi vdi ngudi Hoa noi chung Den thdi Tu Diic, cae ehinh sach thue van dugc tri nhu cac ddi trudc, ngoai NGHIEN Cliu TRUNG QUOC so 1(173) - 2016 dpng chinh quyen trieu Nguyen eon ton trgng va dac biet quan tam den nhiing truyen thong sinh hoat co truyen ciia ngudi Hoa, khuyen khich viec hgc hanh thi cii gidi nhan sT gdc Hoa bang nhieu chinh sach nhu mien sai, giam thue "Phdm nguai hoc tro xd Minh Huang & cdc hgt khdp cd nu&c, den nhirng ndm co khoa thi mua hg vd ddng, nam ndo triing khoa thi nin dugc trir miin viic binh dao I ndm, nguyen cd nam sd thui bgc phdi nop lang cho mien lang " Cac chinh sach neu tren eiia nha Nguyen ciing dugc phan anh chan thuc ban ke khai cac hang dan xa Minh Huong, huyen VTnh Binh, phii Dinh Vien vao nam Tu Diic thii 11 (1858) Trong nam nay, xa chi cd ngudi Tu tai nen thudc hang mien sai (lao dich) la Nguyen Nggc Lan, dau Tii tai khoa Thieu Tn thii Ngoai ra, co hgc tro Ton Than Diic d xa Minh Huong, tinh VTnh Long timg viit don xin dugc miln cong vu suu dich vao 12 thang nam Thieu Tri thu (1843) nhu sau: "Hgc tro sinh ndm Gidp Tudt (1814), 30 tudi, chi Id ddn & mdt noi, von theo viec hoc Din khoa ky thu ba, hgc trd bi benh khdng nhgp hgc dugc Vd lgi xd hgc tro cong viec khd nhieu, e bo be viec hgc Vi vgy, xin Thugng ty hgc chinh cho chiit l&i phi cho miin cdng vu suu dich, de hgc trd tdi tien viec hgc hdnh, ch& dgi khoa t&i" Trong la don cdn co biit tich loi phe cua CO quan chiie nang rang: "Ten ndy qud that co hgc, xd Minh Huang nen 55 NHAM THj LY quyen nghi miin cho suu dfch di cha khoa bien Hpc chinh quan phdng huyen Kiln t&i".' An, tinh Dinh Tudng.'' Ben canh do, theo Nhin chung, chinh sach giao due cua tu lieu Tuy Tien Dudng huong ph6 dl nha Nguyen da gdp phan tao tang Idp ban, den nam 1826, ca xa co 17 tu tai, ] nho sT, quan lai ngudi goc Hoa kha ddng cu nhan.^ Den cudi the ky XIX, diu thi dao xa hgi Viet Nam thdi trudc ky XX, sd lugng ngudi dd dat xa Bia ky lap thang 11 nam Ky Hgi nien hieu cang tang len Dieu dugc phan Minh Mang (nam 1839) Hdi quan anh rd net qua cac tu lieu van bia d Hgi Minh Huong d phd Ho Chi Minh An Bia ky lap nam Thanh Thai 16 (1904) (so 380, Tran Hung Dao B, phudng 11, Mieu Quan Cdng ebo thay co quan 5), da ghi lai danh sach cac vj khoa khdng it ngudi cd than phan khoa bang bang la ngudi xa da tham gia chinh hoac la Nho sinh sd nhiing ngudi trudng, dugc thang quan tien chuc Vi du tham gia quyen gdp triing tu, cu the nhu: cu the nhu sau: Cii nhan Truang Ddng Hiep Tu tai To Truang Hdo Hap, Gidi nguyen khoa At Tii Than, Hgi Thiic, To Tir Quang, Truang Ngpc Phien Thiinh phan la "thi Mao, Thi lang bd Lgi Chu Ke Thien Cir nhdn khoa At Mao sinh" (tiic Nho sinh) co Vuong HiJu ST, Thai Nhat Thang, Truang Hoai Tao, Tran Lang trung bd Binh Vuang Hull Quang, Cir nhdn khoa At Ddu, duac phong la Trung Phung dgi phu, Dinh, Truong Dinh Lieu TCr giu'a the ky 19 trd di, boi Tham tri bd Binh kiem Dd sdt viin Inni canh thuc dan Phap diing vu luc thon tinh phd ngir sit Nam NghTa phit vien hoan toan tinh mien Nam (1862), sau Trinh Ky Nhu, Tii tdi khoa At Mao, Tri phil Phu&c Long Trung Vuang Tien Dung Cie nhdn khoa Mdu Thdn, Tri phil Hodng Tri Mai Thuy Phuang, Tu tdi khoa Nham Ddn, Tri huyen Kien Hod ^ danh chiem mien Bac va mien Viet Nam, cac vi vua Irieu Nguyen da chu truang de cao Nlio hpc, tang cudng gin giu tinh than van hoa truyen thdng trude lan song xam nhap at ciia eae trao luu tu tudng phuong Tay Tu lieu Han Nom, tinh VTnh Long Trong ban ke khai cac hang dan bao ton den cho biet Doc hgc xa Minh Huong, huyen VTnh Binh, phii Nguyen Thdng da keu gpi nhirng ngudi Dinh Viln nam T u Due thu 11 (1858) cho Minh Huong quyen gop de >;ay dimg biet: xa chi co ngirdi thugc hang trudng hoc va Van Mieu d dia phuang quan vien chire s5c co Ton Than Trong mdt ban chieu hpi ong viet: Dire, 45 tudi dang lam Giao thu qu) In "Xet sdu tinh Nam Ky chi co Biin Hod, 5B NGHIEN ClifU TRUNG OUSC s o 1(173) - 2016 Nho si Minh Hwong v&i cac hoat dpng Gia Dinh vdn cd Vdn Miiu tic idu di tha phung Tiin thdnh Khdng Tir, bay muat hai thdy vd tien dgi tiin nho, xudn thu hai Ngdy 20 thdng ndm Tu Due thu 17 (1864).'^ Trong thdi gian nay, de hudng ling kl quan tinh lo viic ciing te nghi li rdt l&n phong trao chan Nho hgc cua nha Tic vi binh lira, tu miiu tr& thdnh Nguyen, xa Minh Huong, Hgi An da tien tro tan, cdc bdc tu vdn bdn viec d&i nhin thdy md budn cho gido hod Nay dgo Phgt vd Thien Chiia chua qudn nguy nga md Thdnh hien cua chiing ta cd an gido hudn cho mgi ngu&i lgi khong co noi ndo tha phung ciing te Thiem chicc dd cung cdc vien Gido thu, Hudn dgo va sT nhdn tinh xudt tiin rieng, dinh khodng thdng 8, thdng ndm se chgn ddt xdy mgt ngdi miiu tha Tien hien, xudn thu ti le Nhdn nghT cdc tdng ly hod muc cung cdc vien bd hd vd ngu&i Minh Huang, hogc ( ) hgc nghiep, hogc chdu du vdo dam sTldm, CO nhiing ke tdn su trgng dgo hanh xay dung mieu Van Thanh de thd Dire Khdng Tir va cac bac tien hien vao nam 1867 Trong mieu hien bao tdn tam bia lap nam 1871 vi dai than trieu Nguyen la Bang Bien quan vu Luong Binh Ninh Thai, giai nguyen khoa Dinh Miii (1847) Dang Huy T n i bien soan Ong viet: "Xd Minh Huang xua chua cd den th& Van Thdnh nhung ngu&i khoa bdng tru&c sau xudt hiin, that Id diiu l&n thay! Dao ciia Thdnh nhdn khdng phdi cho dgi cd ddi ba thu&c tu&ng, vdi hdng cot phung tha rdi sau m&i ban phuac cho thiiii Nay chu vf thdn hdo dd vi nghTa rhd xdy ngu&i, neu khdng cdo du thi khdng khoi dung Thdnh tir de bdo dap Thdnh dn ta phu mdt long tdt ciia hg Vi the gici chieu lgi dec gi l&i! ".^ khinh tdi hieu nghTa chdc khdng hgi chuyen bdo cho tdng ly hdo muc, cdc viin bd ho vd ngu&i Minh Huang Dia vj cua Nho sT Minh H u o n g Do chinh quyen nha nudc phong kien hgt, cd khai phdt long ldnh gdp tiin tra Viet Nam thdi trude da thue hien mgt giup cdng viec thi ghi lgi hg ten que qudn chinh sach khoan dung doi vdi cgng dong vd sd tiin ddng gdp trd lai de tiin viec trii ngudi Hoa ndi chung, ngudi Minh Huong bi Sau khanh thdnh, thiim chicc se noi rieng, de hg co nai cu trii on dinh va khdc vdo bia da de khuyen khich ngu&i chung sdng hoa nhap vdi cu dan ban dia, sail Quy chuc Id bgc tien dgt & Nam chinh vi vay, nhieu the ki qua, Tnin'g viec phu tu vdn cung die khdng thdi nao thieu ving su xuit hien phdn trdch nhiem xin nghT ky md gdng cua nhimg ngudi tai goc Hoa tren mgi ITnh sii-c thi hanh, Id dieu mong mdi vdy Vi vuc Hg da co nhiing dong gdp to ldn doi vgy chiiu hdi Quy chicc Tri phii Djnh vdi su phat trien tren nhieu ITnh vuc cua Vien tham Viet Nam, ed ITnh vue van boa, xa hgi, nhu trudng hgp thiy ngudi goc chieu NGHIEN ClJrU TRUNG QUOC so 1(173) - 2016 57 NHAM TH! LY Hoa ndi tiing dit Binh Duong, Gia Dinh la Vd Trudng Toan Ong thdng minh, hgc sau, bilt rgng Gap luc nudc nha loan lac, dng s6ng an minh, chuyen tam nghien ciiu van chuang, lich sii va day hge Nhilu danh thin ngudi Minh Huong triiu vua Gia Long nhu Trmh Hoai Diic, Le Quang Dinh, Ngo Nhan TTnh, Ngd Tiing Chau, Pham Dang Hung la mon de cua Vo Trudng Toan Theo nhan dinh cua nha nghien ciiu ve cgng dong ngudi Hoa d Viet Nam - Li Tana, su6t thi ky XIX, ngudi Minh Huong da td dac biet nang dgng tren chinh trudng Viet Nam, tieu bieu so hg la Trinh Hoai Dire (1765-1825) va Phan Thanh Gian (1795-1867) Dinh cu sdm ban cac nhdm phuang ngir ngudi Hoa khac tai Viet Nam, vdi tinh each la mgt nhom, ngudi Minh Huong da co moi quan he lau dai nhieu the ky vdi chinh quyen hg Nguyin Hon nua, vi dugc phep tham du cac ky thi, nen hp co dieu kien dat tdi mgt vi tri xa hpi cao hon Thong qua khao ciiu eae tu lieu chii Han ciia ngudi Hoa luu giii den nay, chung ta co thi hilu ro hon dja vi cua cac nho sT khoa bang ngudi goc Hoa ddi song xa bdi duong thdi Mgt so bia ky eua xa Minh Huong d Hgi An, Quang Nam cho biet eac nhan sT co than phan Cir nhan, Tii tai xa tham gia quyen gdp triing tu dinh miiu xa, ten ciia hg thudng dugc xIp d hang dau, diing tren ca danh sach eae quan 58 vien ed pham ham cao va chiie sac ciia x3, cho dil so tien ddng gdp cua hg nhieu hay it Tim bia triing tu Hpi quan Minh Huong Gia Thanh nam 1839 d Hd Chi Minh ciing cho bilt: Vuong Hiiu Quang la ngudi diing dau danh sach quyen gdp triing tu Hpi quan Gia Thanh nam 1839, vdi sd tien la 50 lugng bac Ngoai ra, Cii nhan khoa At Miii Tran Van Long ciing tham gia quyen gop 20 quan Sd tiln la rat it di so vdi nhirng ngucri khac nhu Truang Hung Dao, Hoang Hgp Thanh gop 800 quan, Tran Y Diic, Hoang Ha Nguyen gop 300 quan, Phan Hiiu Tri gdp 120 quan, Ngo Qudc Phu, Vuong Dich Gian gdp 100 quan Nhung ten cua cir nhan Tran Van Long van dugc khae ghi d hang tren dau ciia tam bia ky Dieu cho thay sir tdn trgng ciia ngucri Minh Huong danh cho tang ldp Nho sT khoa bang, dung nhu trat tu ST - Nong Cdng - Thuong cua xa hgi phuang Dong truyen thdng Ngoai ra, mdt vi du thirc te cu the khac nhu trudng hgp Nguyen Ngge Lan, xa Minh Huong, tinh VTnh Long: "Nguyen tru&c la khda sinh bdn xd, theo hgc nghiep tic lau, di thi dii tam tru&ng, hdng ndm diu di thi dd may mdn dau cdn truang Den An khoa nam Nhdm Ddn Thieu Tri thic 6, du thi ddu Tu tdi Sau din ndm Gidp Ty Tu Dice thu 11, xd ta thiet nghi viin chicc ndy khd biet su ly, am tu&ng li nghia vi vgy ddng cic ldm Huangli"^ Ghi chep van ban chir Han neu tren cua xa Minh Huong, tinh NGHIEN Clhl TRUNG QUO'c so 1(173) - 2016 Nho si Minh Hwong voi cac hoat dpng VTnh Long da cho thiy nhung ngudi quan la mdt niem vinh du ldn lao cua toan khoa bang la t i n g ldp cd uy tin xa hpi xa, eiia toan the edng ddng Ddi vdi ngudi nhat dinh cdng ddng ngudi Minh Minh Huong d VTnh Long trudc day lai de cao tang ldp khoa eir d mdt gdc dd khac Huong va ngudi Hoa noi chung Ro rang truyen thdng cua ngudi Minh Nam nao xa co ngudi thi dau COr nhan Huong la cac vi khoa bang co uy tin xa hay Tii tai thi duge ghi nhan la cong trang hgi cao b a n ca nhiing ngudi lam quan, eac hang dau cua quan ehiic xa nhiem ky dd, thuong nhan vdn la nhirng ngudi co tiem tren ea eae eong lao khac cua hg Trong lire kinh te Muc dieh cua truyen thdng ban "truy udc" ciia xa Huong chii trgng Nho trgng khoa bang khdng gi Truong Nggc Lang ciing dan xa lap khac ngoai viec khuyen khich nen giao nham de cao edng siic dong gop cua cac due Nho giao, de cao van hoa Nho giao de bae tien triet, hien nhan xa tu ddi cdng ddng lang xa cang dugc phat Canh Hung den Thieu Trj co doan ghi nhu trien Gidng nhu tinh hinh khai quat ve xa sau: Minh Huang, Hdi An qua mo ta bia Trong khodng ndm dy cd nhdn sT bdn xd la ky lap nam Duy Tan (1908) d Dinh tien Nguyen Nggc Ldn thi ddu Tii tdi dn khoa hien Minh Huong cir nhan Truang ndm Nhdm Ddn Ndm Tdn Suu Thieu Tri Dong Hiep bien soan nhu sau: "que thic I, ldnh bdng ldm xd tru&ng xd Minh huang ciia ngic&i Minh dd mdt, mdt so cmt Huang, ldm din nam Thieu Tri thic 3, giit thdn bdt phuc nhd Thanh dd chgy sang dinh bg ba quyen, mdi quyen nhdn sd han "Xd tru&ng Giang Quang Lang nu&c Nam dn ldnh Di den ddu hg cung 70 ngu&i Tiin bgc, thui md mdi ndm deu dimg ldng lap dp, lay chu Minh de giir nop dil, mgi viic diu xong Ciing nhitng qudc hiiu Khap 36 tinh tinh ndo cung cd viec tinh trdt sue, mua phu mua, suit dich ldng Minh phdi khiin linh tinh, khdng co viec ndo de Huang, nhung ldng Minh Huang ddu tien & Qudng Nam Ddn ldng nhieu ngu-ai dgt ldm quan Trdi qua lau ngdy, xdm lang tr& nen ddng due, den mieu dugc xdy dung khdp n&i Ddu dai Minh Mgng dung den Tuy Tien Du&ng de th& cdc bgc trung thdn d&i Trung Hung, din ndm Tu Dice thu hai tu sita lgi Ndm Thdnh Thdi mu&i bdy d&i ve ben trdi Tricng Hdn Cung Tic dd ve sau cdng them nhiiu ngu&i thi ddu ldm quan " '" Ghi chep tren ciing gdp phin cho thiy cham tre, mgi viic deu gidi quyit hit" O mgt doan khae ghi nhu sau: "Xa tru&ng Tic Cdng Hdi Trong cdc ndm bd nhiem chiec sdc ndy, cd Phd xa Tdn Than Dice theo dudi viec hgc, den khoa Dinh Miii thi ddu cu nhdn Ndm Binh Ngo Thieu Tri thic ldnh bdng ldm Xd tru&ng ldm viic din ndm Mau Thdn Tie Dice thic thi man khoa Giic dinh bg ba quyin, mdi quyen nhdn sd 330 ngic&i Hdng ndm vdng trdt sue cua tinh mua hdng cung sicu dich phdi khiin nho sT Minh Huong thi dd khoa cir, lam NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 1(173) - 2016 59 NHAM THI LY linh tinh mgi viec deu dn thod Den ndm hgc vdn thi khdng \dugc vdo Hdi Ngu&i Gidp Ddn Tu Due thu bdn xa cung cic lang vdo Hdi khdng dugrc vdo tiiy tiin ldm Huang truang Den ndm At Mao thu tu Chung quy y chi nhdm xdy dimg 8, bdn xd tritng tu din tha Thdnh Mdu quy che chat che cho mai sau " '^ ldnh ldm Phd Tdng ly, ddc sudt ddn xd thi Hdi Minh Van ve c o ban cd tinh chit cdng Cdng viic da hodn thdnh di lgi cho gidng nhu hpi T u van cac lang xa cl truyen ciia ngudi Viet Day la mgt lo^ d&i sau".^^ Nho sT Minh H u o n g sinh hoat lang xa d dia p h u o n g hinh td churc Nho hgc cap thdn, xa, huyen, va cd vai trd quan trgng ddi sdng van hda tinh than d ndng thdn Viet Nara Tang ldp tri thiic Minh Huong dudi thdi ki trudc Muc dich hoat ddng cua cac thdi Nguyen da co nhiing hoat dgng sdi hdi T u van la d l cao tinh thin van hoa noi tai cac dia phucmg noi hp cu tni Vi Nho gia, khich le tinh than hieu hpc va gin du nhu tri thiic Minh Huong d Hgi An da giii phong tuc tap quan truyen thong ciia lap td chiic Nho hgc eua minh la hdi dia phuong Nam T u Diic 28 (1875), sau Minh Van eiing vdi cac doan the tho van nhieu nd luc cd gang hdi Minh Van da khac tai dia ban nhu Tuy Tinh Thi Xa phdng theo den Tii Ddng d Tii Xuyen, Ve hdi Minh V a n , tam bia mieu Van Trung Qudc, xay dung mieu Van Xuong cr Xuong (hien dat tai Dinh tiln hiin Minh xa Tra Nhieu de bao dap on thin VSn Huong) eho biet "ldng ta cd vdn phong Xucmg De Quan Day la vj thin linh ma cdn bdn, ngdy ngdy giic gin nhu bdn in vdy Dao giao va mdt sd tin ngudng dan gian I Ke sT dugc ca ngo'i chdt phdc nhu cdy khae cua Trung Qudc siing bai, chuyen cai ' rong nhung lgi vu0 lin hdng khoa bdng quan sir nghiep cdng danh ciia eae nhan sT Miia xudn ndm Quy Sicu th&i Tu Dice Vdi viec thd eiing vi than nay, hpi Minh (1853), cdc thdn sT cd ciing y chi Van eiia xa Minh Huong hi vgng rSng ldng dd ddng gop tien cita thdnh lap hdi tuong lai su nghiep ciia nhiing Minh Vdn v&i mong mudn xdy dung miiu ngudi ed thien tam xa se dugc tiep th& Be Qudn du chua du khd ndng" Theo noi, ke thira ghi chep tam bia tren, hdi cung da Nhd vao truyen thong hieu hgc va vifc dua ndi quy nhu sau: " Nhdn luc phat trien cdng ddng lang xa theo dinh ngdy tdt thdng gieng, ngu&i ldng tap trung hudng tdn Nho trgng dao ma cdng dong tai nhd Huynh Du Suu thiit li cdu ciing ngudi Hoa Minh Huong dudi thdi Nguyen thdn Vdn Tinh Ngu&i Hdi cd viec CO nhiing bude phat trien to Idn Nhieu dot quan, hdn, tang, ti thi gdp tiin giup sice triing tu dinh, chiia, mieu mao quy md Idn gidng nhu ngu&i ldng Ngdi Di dugc tien hanh nhu "mgt su bung nd cua qudn xua dd di hudn, nguai ldng khdng cd y thuc ve cdn tinh thai ki ndy" (Li 60 NGHIEN ClJfU TRUNG OUOC s o 1(173) - 201S Nho SI Minh Hwong voi cac ho^t dpng Tana) Cdng vdi nhieu chinh sach uu dai ndi chung cua triiu Nguydn da lam cho ngudi Minb Huong va ngudi Hoa noi chung cang gin bd vdi que huang thii hai ciia minh, nhit la ddi vdi ting ldp nho sT khoa bang Minh Huong Bia ky lap nam Khai Dinh (1917) d Lai Viln Kilu eung cho thay tinh hinh co nhilu tu tai tham gia quyen gdp nhu Td Thanh, Thai Quy, Tang Hoan Ngoai ra, co bat pham van giai Pham Van VT, Hoang Nhu Nggc, Cliu phim van giai Dinh Tao Dimg dau danh sach quyen gop tim bia la Han lam Thi giang Truang Ddng Hiep Ten dng ciing xuat hien tam bia ghi danh ngudi quyen gdp Bia triing tu chiia Minh Huong Phat Tu, Hdi An lap nam Giap Din (1904) vdi chirc danh Giao thu Truong Ddng Hiep, cimg vdi han lam dien ba Nguyin Han, bat pham Pham Nhan Hao, cim phim van giai Hd Chi Hoa, Hd Chi Dung , tii tai Phan Nhu Bich, Phan Xuan Han, Tang Chiln Truang Ddng Hiep (1857-1926), hieu Thuan Phu, Cir nhan khoa Giap Ngp, 1894, sau dd nham chiic Huin dao tinh Quang Nam, Han lam Vien thi giang ham tdng Ngu pham, dugc chinh quyen trieu Nguyen phong la Phung Thanh dai phu Ong xuat than tir mgt ddng hg Truong kha ndi tieng d Hgi An Ong td cua dong hg la Truong Mau Vien, nguyen quan phii Chuong Chau, Phuc Kiln, Trung Qudc, di cu din Hpi An vao khoang giiia thi ky XVIII Mdt ngudi khac cua dong hp Truong la Truong Chi NGHIEN CUlU TRUNG QUOC so 1(173} - 2016 Can tirng giu: chiie vu chii su bd Binh dudi thdi vua Minh Mang Miia xuan nam Minh Mang 15 (1834), dng da ciing tang blic hoanh phi de chir "Linh quang bdt mdn " cho mieu Quan Cdng, Hdi An Em trai Truong Chi Cin la Truang Chi Thi timg hai lin thi dd Tu tai Nam 1848, ong diing chii tri cdng trinh triing tu hai cung Cam Ha va Hai Binh Su kien dugc ghi lai tam bia lap nam 1922, ngudi chau ruot la Truang Ddng Hiep soan, hien luu giii d ehiia Minh Huong Phat Tu, Hdi An Truang Ddng Hiep cung la ngudi viet nhieu van bia cho xa Minh Huong nhu bia ky nam 1904 d mieu Quan Cdng, bia lap nam 1908 d Tuy Tien Dudng, bia lap nam 1918 d Thanh Minh Tir Nam 1908, sau phong trao bieu tinh ddi giam thue, toa Cdng sii Phap dieu ddng dng lam tri huyen Dai Ldc Ong tu chdi, cao iSo ve huu day hpe tai que nha.'"' Ciing vdi su gia tang ciia sd lugng ngudi dat xa, nhieu dong hg Minh Huong d Hdi An da trd eac gia tdc khoa bang nhu mpt dong hp Truong khac d Hpi An Ong to Truang Duy Co eiia ddng hp den tir phii Tuyen Chau, Phuc Kien, Trung Qudc Khi di cu den Hdi An, la ngudi hgc rdng hieu nhieu, tinh thdng dao ly nen dng dugc quan lai dia phuong phong la "tam giao dieh truyen" Nhd eo truyen thdng hieu hpc nay, chau hg Truong cd nhieu ngudi thi dd cir nhan, tu tai nhu Truong Tang Dien, Truong Tang Tri 61 NHAM THI LY Phan Tran, tri huyen Tdn That Dan, Trin Ngpc Tu Dieu cho thay su giao luu van hoa giiia cac Nho sT Minh Huang Hgi An vdi cac nhan sT ban dja da co tir lau va van duge tri den sau Dang chii y nhat la trudng hgp Dang Huy Trii, ngudi bien soan van bia tning tu mieu Quan Cdng nam Tu Diic 14 (nam Giap Ty 1864) va viet bai van lap cho hpi Minh Van cua cac nhan sT Minh Cd the ndi viec tich cue tham gia eae Huong, Hdi An vao nam Tu Dire 18 boat ddng lang xa ciia cac nhan sT hai gia (1868) Hdi Minh Van tran trpng viec tgc hg Truong ndi tren chi la mdt hinh bang viec khac ghi vao bia da mieu Van anh thu nhd, tieu bieu cho su dong gdp Xuong nhu sau: "nh& cd bdi tua cita quan cua cae nha Nho Minh Huang ddi vdi Bd chinh hg Dgng md dieu li ciia Hgi viec xay dung phat trien van hoa xa hdi dugc ghi lgi cho den Viec trdi cdng ddng Tu lieu van bia xa Minh qua mic&i nam khdng thi nh& ddy dii Neu Huong, Hdi An cho thay da so cac khdng cd bdi vdn ndy thi khdng the biet boat dpng cua xa vao thdi Nguyen th&i ki ddu lap Hdi" Mae dii dang rat bgn deu dua vao tang ldp Nho sT khdi xudng rdn viee nudc viec quan, nhung Dang Huy va thi hanh Trong bdi canh thuc dan Tni van danh cho ngudi Minh Huong, Phap tang cudng xam luge va thiet lap bd Hdi An sir quan tam, uu ldn may cai tri d mien Trung, Viet Nam tu Tir cudi thi ky XIX din diu thi XX, giiia thdi Nguyen, mdi quan be gitra ting mdi quan he giiia cac Nho sT Minh Idp Nho sT ngudi Hoa Minh Huong vdi Huong vdi cac nha Nho ban dja cang cac nhan sT ngudi Viet d viing Hgi An them gan bd khang kbit tac dpng cang trd nen gin bo khang kbit hon manh me ciia hoan canh lich sii ducmg Tam bia triing tu mieu Quan Cdng lap thdi Trudc tinh hinh dat nudc bi thuc nam Thanh Thai 16 cho bilt cd rit nhilu dan Phap xam chiem, mdt sd tri thiic quan vien chiic sic tinh tham gia Minh Huang da tham gia tich cue cac quyen tien tu sira miiu nhu quan dai thin phong trao Cin Vuong, Ddng Du, Duy sung Co mat vien bp Lai, phd tdng tai Tan va phong trao chdng suu thue Theo Quoc sir quan Nguyin Thuat, Nam nghTa nghien cim ciia Nguyen Sinh Duy, nhcf tdng ddc Hd De, quan Bd chanh Dang cd trung gian la Chau Van Dat (tiic Chau Nhu Vpng, An sat sir Dinh Him Khanh, tri Tho Ddng) ma sd tan thu cua Hoa Kieu phii Tran Gia Trung, Trin Van Thdng, Minh Huong (Hdi An) da dugc truyen Truong Tang Dien sinh nam 1801, thi dau Cii nhan nam 1825, duge cho la ngudi Minh Huong dau tien d Hdi An dd dat khoa bang Ong timg lam quan d kinh dd Hue, sau nham chiie tri huyen huyen Dai An Biic cau ddi tren canh cira chinh mieu Quan Cdng ghi: "Nhdt diem dan tdm tdn bdc sic thien thu nghTa trdng nam cuang" la cir nhan Trucmg Tang Dien ciing tang thdi ki Thieu Tri 62 NGHIEN ClilU TRUNG QUOC so 1(173) - 2016 Nho si Minh Hwong v&i cac hoat dpng den tay mdt sd nha Nho cip tiln Viet Nam, nhirng ngudi khdi xudng phong trao Duy Tan yeu nudc, cd Tran Quy Cap.''' Mdi quan he mat thilt giira tang ldp Nho sT Minh Huong vdi cac Nho sT, quan lai dia phuong cung cho thay muc dp gan bo hoa nhap cang sau vao xa hdi ban dia ciia cgng ddng nay, khdng chi dimg d phuong dien boat ddng kinh te dan thuan va tu chu quan ly hanh chinh nhu da eo tir trudc dd rit lau va van hda, giao due Hp da trd mpt bd phan cu dan quan trgng, ddng vai trd tich cue ddi vdi sir phat trien kinh te thuong mai va hinh sac thai van hda ddc dao d timg dia phuong CHU THiCH: Li Tana, Nguyen Cam Thuy: "Bia chir Hdn Hdi guan ngudi Hoa lgi phd Hd Chi Minh ••, Nxb Khoa hgc Xa hoi, 1999, tr 20 "Dai Nam hoi dien sir le", Vien SCr hoc, Nxb Ket luan Thuan Hoa-Hul, 1993, tr 303 ' Nguyen Cam Thuy chii bien: "Dinh cu cua Cac tu lieu dan gian nhu van bia, gia pha, trat sue chi cung cap nhirng nguai Hoa Iren ddt Nam Bd (lie the ky XVII den nam 1945) ", Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Ha Noi, 2000 thdng tin rdi rac, nhung thdng qua viec tr 190, 157 nghien ciiu, phan tich cac tu lieu nay, Li Tana, Nguyen Cam Thuy, sdd, tr 465 chiing ta cd the phan nao hieu dugc vai tro ^ Nguyen Cam Thuy chu bien, sdd, tr 189 * Nguyen Chi Trung, Tran Van An: "Xa Minh ciia cac nha Nho Minh Huong ddi sdng van boa, xa hdi edng ddng d Viet Huang vai Thucmg cdng Hoi An the ky XVII-XIX", Trung Tam Quan ly va bao ton di Nam cac the ki trude Cae nho sT tich Quang Nam, 2005, tr 38 khoa bang la mpt bg phan cu dan co dia vi ^ Nguyen Cam Thiiy chu bien, sdd, tr 225 eao cgng ddng ngudi gde Hoa d Viet ** Pham Thiic Hong cuon "Vdn hgc Hdn Nam vao thdi Nguyen Ddng thdi, hg Ndm Di lich co Hoi An", Nxb Da Nang, cGng ed su lien ket va quan he gan bo vdi 2003, tr 21 ' Nguyin cim Thiiy chii bien, sach da dan, tr cac nhan sT ban dia eac boat ddng 317 van hda - xa hgi ndi chung, Viee lap '° Tang Xuyen, Pham Thuc Hong: "Dinh Tien hdi Minh Van, xay dung mieu Van hiin Minh huong, Hdi An ", Nxb Da Nang, 2010, tr 45, 46 Thanh cho thay su hda nhap cang " Nguyin cim Thuy chu bien, sach da dan, tr sau vao ddi sdng van boa giao due dia 261,263 phuong ciia cdng ddng ngudi Hoa Minh '^ Tang Xuyen, Pham Thuc Hong, sdd, tr 71, Huang Dilu dd cung chimg td rang chinh 72 '•" Pham Thiic Hong, "Mieu Quan Thanh quyln nha Nguyen da tao mgi dieu kien thuan lgi cho ngudi Hoa hdi nhap mdt (chua Ong) Hgi An", Nxb Lao Dong, 2008, tr 75 '^ Nguyin Sinh Duy, "Qudng Nam vd nhitng each manh me, toan dien vao xa hpi Viet vdn di su hoc", Nxb Van hoa - Thong tin, Ha Noi, Nam tren ca phuang dien chinh trj, kinh te 2006, tr 79 NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 1(173) - 2016 63 ... giiia thdi Nguyen, mdi quan be gitra ting mdi quan he giiia cac Nho sT Minh Idp Nho sT ngudi Hoa Minh Huong vdi Huong vdi cac nha Nho ban dja cang cac nhan sT ngudi Viet d viing Hgi An them gan... phucmg noi hp cu tni Vi Nho gia, khich le tinh than hieu hpc va gin du nhu tri thiic Minh Huong d Hgi An da giii phong tuc tap quan truyen thong ciia lap td chiic Nho hgc eua minh la hdi dia phuong.. .Nho SI Minh Hwong vdn cac hoat hgp Hoa - Viet, mac dii hdi diu, tir dugc dung dl ggi nhom ngudi Hoa bao gdm nhiimg cuu thin, quan lai, than dan cua nha Minh di cu din Viet