Nghe cong tac xa hoi if Viet Nam Doan Kim Thing* Ngnyen Trung Hai" Tom tit; Nghe cong tie xa hji (CTXH) ddng vai ttd quan ttpng ttong vijc dara bao an sinh xa hji (ASXH), gdp phin tich cue vao suflndinh va phat tiiin cua xS hji, cai thijn cac dieu kijn xa hji cua cpng dong, tang cudng nguon luc ciia cac ca nhan vi cai thijn cac mii quan he giUa ca nhan va moi Budng xa hpi hi ttp, giiip dd cae nhom doi tirpng yeu thi, tgo diiu kien di hp co flii hda nhap vao cpng dong xi hji ttong phat tiien bin vimg (3 Viet Nam, nghi CTXH dang phat ttiin mgnh mS va dirpc nha nudc quan tam Tir khoa: Cong tic xa hji; nghi; Vijt Nam Gidi thiju Trong xa hpi lufln cd nhiing bd phgn dan cu cd mtic sflng thap hon mtic sdng tnmg bmh cua cpng ddng cin den sir trp giiip ciia xa hpi dj tri sv tin tai va nim bit co hpi vuon Ijn dgt tdi nhirng muc sing cao hon Thflng cam vdi nhiing ccn ngudi cd hoan canh kho khan do, nhiju ca nhan cd tam long hao tam da tay ttp giiip Day chinh li ngufln gjc huih fliinh nghe ccng tic xa hpi Tir nhihig hogt dpng ttp giiip mang tinh bpt phit ban diu, nhihig ca nhan cd tam Idng hio tam tap hpp fliinh tiing tfl chiic hpgt dpiig vi m\ic dich ttp giiip nhihig ngudi yeu flij ttong xi hpi Trai qua nhiJu nam, hogt dpng ciia cac tfl chirc din dan ttd njn chuyjn nghijp va dupc xa hpi fliira nhgn tir dd hinh nen nghj CTXH Djnh nghia ve nghe CTXH Lien Hpp Quoc dua dinh nghia vao nam 1955 vj CTXH: "Li hogt dflng giiip ngudi thich nghi vdi ciu tnic va giOp cau ttiic fliich nghi vdi ngudi" M^c dil chiia dung nhiju yju tfl mo ho vj CTXH, rfiung dinh nghta cho fliay, ttong giai dogn dau ctia s\r phat ttiin, CTXH phai tiin d&l timg budc di khing dinh vi thj, vai ttd v i y nghia tin tgi ciia nj vdi xa hpi Mpt sfl nha nghiJn ciiu dua nhiju djnh nghia mang gia tii khoa hpc nhu." "Cdng tic xa hpi la nhiing hogt djng tircmg tie, giao iife hay phyc vy nhim tri hoic phat ttiin ning lyc xi hpi ciia ci nhan ho5c nhdra xa hpi c6 nhihig phuong thlic sinh tdn khong cdn phil hpp vdi cic chuan myc ciia dja phuong" [4] So sanh vtii djnh nghia ciia Lijn Hpp Quflc, dinh nghia mjc dil van chua thit sy hoan thijn, nhtmg ciing da cho fliay CTXH li hogt dpng hucing tdi tii ho$c phat tri jn nSng lyc xa hpi ciia cac ci nhan hoic nhdm xa hji cd phucmg thiic sinh ton khdng cdn phii hpp vdi cac chuan myc cia dia phuong de giiip hp cai biin hoan cinh song cua minh cho phil hpp vtii quy lugt van dpng v i phat tiiin cua xS hpi " Tlisc it Viin xa hji hoc Vi|n HSn Em Khoa hpc xS hji Vilt Nam DT: 09133086609 Email: taig*289@gmailj»i Tnr&ng Dgi hoc Lao djng - Xa hji Boan Kim Thang, Nguyin Tning Hii Nhung dinh nghia tt^n cOng cho ring dj cing thoai raai, de chiu Van dung cac fliyc hijn dupc vijc tti va phat triin ly thuyjt vj hanh vi nguiri va hj thing nang luc cua ca nhan flii cin phai fliflng qua xa hpi, Cdng tic xa hpi tucmg tac vap cic hpgt dpng tuong tic, giao due hay phuc nhiing diem giiia ngudi voi mfli ttudng vu ma ban flian nhimg thuat ngO niy cdn cua hp Nhan quyjn va Cflng bing xa hdi la mang nhiiu y nghia khic nhau, ching hgn cac nguyjn tic can bin ciia nghj" [5] Thep mang nghIa tiiong tac xa hpi ttong xa hdi dd: CTXH la nghe thiic diy sy thay ddi xa hpc, mang nghia giao due ttong giao due hpi flieo chiJu hudng tich cyc; Cac nhan hpc, hay mang nghIa phuc vu ttong kmh t! vien CTXH cd nhiju ly thuyjt din ducmg hpc hay thuong mgi dflng flidi cting chua dj nhan dijn nhimg vin dj khd khin ma ca cho thiy hogt dpng CTXH la hogt ddng nhan, hd gia dmh hay cpng ddng dang gap mang tinh chuyen nghiep phii cung nhu nhgn dien nhu ciu cin hd ttp Nam 1970, Hijp hpi Nhan vien cflng tie ciia cac ddi tupng nay; Hogt ddng nghj ciia xa hpi My (NASW) dua dinh nghia: cac nhan vijn CTXH la hoat dpng flieo cac "Cong tac xa hpi la mpt chuyjn nganh di nguyjn tac, quy chuin dgo dirc nhit djnh, gitip ca nhan, nhdm hoac cpng dong ttong dd nguyjn tie cin ban nhat la coi ting cudng hay khdi phyc vijc thyc hien ttpng nhan quyen va cdng bang xa hpi cac chiic ning xa hpi cua hp va tgo nhiing Dac diem ctia nghe CTXH dieu kijn fliich hpp nhim dgt dupc cac muc Ljch Sli phit tiiin nghj CTXH ttjn flij tieu dd" [5] Theo dinh nghia cho fliiy gidi va lich sir phat ttiin dien flieo 04 din nam 1970, CTXH khdng cdn bj coi la giai doan: giai doan hoat dpng tu phat; giai mpt hogt dpng mo ho nhu cich hiju ciia dogn hogt dflng rao hd vi cdn chira dyng nhiing giai doan ti^dc, mi Hijp hpi quflc yju td khflng chuyjn; giai dogn hoat dpng gia nhan vien x i hdi My da khing djnh ehuyen nghijp; giai dogn hogt dpng chuyjn CTXH la mpt chuyjn nginh hudng tdi ho nghiep cd ly fliuyit dan dudng, cd quy ttp ca nhan, nhdm hp§c epng dflng yiu flii ehuan dao diic nghj tic nghiep giiip hp khdi phyc cic chiic ning xa hpi va tgo diju kijn fliich hpp dj giiip hp dgt dupc Nghj CTXH bat ngufln tir hogt dpng ttp myc tieu CTXH la mpt hogt dpng chuyen giiip xa hfli, nghia li thoit fliai tir ASXH ma nghijp khdng chi ho ttp nguoi flioat khflng phai la tir xa hpi hpc va tam ly hpc khoi nhihig khd khin nhit flidi raa cdn tgo nhu nhiju ngucri suy nghi Cd hji cho hp thdng qua cac hogt dpng ting Hogt dflng CTXH da xuit hijn tir Igu eudng nang lyc dj fluch nghi va phat ttiin ttong lich su xa hpi loai ngudi va tfln tgi hen vihig dudi hirfli thiic ho ttp, tucmg ho giira ca Nam 2000, Hijp hpi Nhin vijn cdng tac nhan vdi ca nhin, ci nhan vdi cdng dflng, xa hpi Quoc te tgi Montteal, Canada cpng dflng vtii ca nhan, cpng ddng vdi cdng (IFSW) dua djnh nghia: "Nghe Cong tac dflng va nha nudc vdi ca nhan hoic vdi xa hpi flnic diy sy fliay dfli xa hpi, giii cpng dong, mac dii dd cac hogt ddng quyet van de ttong mdi quan hj cua CTXH chua mang tinh chuyjn nghijp nhu ngudi, tang nang lyc va giai phdng chd hijn Vj diem niy, Biii Thj Xuin Mai ngudi dan nham giiip cho eupc sflng ciia hp Viet: "la mpt nghe cdn non tre so vdi nhiiu Tap chi Khoa hpc xa hji Vijt Nam, so 7( 104) - 2016 nginh nghe khac ttong xa hpi, song CTXH Sau nay, hogt dpng " t i fliijn, ban on" dj lai cd ljch sii phit trijn kha lau ddi ttdng chuyen din sang flianh cac hoat dpng trich qua tiinh phit trijn tir dgng hogt ddng ttp nhijra ciia ca nhan, cpng dong va nha nutic gJiip don thuan sang hoat dpng chuyjn ttong vijc ho ttp cac dii tupng yeufliecua nghijp" [2, tt.70]; "ttong thdi ky tijn phong xa hpi nhu: vp bmh llnh chit tign, kien, boat dpng ttp giitp xa hpi chu yeu la ngudi gia, tte em mfl coi Nhung budc trich nhijm cua gia dinh, ddng hp va bd chuyjn tir hogt ddng "tii fliijn, ban on" tpc, bp lgc huting tdi ho nhiing doi tupng gip khd khin ttong thcri ky phong kiin, sang boat ddng ttich nhijm dd chua hogt dpng ttp giiip xa hdi ciia Nhi nudc li lap ttrc tgo dupc mdt dpi ngu CTXH md kho Cliu ddi, lap quy qua phy dien, eo chuyen nghiep ma cdn cin cd budc chuyen tii hoat dpng ttach nhiem sang heat djng nhi dien "[I, tt.38] chuyjn nghijp va budc chuyjn niy mdi chi Do ngudi lam nghj CTXH cin cd kijn diin tgi Vijt Nam ttong giai doan gan fliirc ciia nhieu nganh khoa hpc khic nhau, day nhd sy kj fliiia tti flnic nghe CTXH ciia (chang hgn kijn flnic ciia din tpc hpc, xa cic qudc gia ttjn the gicM hpi hpc va tam ly hpc) de xay dung quy Hijn nghj CTXH d Vijt Nam dang chuan dgo diic tie nghijp, cgch fliirc ho ttp flian chil dudi gdc dp tam ly vi x i hpi (day phat triin mgnh mS Dj an phat ttiin nghe li diJm khiin nhiju ngudi cho ring CTXH CTXH dcri khiin nhu eiu dac tgo nhan ddi nhd su "ket hpp" gida xa hfli hpc va vien CTXH tang cao vupt qua kha ning dio tao cung c i p ngin han ciia cac tiudng tam ly hpc dai hpc Ching han, Quyet djnh Nghe cong tac xa hpi d Vict Nam 32/2010/QD-TTg 25 thing nim Nghj CTXH ljch sir Vijt Nam 2010 cua Thti tuting Chinh phii quy djnh phit ttiin tii don fliuin, ty phat chuyin dan giai doan 2010-2015 viet: "phil ttien dji sang chuyjn nghijp, ty giac vdi sy tham gia ngii can bp, vijn chuc, nhin vijn, epng tic ngiy cing tich cyc eua nhiJu chii thj ttong vien cflng tac xa hpi ttong ci nudc, phin diu den nam 2015 ting khoang 10% Trong xa hpi do, moi xa, phudng, thj ttin cd it nhit tit 01 Trong ljch sir Vijt Nam, hogt dpng den 02 can bp, vijn chtic, nhan vien cong CTXH da timg cd thdi ky dupc coi la hogt tac xa hpi thupe chiic danh khong chuyjn dpng tir thijn, thgm chi la hogt dpng ban on trach hoic cflng tac vijn cdng tic xi hgi"; Chang hgn, de h5 trp nan dan cua thijn till giai dogn 2016 - 2020 can "Hep tyc dio tgo, lien mien khiJn dj diiu bi vp, ruflng vudn dao tao lai, boi dudng nang cao tiinh dj hu hong vua Lj Thinh Tdng da ban chuyjn mdn, nghijp vy va tgp huan ky ning chiJu vio nam At Sihi 1445: "Mudn chdm cho 50% sd can bp, viJn chiic, nhan vien vi dlii su trimg phgi cug trdi ego phdi rgng cpng tic vien cflng tac xa hpi dang lam vijc ban diiu ddn hue cho "ke dual" Vi thi ngy tgi cic xa, phudng, flij ttin; cac Cd sd cung ban cdc dih vi thg Ihui gidm Id rgng rai cap djch vy cdng tic xa hpi vi co quan Lao Iheo cdc thd bdc khdc nhgu" [2, tr.85] ddng - Thuang binh va Xi hpi cic cip" ... tam ly hpc dai hpc Ching han, Quyet djnh Nghe cong tac xa hpi d Vict Nam 32/2010/QD-TTg 25 thing nim Nghj CTXH ljch sir Vijt Nam 2010 cua Thti tuting Chinh phii quy djnh phit ttiin tii don fliuin,... cflng tac xa hpi ttong ci nudc, phin diu den nam 2015 ting khoang 10% Trong xa hpi do, moi xa, phudng, thj ttin cd it nhit tit 01 Trong ljch sir Vijt Nam, hogt dpng den 02 can bp, vijn chtic, nhan... ttong lich su xa hpi loai ngudi va tfln tgi hen vihig dudi hirfli thiic ho ttp, tucmg ho giira ca Nam 2000, Hijp hpi Nhin vijn cdng tac nhan vdi ca nhin, ci nhan vdi cdng dflng, xa hpi Quoc te tgi