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JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Social Sci., 2015, Vol 60, No 5, pp 85-91 This paper is available online at http://stdb.hnue,edu.vn DOI 10.18173/2354-1067.2015-00038 VE SU HINH THANH, PHAT T R i f N CUA LOGIC HINH THtfC VA VAI TRO CUA NO TRONG NHAN THtfC KHOA HOC VA THUC TIEN D I SONG Nguyen Thi Thflcfng Khoa Triet hoc Tnidng Dgi hgc Suphgm Hd Ndi Tom tat Logic hpc la khoa hpc nghien cflu cac hinh thflc va quy luit cua tU Nam vflng nhflng tri thflc logic hpc vaflngdung chung vao hoat dong nhan thflc va thilc tiln la hit sflc can thiet Bai viet lap trung nghifin cflu sU hinh va phat n-ien cua logic hinh thflc, lam tudng minh ddi tUdng n6i dung va phUdng phap nghien cflu ciia no Tfl lam ndi bat tam vdc va y nghia cua logic hinh diflc nhU mpt cflng cu hflu hieu cua mpi nhan thiJc khoa hpc Ddng thdi, bii vilt ciing phan tich vi lam sang to gia tri ting dung cia logic hinh thflc ddi song xa hoi, dac biet li ITnh vUc luit phap va giao due Td khda: Logic hoc, logic hinh thflc, logic hinh thflc Uruyen thing tU Mcl dau O chiu Au, logic hpc la radt khoa hpc lau ddi Cic xu hddng phit irifin eua logic hpc khdng chi tie ddng din cac nganh khoa hpe lifin quan ma cdn cd anb hudng vi flng dung trdc tilp vao nhifiu linh vfle cua ddi sdng eon ngfldi Thuc tl cho thiy, cdng tic ngbifin cflu, giang day va hpc tip radn Logic hpc, chiing ta cd sU tut hiu xa so vdi the gidi nhilu nUdc, logic hinh thflc truyin thdng da dUdc giang day d bic phd thdng Sang bac dai hpc, cac sinh vien dUdc hpc logic hpc hifin dai O Nga, vific giang day logic hpc rat dUdc coi trpng va ciing cd nhieu cdng trinh nghien cflu ve logic hpc hifin dai, phi cd dien [10] Cdn d nfldc ta, mic du logic hoc dfldc dfla vao giang day d cic trUdng dai hoc tfl nhflng nira 1960 - 1970 nhdng trddc thdi ki ddi radi (1986), viec giang day logic hpc chi dfldc thflc hien d rapt sd it khoa cua rapt sd trfldng Hifin nay, logic hpc da cd mat chfldng trinh dao tao cua nhieu trddng dai bpc va cao dang Tuy vay, vific giang day logic hpc cac trUdng dai hoe d Viet Nara chu yiu vin tip trung vao logic hpc dai cfldng - logic hinb thflc truyin thdng Viec nghifin cflu va giang day logic hpc hifin dai d Viet Nam mdi d nhflng budc di dau tifin Nhflng cudn giao trinh logic hpc diu tifin dUdc dich tfl eic tie gia Xd viet dien hinh nhfl D.P Gorki [5], A.F.Kuzdmm, E.A.Khdmened [8]., Phai tdi gifla thap men 90 ciia thl ki XX, mdi xuit hifin lac die mot sd it cdng trinb ngbifin cflu vl logic hpc eua eic lac gia Vifit Nara nhu Hoang Chting [2], Bui Thanh Quit [11] Viec nghifin cflu ve logic hpe chi tbflc sU khdi sac tfl sau nam 2000 trd di vdi sU ddi eua cic in phi'm vi bii vilt cua cac tic gia Nguyen Dflc Dan, Phan Dinh Ngay nb§n bai: 15/1/2015 Ngky nhan dang: 20/4/2015 Lien he: Nguyin Thi ThtlcJng e-mail: nguyenlhithuong08@gmail.o Nguyen Thi Thudng Dieu, Nguyin Nhu Hai, Td Duy Hdp, Nguyfin Anh Tuan [4, 6, 7, 13] Mdt so van de ve lich sfl, ddi tUdng, ndi dung nghifin cflu, sfl phin nganh va quan hd gifla cic nginh logic cung dUdc di cap tdi mdt cudc hdi thao chuyen nganh dUdc to chflc gin day [9] Dl gdp phin soi roi tira vdc vi y nghia eua logic hpc, bii vilt niy dit vin dk ngbifin cflu tim hifi'u su hinh thanh, phat trien eua logic hinh thflc vi vai trd cua nd nhin thflc khoa hoc vi thflc tifin Noi dung nghien cihi 2.1 Ve su hinh va phat trien cua logic hinh thu'c Nhflng tu tudng ban vl tu logic xuit hifin tfl rit sdm cac nln van rainh cd dai song vdi tu each la mdt khoa hpe, logic bpc ddi vio thl ki IV TCN d Hi Lap cd dai Arixtdt (384322 TCN) dfldc coi la dng td eua mdn khoa hoc bdi dng la ngudi dau tifin da bao quit rapt each loan i^fin ddi tUdng, ndi dung nghien cflu cua logic hpc Tic pham Organon cfla Arixtdt la radt cdng trinh nen tang vl logic hpc Vay logic hpc la gl? Trong thdi c6 dai, logic hoc dddc dinh nghia la khoa hpc vl tfl O thdi can dai, Pk Heghen (1770-1831) cbo rang "tpgic hpc la lU tu phan tu viminh" (tutu duy) Nhln chung, tu dfldc coi la ddi tUcfng nghien cflu ciia logic hpe Dieu mac nhien dUdc thfla nhin rdng rai Song tu khdng phai la ddi tUdng ddc chiem eua logic hoe, Cae khoa hpe khac ciang ban vl tu Su khie biet li d mtic dich, cich thflc, phUdng phap nghien cflu, tilp can eua mdi khoa hoc Muc dich cua logic hoc la nham dara bao tinh chan Ii cua eac tu tUdng: tu nhu thfi nao tbi din tdi chin li vi tfl nhu the nao thl din tdi sai lim Doi tddng nghien cflu cua khoa hpe logic la nhflng ndi dung va hinh thflc eua tU eung vdi nhflng quy luat chi phdi sU van dpng, phit ttien npi dung va sd lifin kit cua cac hinh thflc cua tU nhim dat tdi chan li Tiiy tbeo giac dptiepcan khac la "ndi dung" hay "hinh thflc" ciia tU ma hinh nen hai nginh logic khac nhung lai thdng nhit va bd sung cho qua trinh di tlra chin Ii Dd la logic hinh thflc va logic bien chflng Trong pham vi eua bii vilt nay, chung tdi chi man dim vl logic hinh thflc va cung chu yeu tap trung vao logic hinh thdc truyen thdng Logic hinh thflc la khoa hpe nghifin cflu eic hinh thflc vi quy luit clii phdi sU hen kit eic hinh thflc cua tU nham dat tdi chin li Nhflng hinh thflc raa no khio sit ii khai niem, phan doin, suy Iuan, cung vdi eae quy luat ddng nhat, cam miu thuan, quy lull bai trung va quy luat Ii day du va rat nhieu cic quy tac khac tUdng flng vdi cac hinh thflc cua tu xac dinh Nhflng quy luat va quy tac la dilu kien cin cua bit ki mdt sfl tU dung dan chin thuc nao Pbai ndi ring, suot hdn 2000 nam lich sfl ciia logic hoc, Idiicb the' cua logic hpc hinh thflc dddc xie dinh rit khac nhung bit luin thl nio vin ed mdt dia hat ludn dUde thfla nhin la ddi tUdng nghien cflu cua logic hpc binh thflc, dd la ITnh vfle suy luin Tfl xuit hifin logic hpc binh thflc thl vific xiy dUng li thuyet suy luin ludn la nhiem vu cd ban cua nd, O Hi Lap cd dai, logic hpc hinh thflc da niy sinh tfl nhu ciu giai thich vfi sflc raanh to ldn cfla Idi ndi, ve nhflng phUdng tifin giup cho Idi ndi cd sflc thuyet phuc Ndi each khic la tlra Idi giai cho ciu hdi "do diu ngdn tfl cd dfldc sflc raanh cudng chl? Ngdn tfl ein phai dung nhflng phUdng tifin gi de' thuyet phuc ngUdi nghe thfla nhan tinh dung dan hay sai Iam eua tu tudng nio do?" Su phin tieh van dl dd cho thiy rang, vific cdng nhan tinh chan thUc hay sai lim cua mpt tu tddng nao thudc trUde hit vao sU lifin he gifla cic ngdn tfl difin dat nd Viec nghien cflu nhflng radi lifin he raang tinli quy luit gifla eic tfl tUdng qui trinh suy luin da lam sinh d Hi Lap CO dai Logic hpc Arixtdt - he thdng logic hpe hinb thflc dUdc dinh gia la tUOng ddi hoan 86 ve sii hinh thdnh, phdi trie'n eda Logic hinh thiic vd vai tro ctia nd Irong nhgn ihiic khoa hoc thifin dau lienti:onglich sfl Tfl vific nghien cflu cic vin de cua quy nap, suy diln logic bieu thi cac moi lifin he cd tinh quy luit gifla cie phan doin (raenh de), Arixtdt da xiy dUng Ii thuyet lam doan luan Vific khira phi lara doan luan cho phep Arixtdt phic hpa nhflng vin dl mi ngiy vin thupc thara quyen giai quylt cua logic hpc hinh thflc Viec nghien cflu eae mdi lifin he mang tinh quy lult gifla cic khai nifim phan doan vi gifla cae phan doan suy luin eho phep kham phi eic quy tae va quy luit logic tUdng flng Logic hpe Arixtdt sang lip chfla dUng ba quy luit cd ban: (i) Quy lugt ddng nhdt: Trong rapt khoang khdng gian vi thdi gian xac dinh, sU vat nio cung ddng nbit vdi chinh ban thin nd, la chinb nd sfl cd lap va bit biln, Quy luit ndi rangti-ongtfl duy, radi tu tddng phai cd tinb xie dinh va phai ludn ludn ddng nhit vdi chinh nd (gifl nguyfin nhflng ndi dung da xac dinh dd), Trong qua trinh lip luan khdng dupe thay ddi, dinh trio sang ndi dung khae (2) Quy ludi cdm mdu thudn: Neu rapt sd vit dong nhit vdi ehinh ban thin nd mdt khoang thdi gian vi khdng gian xac dinh thl danh gii sU vat chi cd thfi' dung hoac sai chfl khdng the vfla the vfla thl khic Theo dd, hai phin doin vl rapt ddi tUdng radt khdng gian, thdi gian vi mdi quan he xae dinh ma miu thuin thl khdng thfi' ddng thdi chan thuc, cd mdt phan doan li gii ddi Do dd khdng dUde chip nhin ea hai phan doin dd lap luan, (3) Quy ludt bdi trung: Hai tU tfldng, phan doin ve mdt ddi tfldng drong mdt khdng gian, thdi gian vi radi quan he xac dinh ma phu dinh thi ehung khdng thfi' ddng thdi cung dung hoac cung sai, nhit dinh cd rapt phin doan la chin thUc va radt phan doan li gia Chin li khdng the' thudc vl phin doin thfl ba Nghia ti cd hai y kien raau thuin thi ehi chap nhan rapt hai y Idfin dd chfl khdng cd y kiln thfl ba Nhu viy, d Arixtdt he vin de eua logic hpc hinh thflc da dinh binh ro ring Nhflng mdi quan he gifla cac phin dpan vl dieu kien chan thflc ciia chung vdn cho phep chuyen gii tri chin thUc tfl mpt phan doan sang sd khic ma khdng cin phii kie'ra tra thflc nghiera da la ddi tupng nghien cflu chinb cfla khoa hpc niy Vific nghifin cflu cae radi quan he dd cho phep xay dflng Ii thuylt suy luin hinh thflc, la suy Iuan raa d dd de nhan dfldc kit tuan xac thUc hay xac suit, khdng nhit ttiilt phii thira nhap vao ndi dung cac lien dk raa chi can tuan thu cac quy lac da biet Ii thuyet xac tip Suy luan la mot cdng cu bung raanh cua tfl trflu tfldng Cac khoa hoc deu ddi trfin cd sd suy tuan va nhflng van de suy Iuan hinh thflc chinh la ddi tUdng rieng ban cua logic hpc hinh thflc, khdng chia se dUdc vdi bit ki khoa hpc nio, cbo du ca trill hpc vi tim li hoc d chflng raUc nao dd cung nghifin cflu cac hinh thflc va quy luat ciia tU dflng din Chinb vi viy, mdt so nhi nghien cflu da quan nifim logic hoc hinh thflc nhU la "khoa hpe vl suy tuan tiinh thflc" [9;137] Phfldng phap chii dao cua logic hinh thflc ti phfldng phip binh tbflc hda Dd la phUdng phip sfl dung nhflng edng thflc dl difin dat phin doan, suy tuan va'sfl dung rad hinh de dien dat raat ngoai difin va cae quan he vl rait s6 lUdng cac ddi tUdng Vific hinh thflc hda bang cdng thflc, ki hieu, rad hinh se giup cho qua trinh khao sit tfl dfldc de ding, lao thuin Idi cbo vific phit hifin nhflng raoi lien he ve raat hinh thflc ciu true eua tfl logic DUdng nhifin, ngoii phddng phip hinh thflc hda, logic hinh thflc cdn sfl dting mdt so phUdng phap bd trd khic nhu phUdng phap phan tich va tdng hdp, phddng phap true quan, phUdng phap trflu tupng hda Logic hinh thflc da trai qua mdt qui trinh phat trifi'n liu dii Logic hpe Arixtdt sing lip thdi cd dai chinh la logic hinh thflc cd dien vdi ba quy luit cd ban la quy luat ddng nhit, quy luit cam mau thuin va quy luat bai trung thdi dd, kboa hpc chUa phat trie'n nen logic cua 87 Nguygn Thj Thudng Arixtdt la logic diln dich Den thl ki XVI- XVII nbi tiilt hpc logic hpc ngUdi Anh la Ph Bficdn (1561- 1626) da bd sung vi phil trien suy luin quy nap va coi dd Ii phfldng phap khii quit cac kit qua thuc nghiem de' phat rainh cac li thuylt khoa hpc Logic hinh thflc cua Bficdn dfldc xem la logic quy nap Theo hUdng niy, logic dUdc xera nhu logic flng dung va khae vdi li luan logic hpc thuin Nhiera vu cua nd la thue hien sfl phin tich ve mat logic cua tri thflc li tuin Nhi trill hpc va logic hpc ngddi Phap R Deeietd (1596-1650), nhi logic hoc J.S Min (1806 -1873) vi mdt sd cac nha nghifin cflu khac cung chung quan niera vdi Ph.Becdn Theo ho, logic hinh thflc phii tao phfldng phip luin cho ngbifin cflu khoa hpc Mac du dieu vfldt khdi pham vi nghifin cflu cua logic hinh thflc song nd vin ed the dfldc sfl dung de giil quylt nhilu vin dl phddng phap luan tao linh vUc gidi ban cila logic nhan thflc khoa hpe Mdt xu hudng mdi sU phit trifi'n ciia logic tiinh thflc dUde dinh diu bang cic edng trinh cua nha triet hpc, logic hpc va loan hpc ngUdi Dflc G.V Lepra't (1646 - 1716) 6ng da bd sung quy luat Ii day du vao bfi thdng cae quy luat cd ban eua logic hinh thflc, ddng thdi de xuit tu tudng dung ngdn ngfl ki hifiu toin hoc de hinh thflc hda cac each thflc lap Iuan logic Day thflc sfl la radt tfl tfldng ddt pha tao ed sd eho sd hinb tbanh logic loan, logic ki hieu Cd dilu, Lepm't radi ctii de xuit tU tfldng xay dflng logic mdi Nhflng kit qua dau tifin chl thu dUde vao nfla diu thl ki XIX, nha logic hpc ngUdi Anh G.Bun (1815-1864) xay dUng mdn dai sd logic hpc, Tfl thdi die'ra bat dau giai doan hinh va phit trie'n cua logic hinh thflc bien dai vdi cac cdng trinh khoa hoe eua Dd Modcgan (1806-1871), G, Phreghe (1848-1925), B.Ritxen (1872-1960) va H.Himbe (1896-1943) Vdi sU xuat hifin cua cac hfi thdng logic loan nay, logic hpc da cd bfldc phat trie'n vUdt bac song dd cung vin la cic he thong Iddng tri (sfl diing hai gii tri chan Ii) vdi ti'nh quy dinh tit nhifin, dddc gpi la Logic loan ed dien Himbe da neu li thuylt vl phUdng phap hinh tbflc hda vdi lfl cich li phddng phap giai thich va nghien cflu eic quy luat logic toin hpc Li thuylt cd ndi dung phong phu va la sU phat trie'n cd tinh quy luat cua phddng phap da dfldc Arixtdt sfl dung nghien cflu cie quy luat logic dien dich Theo do, chung ta cd the difin dat kit qua ngtiifin cflu, phan ti'ch cac bfin tfl logic bing cic quy luit logic Chang han, cd ih^difin dat quy luit:" Nlu tit ca S laP thi mdt sdS la P", nlu bilu thi lifin tfl "nlu thi.," bang ki hieu, bieu thflc "tit ea S la P " la SaP bifi'u tbflc "mdt sd S la P" la SiP, Khi dd quy luit cd the'trinh bay dfldi dang ki hieu (cdng thflc): SaP,,, SiP Neu dien dat eac quy tie kit tuan cho chiing trd thinh cac quy lac dudi dang ki hieu (cac cdng thflc) thl cd the thu dfldc td hdp Id tiifiu mdi nhd cai bien lien tuc eic ki bieu tbeo quy tac bill trddc He thdng cic cdng thflc tao phep loin hinh thflc hda tien de Trong lich sfl cua khoa hoc Logic, logic hpc tfl thdi Lepra't trd vl irUdc dUdc goi la logic hinh thflc truygn thdng, cdn logic thdi kl ve sau dUdc gpi la logic hinh thflc hifin dai Diem khac bifit gifla chung la d chd logic hinh thflc truyen thdng dfldc viet theo ngdn ngfl td nhien (con gpi la ngdn ngfl giao tiep thdng thudng) Nd thfla nhan tinh ludng tri chin li (chin thuc - gia tao; dflng dan va sai lim) cua cic khii nifim phan doan vi lip luin; cdn logic hinh thflc tiifin dai dudc trinh bay bang ngdn ngfl rifing (ngdn ngQ loan hpe, ki hieu) Vao nhflng nam 20 eua the ki XX, logic binh thflc hien dai tai cd bfldc phat trien mdi vdi sfl xuit hien eua rapt loat cae he thdng Logic da tri Dau lien ti logic tara tri, sau dd la logic n tri, cudi Cling la logic vd ban gia tri Gpi la logic da tri vi nd difla nhin tinh da tri cua chan li: gifla hai thai cue (chan - gia; dung - sai) la tap hdp vd sd gii tri chin h' trung gian, c6 drah Van de la dfldi tic ddng cua toan hpc, tinh lUdng tri eiia logic hinh thflc cd dien da trd nfin chit hep, cflng nhac, khdng du ning tie* diln dat cic chin li tUdng ddi (eac gia tri gan dung, hoic gin sai) Chinh vl Ve sU hinh thdnh, phdt trien cda Ltygie hinh thdc vd vai tri} cua no nhdn thite khoa hoc viy, sfl xuit hifin eua logic da tri bay cdn gpi ti logic phi cd difi'n la mdt khuynh hfldng mdi lim phong phu them logic hinh thflc Ddng gdp vao sfl phat irifin eua khuynh hddng hien dai phai kfi' tdi cic nhi logic hpc G Lukasfivich (1878- 1956) vdi "logic tam Ui", H Riykhenbic (1891 1953) vdi "logic tam tri xac suit", L E Braud vdi "logic trUc giae", A.A Marcdp vdi "logic kiln thiet" Nhfl viy, cd thfi' thiy rang khuynh hUdng hinh thflc hda va toin hoc bda cic each thflc tip luan cua tu di md mdt thdi kl phil trie'n rit phong phu cua logic hinh thflc va dUdc flng dung rat rpng rii sfl phat trifi'n cila edng nghe hifin dai 2.2 Vai tro cua logic hinh thu'c nhan thurc khoa hoc va thuc tiSn Trai qua hdn hai nghin nam, lfl thdi Arixtdt din logic tiinh thflc da la cdng cu die Iflc gdp phin hinh thinh va phit trien nhieu nganh khoa hpc khac Nd cung la cdng cu nban thflc, tfl hdp h moi mat cua ddi sdng ngUdi Ngay d giai doan mi ngUdi dang cd thara vpng dung miy mdc-dfi' tflng bfldc tu ddng hda cac boat ddng tri tufi cua chinh rainh, logic khdng chi la cdng cu de nghien cflu ma ban than nd cung trd ddi tUdng ngbifin cflu Tfl dd, nhilu van de radi sinh ma viec nghien cflu chung chic chan se dUa din nhflng hieu bilt phong phu hdn ve hoat dpng tu vi nban thflc cua ngfldi Logic hinh thflc la cdng cu cua id trflu tUdng do, cung ti cdng cu quan trpng eua rapi ntiin thflc khoa hoc He thdng eae quy luit cua logic hinh thflc dupc sfl dung sudt hdn hai nghin nira den vin gifl nguyfin hifiu tflc va khang dinh gii tri td than cua nd Nbd vific tach khdi npi dung cu thfi" cua tu duy, logic hinh ihfle ip dung rdng rai cie phddng phap hinh thflc vao nghien cflu tU xiy dflng eac Ii thuylt suy Iuan, chflng minh logic Tuy logic hinb thflc cd gidi ban sfl dung cua minh va khdng phai nd thich dung rapi trfldng hdp song nd thflc sfl ti mot cdng eu die tflc cua tu dfi' phit trie'n khoa hoc Nlu thip gia tri cua logic hinh thflc, vi phara cac quy luit va quy tie cua nd, ta se tfl minh dinh mit di mdt nhflng chia khda dfi' di tdi chan li Viec hieu bilt va ip dung logic hinh thflc ed mdt y nghia vd eung quan trpng Idioa bpc va ddi sdng xa hdi Hinb thflc bieu tiifin bfin ngoai cua tfl ti ngdn ngfl Trong logic hinh thflc cd difi'n tbi dd la ngdn ngfl tu ntiien Neu ta dung ngdn ngfl lU nhifin ma thieu tiieu bill ve logic hinh thflc thi se dfi sa vao lap tuan va nhan thflc sai lim, Trong tinh vdc khoa hpc tu nhien, ngdn ngfl toin hpc va logic loan da hoin toin ngd tri, song chung cung cd nhflng ban che rifing, khdng cd Icha ning bao quat hit rapi trah vfle khoa hpc va ddi song xa hpi Ngdn ngfl id nhifin cua logic truyen thong phin inh true tilp thl gidi khaeh quan nfin cd kha nang tac ddng trflc tilp dfin thl gidi quan, tfl dd tie dpng din nhin sinb quan vi Idi song cfla eon ngUdi Bdi the logic hinh thflc cd die'n vdi ngdn ngfl tu ntiifin clulm rapt vi tri rit quan trpng nhin thflc khoa hoc va thuc tien ddi sdng ma cic ngdn ngfl die tbu tchac khd mi thay the dflpc Mit Ichic de pbd bien cic kfit qua khoa hpe mdi tfl rapt linh vfle sang mpt linh vfle khic hay vio ddi sdng xa hdi, cae nha khoa hpc phai tam ntiiem vu chuyen ddi cie kit qua tfl ngdn ngfl chuyfin radn sang ngdn ngfl tfl nhifin Dieu ichdng ctii ddi hdi hp phai tiieu bill siu sac chuyen radn cua minh ma cdn phai nam vflng cac kien thflc cua logic hinh thflc va van dung chung mdt each nhuin nhuyfin Ren luyen vi phat trien tu logic li dilu kien can thilt cho lit ca mpi ngddi Cudc sdng sinh hoat hang cua radi ngUdi deu nim pham vi chi phdi cua logic hinh tbflc Ap dung nd cudc song giao tifip thudng ngiy cd the' giup ta soi sang tfl cua minh, phit hifin nhflng thilu sdt vi ban che cua loi tU tfl phat; tao thdi quen suy nghi, lap luin chit che, cd hfi thdng, khdng mau thuin, rd rang, mach lac vi ed cd sd, gdp phan nang cao trinh dp tU logic Nguyin Thi ThUdng dfi' cd thl dat tdi nhflng tri thflc chinh xac khach quan va khoa hpc Logic binh thflc truyen thdng trang bi cdng cu nhin thflc, dap flng nhflng nhu ciu thilt thflc cila cudc sdng ngUdi Die trUng cd ban cua tu logic la tinh chat che va tinh chinh xac Ttnh chinh xie phan inh dung dan nhflng die diem bin chit cua cac ddi tupng vio cae diu hifiu cd ban cua khii nifim, la sfl xac dinh dUdc gia tri cua tu lddng d phin doan, suy luin, bac bd chflng minh Tinh ctu'nh xic cua tfl logic ddi hdi phai cd sU lip tuin rd ring, rang mach, Icbuc chiit de bieu dung ndi dung ma tU phan inh Trong hoat ddng nhin thflc va eai tao thl gidi chi cd tU logic, tu dat tdi trinh dp khai niera mdi cd thl dem lai hifiu qua Tuy theo mdi nghe nghiep cu the ma logic hpc lai cd gia tri die bifit Trong thdi ki hdi nhip va xiy dung nhi nUde phip quyen hien ta eang thiy rd sU cin thilt cua logic hoc ddi vdi cic nhi boat ddng linh vUc lap phap va hanh phap Trong linh vUe niy, trinh dp lU bang khai nifim ddi vdi cac vin dfi lifin quan din phap luit thl tiifin trUdc hit yeu ciu phai nhin thflc dung ban chil cua vin de ein khii quit, dUa nhflng khai nifim chuin xie vi dung dan cho vific dieu chinb cic quan he xa hdi dang dat va ddi hdi dfldc dilu chinh bing eic quy dinb phip luit Thdng thudng, cac dieu luat, neu mdt khii niera, ngddi ta thudng trinb bay nd dudi dang rapt dinh nghia Ve rail logic, rapt dinh nghia chi dUdc coi li khoa hpe Ichi nd "tuin thu cic quy tac cd ban sau: dinh ngbia phai can ddi; dinh nghia phai tudng rainh; dinh nghia khdng dUdc vdng quanh; dinh nghia kbdng dUdc dung mfinh dl phu dinh" [7;54-57] Sai lam vl mat logic thfldng gap nhit dinh nghia cac khii niem ctia linb vfle phip luat chinb la viec dda cac dau hieu khdng tfldng minh, thieu xac dinh, dan den viec thflc hien vi ap diing luit phap thieu chuan xac cd thl din tdi nbilu he luy xa hdi Chang ban, khoan 1, Dilu 15, bd luat hinh sU cua nfldc ta vfi phdng vfi chinh ding quy dinh nhu sau:"Phdng vfi chinh dang la hanh vi cua ngUdi vl bao vfi ldi ich cua nha nfldc, eua td chflc, bao ve quyIn, tdi ich chinh ding cila minh hoac cua ngudi khac ma chdng tra mdt cich can thiel ngfldi dang cd hanh vi xam pham cac ldi ich ndi trfin Phdng vfi chinh dang khdng la tdi phara" [1;22] Trong dilu luat tren, cura tfl "chong tra rapt cich ein thill" la rapt cum tfl khdng tudng minh Trong thue ll thit khd xac dinh mdt each chinh xac, hanh vi ehdng tri dfin diu va nhfl thfi nao tin dfldc eoi li "ein thilt" vi nao ttii "qua raflc cin thilt" Khoan cua dilu luat quy dinh: "vfldt qui gidi ban phdng ve chinh dang la hanh vi chdng ira ro ring qua mflc ein thill ngUdi ed hanh vi vfldt qua gidi ban phdng ve cbinh dang pbai chiu ti-ach nhiem hinh sU" [l;22] Quy dinh khien cho vific xic dinb cd tdi hay Ithdng cd lpi linh hudng trfin trd nfin rad hd, de sai lira ap dung de xel xfl Cd the' thiy rang cac van ban phap tuat deu rit can ddpc dam bao tinh chit che, chinh xac, logic ve mat hinh thflc cho tfl dd ngfldi ta cd the hifiu dung va diu du npi dung tfl tfldng ma dilu luii dd the' hifin Logic hinh Ihflc truyen thdng giup cae nha lip phap soan thao cac vin ban phip luit vfla cd tinh khii quit cao vfla dam bio tinh dung dan, chinb xac rd ring cu the, dl hieu Mat Ithae, nd edn trang bi each thflc, phfldng phap cho edng tic dieu tra, xet hdi nhara ehdng tai cic loai tdi pham mdt cich hieu qua Trong hoat ddng cdng td, xet xfl, nlu dUdc trang bi tri thflc logic hpc, cae nha tu phip se ed tu duy logic chit che de diu tranh, luan tdi dung dan, cd cd sd chdng lai nhflng ke pham phip mdt each hifiu qui Trong linh vUc giao due viec nghifin cflu logic binh thflc se hd trd dac luc cho boat dpng hpc tap va nghien cflu Idhoa hpc, hinb thinh dudng lira kiem nhflng tri thflc Ichoa hpc radi, lao each thflc sfl dung cac khai nifim, thuit ngfl giup dien dat ndi dung tu tudng rd ring; xiy dflng phUdng phip trinh bay van dl khuc chiet, raach lac; tang hieu qua thuyet phuc cua thdng tin truyen Ve sil hinh thanh, phdt tridn eua Logic htnh thdc vd vai tro cua no nhdn thdc khoa hoc dat Ddi vdi giio vifin, logic boc giup hp cd ed sd li Iuan va phddng phip hflu hieu dfi' phin lich chUdng trinh eua mdn hpc ma minh giang day; tira radi lifin he va quan he logic gifla cic khii niem, pham tru, quy luat cua mdn hpc iy Tfl dd, ngUdi day ed the sfl dung eac thu thuit, phfldng phap su pham phu hdp nham hudng dan ngfldi hpc linh bdi tri tbflc tdi flu, nang eao tfl logic binh ki ning tu vi phUdng phip Iuan chflng khoa hoe cho ngfldi hoc dip flng kip thdi ddi hdi bflc thiet eua sfl nghiep giao due, dao tao ngfldi mdi cua dit nude hifin Ket luan Nhfl viy, cdtiifi'khang dinh rang, logic hpc hinh thflc cd vai trd rit quan trpng ddi song ciia ngfldi Viec trang bi nhflng tri thflc vl logic hinh tbflc cung vdi viec ren tuyfin, trau ddi ky ning sfl dung nd cho moi ngfldi la mdt ddi boi bflc thiet, dang dfldc quan lam tufin Logic hinh thflc thuc sit la mpt edng eu dac lUc cbo hoat ddng nhan thflc vi hoat ddng thuc tifin cua ngUdi, khiln cbo nhflng mudn thinh eong cudc sdng va su ngbifip euaralnhkhdng the' khdng nghien cflu vi tim hieu nd TAX LIEU THAM KHAO [I] 2006 Bd lugt hinh sU cua nUdc Cdng hda xd hdi chu nghia Vier/Vfl/H Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia Ha Ndl [2] Hoang Chung, 1996 Logic hgc phd Ihdng Nxb Giio due [3] Nguyfin Dflc Din 2001 Logic vd tiing Viet Nxb TP Ho Chi Minh [4] Phan Dinh Dieu 2006 Logic hinh thdc vd nhgn thdc khoa hgc Tap chi Triet hpc, so 5/2006 [5] D.RGoorki, 1974 Logic hgc Nxb Giao due, [6] Td Duy Hdp, Nguyen Anb Tuin, 2001 Gido irinh logic hgc Nxb TP Ho Chi Minh, [7] Nguyen Nhfl Hai, 2007 Gido trinh logic hgc dai cUdng Nxb Giao due [8] E.A Khdmencd 1976 Logic hgc Nxb Quan ddi nhin din [9] Ki yiu bdi thao tdioa hpc, 2012 Nghien cdu vd gidng day logic hgc d Viet Nam hiin Nxb Dai hoc Sfl pham Hi Ndi [10] 1983 Nhdng nghiin cdu vi logic hgc phi cddien vd cdc hi hinh thdc Nxb Tien bd Mitxcdva (tiing Nga) [II] Bui Thanh Quit, Nguyfin Tuin Chi 1994 Gido irinh logic hinh thdc Trddng Dai hpc Tong hdp Ha Npi [12] Le Thanh Thap, 2000 Logic hinh thdc Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia [13] Nguyfin Thuy Vin, Nguyen Anh Thin, 2009 Gido trinh logic hgc dai cUdng Nxb Dai hoc Qude gia Ha Ndi ABSTRACT The formation and development of formal logic as well as its role in cognitive science and practical life Logic is the science of studying the forms and laws of thinking Mastering the logic of Itnowledge and applying thera to the cognitive activities and practices is essential Article focuses on the formation and development of formal logic, as an explicit object, content and its research method Since then, highlight the magnitude and significance of formal logic as an effective tool of all cognitive science At the same time, the post will analyze and clarify the application of logic value in the form of social life, especially in the field of law and education Keywords: Logic, formal logic, traditional format logic, thinking 91 ... thflc hda tien de Trong lich sfl cua khoa hoc Logic, logic hpc tfl thdi Lepra't trd vl irUdc dUdc goi la logic hinh thflc truygn thdng, cdn logic thdi kl ve sau dUdc gpi la logic hinh thflc hifin... de' phat rainh cac li thuylt khoa hpc Logic hinh thflc cua Bficdn dfldc xem la logic quy nap Theo hUdng niy, logic dUdc xera nhu logic flng dung va khae vdi li luan logic hpc thuin Nhiera vu cua... dung nghien cflu cua logic hpc Tic pham Organon cfla Arixtdt la radt cdng trinh nen tang vl logic hpc Vay logic hpc la gl? Trong thdi c6 dai, logic hoc dddc dinh nghia la khoa hpc vl tfl O thdi
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