Một số đề xuất phát triển thị trường lao động việt nam khi việt nam đã gia nhập cộng đồng kinh tế ASEAN (AEC

KINH TEVA HOI NHAP MOT s DE XUAT P H A T TRIEN THI TRUONG LAO DONG VIET NAM KHI UIET NAIYI GIA NHAP CONG D O N G KINH TE ASEAN (AEG) Hodng Thi Doan Trang' Tom tat Ste gia nhap cgng dong kinh te ASEAN (AEC) vdo cudi ndm 2015 viea tgo co hoi cho thi trudng Iao dpng Viet Nam, dac bi^t vai nhimg nguai cd tay nghe, chuyen mdn cao; thiic day ndng cao ky nang, nang sudt Iao dpng dong thdi cUng dat nhiiu thach thiec khdng nhd nhdm ddp img yeu cdu hpi nhdp Bdi viet phdn tich thiec trang thi tneang Iao dpng Viet Nam, nghien cieu ca hpi, thach thiec doi vai thi truang Iao dpng, tren ca sa di xudt mpt sd gidiphdp nhdm khde phuc thach thwc, tan dung ca hpi de hpi nhap hieu qud vdo nen kinh ti khu •vuc Tu khoa: AEC, ASEAN, Iao dpng, thi tru&ng Iao dpng Ma so: 183.280915 Ngay nhfin bii: 28/09/2015 Ngiy hoin bien t?p: 04/12/2015 Ngiy duyf tflSng:10/12/2015 Abstract Vietnam's accession to ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) by the end of 2015 will not only create opportunities for our labour market, particularly for those with high skills and expertise; enhance skills, productivity but also open large challenges to meet integration requirements This article analyzes the situation of Vietnamese labour market, studies its opportunities and challenges, and on that basis proposes some solutions to overcome challenges and take advantage of chances to efficiently integrate into the regional economy Key words: AEC, ASEAN, labour, labour market Paper No 183.280915 Date of receipt: 28/09/2015 Date of revision: 04/12/2015 Date of approval: 10/12/2015 Dat van de Cpng dbng Kinh tS ASEAN (AEC) duac lap vao cu6i nam 2015 g6m 10 qu6c gia vai dan so khoang 620 trieu nguoi, luc luang Iao dong chiSm g k 50% va GDP hang nam khoang 2.000 ti USD, dugc coi la buae ti6n mai qua trinh hoi nhap toan dien va ho tra lan cua cac quoc gia DSng Nam A (Vu Van Himg, 2015) AEC dat muc tieu tao thi truang chimg nhlt va co so san xult thuang mai va dlu tu thSng nhlt voi dong luu chuygn tu cua hang hoa, dich vu, dlu tvr, v6n, Iao dpng co tay nghe Bon muc tieu cua AEC bao gom: (1) thi trucmg va co sa san xult thbng nhat; (2) mot khu vuc kinh te canh tranh; (3) mpt khu vuc phat triSn d6ng d k ; va (4) hpi nhap voi n6n kinh te toan ciu Su hinh AEC c h k chin se tac dong khong nho d6n thi truang Iao dpng Viet Nam vcri khoang hom 50 trieu nguoi Iao dpng, chi6m 1/6 t6ng luc lupng Iao dpng cua khu vuc ASEAN, vai ca co hpi lln thach thuc qua trinh tu hoa thucmg mai, dlu tu va tu dich chuyen Iao dpng (Vii Van Himg, 2015) Truoc mit, nam 2015 co nganh ngh6 Iao dpng cac nuoe ASEAN dupc tu di chuyen thong ' TliS, Trudng Dai ligc Ngoai thuang; Email:dtrang 1498 l@yalioo.com KINHTEVAHdINHAP qua cac thoa thuan cong nhan tay nghe tucmg duong, g6m ke toan, kien tnic su, nha sT, bac sT, ky su, y ta, van chuyen va nhan vien nganh du lich Ngoai ra, nhan luc chat lugng cao (cac chuyen gia, thg lanh nghe), co nhan lye dugc dao tao chuyen mon hoac co trinh dp tir dai hpc tro len, thong thao ngoai ngir, dac biet la tieng Anh, dugc di chuyen tu hon Thuc te doi hoi Viet Nam phai co nhiing giai phap kha thi ca ve ca che chinh sach, hanh lang phap ly de nang cao chat lugng nguon nhan luc Bai viet phan tich khai quat thuc trang thi truang Iao dpng Viet Nam, nghien cuu co hpi va thach thuc doi voi thi truang Iao dpng Viet Nam Viet Nam gia nhap AEC, tren co sa kien nghi mpt so giai phap nhim giup thi truomg Iao dpng Viet Nam hpi nhap hieu qua vao nen kinh tl khu vuc Nhung bat cap cua thi trtrong Iao dong Vict Nam trudc thoi diim Viet Nam gia nhap AEC Thi truong Iao dpng Viet Nam hien dang t6n tai "han chl kep" luon o th6 thu dpng va phat trien o mpt trang thai tuomg d6i lac hau Thie nhdt, trinh dp tay nghi cua nguai Iao dpng Viet Nam thdp Tren thyc tk, chit lugng nguon nhan lye cua Viet Nam thip va CO khoang each kha lan so vai cac nuac khu vyc Ngan hang Thl gioi danh gia Viet Nam dang thilu nhilu lao dpng c6 trinh dp tay nghe, cong nhan ky thuat bac cao Nlu lay thang dilm la 10 thi chit lugng nhan luc cua Viet Nam chi dat 3,79 dilm, xlp thii 11/12 nuac chau A tham gia xlp hang ciia Ngan hang Thl giai (trong Han QuIc dat 6,91 diem; An Dp dat 5,76 dilm; Malaysia dat 5,59 diem) Do vay nen nang suit lao dpng cua Viet Nam thupc nhom thip chau A Thai Binh Tapclii KINHTE DOI NGOAI Ducmg (thip hem Singapore gin 15 lln, th^ hom Nhat Ban 11 lln va thap han Han QuIc lan) Nang suit lao dpng cua Viet Nam bin 1/5 Malaysia va 2/5 Thai Lan Trong giai doa 2002 - 2007, nang suat lao dpng tang trun binh 5,2% moi nam Tuy nhien, kl tir cug khiing hoang kinh t l toan clu nam 2008, t6 dp tang nang suat trung binh hing nam cu Viet Nam cham lai, chi 3,3% Mot s nguyen nhan chu yeu anh huang toi nang sd lao dpng ciia Viet Nam la ty trpng lao don; khu vyc nong, lam nghiep, thuy san vl a miic cao, chat lugng nguon lao dpng thip Lao dpng lam viec khu vuc nong nghie] chilm 46,6% nhung chi tao 18,12% GDI (Bp Lao dpng - Thuomg binh va xa hpi, 2015) Ngoai viec thieu nhieu lao dpng lanh nghe nguon nhan lye da qua dao tao o nuac ta chm dap ling dugc nhu cau cua thi trucmg lao donj va doanh nghiep ve tay nghe va cac ky nanj mem khac Trinh dp ngoai ngir cua nguai lac dpng Viet Nam chua cao nen gap nhieu khc khan qua trinh hpi nhap Chinh nhunj han che, yeu kem cua nguon nhan lye la mo nhiing nhan to chii yeu anh huong der nang lye canh tranh cua nen kinh te (nam 2011 Viet Nam xep thir 65/141 nuoe dupc xep hang ve nang lye canh tranh) (World Economic Forum, 2014) Ben canh do, tinh trang thl lye cua lao donj Viet Nam ciing chi a miic trung binh kem (ca ve chieu cao, can nang ciing nhu site ben, sy deo dai) so voi lao dpng cua cac quoc gia khu vuc nhu Singapore, Thai Lan, chua dap img dugc cuong dp lam viec va nhiing yeu cau sii dung may moc thiet bi theo tieu chuan quoc te Ngoai ra, ky luat lao donf kem so vai nhieu quoc gia khu vuc ASEAN Trong lao dpng tai Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thai Lan dugc dao tao bai ban, co y thiic luon luon hpc hoi, cap nhi r-^AlX) KINH TEVA HOI NHAP ky nang moi thi mpt bp phan lan nguai lao dpng a Viet Nam hien chua dugc tap huln ve ky luat lao dpng cong nghiep, tien vl gia giac va hanh vi Nguoi lao dpng chua dugc trang bi cac kien thiic va ky nang lam viec theo nhom, giao tiep, kha nang ngoai ngir, thieu kha nang hgp tac va ganh chiu rui ro, ngai phat huy sang kien va chia se kinh nghiem lam viec Lao dpng Viet Nam dugc biet den voi cac due tinh nhu can cii, cham chi, ham hpc hoi, chiu kho Tuy nhien, sy can cii, cham chi chua du de giiip nguoi lao dpng diing vung boi canh thi trucmg lao dpng mo cira, ma nhat thiet nguoi lao dpng phai co trinh dp chuyen mon, ky nang nghe nghiep, dao diic, von ngoai ngir, tin hpc Bang cap cao chua han la yeu to then chot chuyen de hay kho xin viec, ma nhan lye phu hgp voi yeu cau tuyen dung, dam bao kien thirc chuyen mon va ky nang can thiet mai la nhan to chinh dua nguai lao dpng den vai cong va xac dinh dugc ch§ diing ben viing tren thi truang lao dpng hpi nhap TTij? hai, ca cdu ddo tgo ngudn lao dpng bdt hap ly, ty le thdt nghiep ldn Do xuat phat diem thap, co cau nen kinh te cua nude ta chu yeu van dya vao nong nghiep, vay, ty le lao dpng tham gia vao thi truang lao dpng chinh thiic thip, dat khoang 30% Chit lugng va CO clu nguon lao dpng van nhieu bat cap so voi yeu cau phat trien va hpi nhap Khoang 45% lye lupmg Iao dpng linh vye nong nghiep hau nhu chua qua dao tao Chat Iugng nguSn nhan lye thip la mpt nhirng van dl can tra sy phat triln Theo s6 lieu cua Tong cue Thing ke (nam 2012), Iao dpng thong khong CO chuyen mon ky thuat chiem 83,28% ting s6 Iao dpng; Iao dpng da qua dao tao nghi ehi chilm ty le 4,84%; lao dpng eo trinh dp trung clp chuyen nghiep la 3,61% va lao S6'79 (01/2016) dpng CO trinh dp tir cao dang, dai hpc tro len chilm 8,26% Theo Bp Lao dpng - Thuang binh va Xa hpi, lao dpng qua dao tao nghe (gom ca day nghi chinh quy va thuang xuyen, phi chinh quy, day nghe duoi thang va day nghe tai doanh nghiep) chiem khoang 34% tong so Iao dpng ca nuac Bang 1: Mot so chi tieu kinh te va thj trirong lao dong ciia Viet Nam Chi tieu 2011 2012 2013 Tang truang GDP 6,2 5,2 5,4 (%) Trao doi hang hoa 164,7 161,2 154,9 (% GDP) Nang suat lao dpng 5.082 5.239 5.440 binh quan, PPP (theo gia co dinh nam 2010, USD) Tong Nam Nir Co viec lam (nghin 52.208 26.830 25.378 nguai) Ty le tham gia lye 77,5 82,1 73,2 Iugng lao dpng (%) Ty le that nghiep 2,2 2,2 2,1 (%) 45,0 48,8 Ty trpng lao dpng 46,8 nong nghiep (%) Ty le viec lam de 62,7 56,7 69,1 ton thuomg (%) 169 Luang tnmg binh 181 189 thang (USD) Chd y: Tdt cd cdc chi tieu vi thi trudng lao dpng bao gom nhom ddn sd tie 15 tudi tra len vd dua tren s6 lieu ndm 2013, chi trie so lieu ve luang trung binh Id dua vdo so lieu ciia ndm 2012 Ngudn: ADB vd ILO: Cpng dong ASEAN 2015: Qudn ly hoa nhap hu&ng tai viec ldm tot han VCI thinh vuang chung (Bangkok, ILO, 2014), Phu luc F Tap chi KINH TE DOI NGOAI Theo Bp Giao due va Dao tao, giai doan 2011-2014, s6 lao dpng co trinh dp cao ding, dai hpc dp tu6i lao dpng thlt nghiep tang cao so vdd s6 co viec lam, rieng nam 2014 s6 sinh vien da t6t nghiep bi that nghiep tang 103% so vai nam 2010 Nguyen nhan la kinh te suy thoai, so lugng doanh nghiep nho va vua pha san nhieu nen so lugng viec lam mai khong nhieu Nhieu co so dao tao chua chu dpng dau tu, to chirc nghien ciiu nhu cau nhan luc cua thi truang lao dpng de dao tao nhiing nganh nghe ma xa hpi can Hien nuac ta thieu nhieu nhan lye trinh dp cao cac nganh, ITnh vyc quan trpng, co y nghia quyet dinh den viec dat dugc toe dp tang truang nhanh cua nen kinh te nhu chuyen gia ITnh vyc nghien ciiu hoach dinh chinh sach, tu van phap luat, chuyen gia cao clp vl quan tri doanh nghiep, tai chi'nh, ngan hang, thuang mai quoc te va lao dgng ky thuat trinh dp cao ITnh vyc cong nghe cao, cong nghe thong tin, dieu khiln va ty dpng hoa, cong nghe sinh hoa, dau khf, nang lupmg Cac truong day nghe chi tap trung chu ylu a thi, cac khu cong nghiep tap trung, cac vung kinh tl trpng dilm nong thon, vung sau viing xa, s6 tnrong hay trung tam day nghi rit it Hifn 163 huyen chua co trung tam day nghi clp huyen, nhiimg huyen da CO trung tam day nghi thi thilt bi day hoc, thuc hanh lac hau, mat bing nha xuong khong dli cho sinh vien hpc tap va thuc hanh nen chSt lugng dao tao khong cao Cff h§i va thach thwc d6i vdi thi trircrag lao dong Viet Nam Vif t Nam gia nhap AEC Khi tham gia Cpng dong Kinh tl ASEAN, Viet Nam vira co nhieu co hpi vua phai dli mat voi khong ft thach thiic 2.1 Cahpi Thic nhdt, cpng ddng kinh te ASEAN too tiim ndng lan de cdc nuac co the chuyen dich ca cdu kinh te tic cdc ngdnh cd ndng sudt lao dpng thdp sang cdc ngdnh cd ndng sudl lao dpng cao Vai su chuyen dich co cau kinh Thie ba, cdc ca sd ddo tgo hogc ca sa cung te cang nhanh duoi tac dpng cua AEC, cdp ngudn nhdn luc hien chua ddng bp, qudn ciing voi mpt luc lugng lao dpng co ky nang ly kem va khdng hieu qud Tinh din thang tay nghe cao hem, Viet Nam co the canh tranh 6/2015, ting s6 truang cao ding, dai hpc tren manh hem tren thi truang toan cau dya vao ca nuac la 477, sl trudng cong lap la 385, lgi the nang suSt lao dpng va dieu kien lam ngoai cong lap la 92 Trong giai doan 2007- viec Theo bao cao ciia ADB va ILO, nang 2013, 59 truang trung clp dugc nang clp Ien suat lao dpng ciia Viet Nam se tang tren hai cao dang, 49 trucmg eao ding dugc nang clp lln giai doan 2010-2015 (xem bilu Ien dai hpe (Vii Van Hung, 2015) Viec nang 2) Nang suat lao dpng tang manh nhat cap hoac lap mai cac trucmg dai hpc, nganh eong nghiep (138,6%o), nhien cac cao dang tang nhanh vl sl lugng nhung chit nganh khac ciing co miic tang nang suat lao lupmg dao tao khong dugc nhu yeu clu dl dpng dang kl, cu thl la nong nghiep (94,5%) Nhieu trucmg dai hpc, cao ding dugc va dich vy (83,8%) Cac xu huong tich eye vS lap CO so vat chit va dpi ngu giao vien nang suat lao dpng se tao tiem nang to chua dam bao dan toi chit lugng tuyin sinh Ion dli voi viec tang thu nhap ben vumg Day dlu vao thip, hoat dpng khong hieu qua, lam la yeu to quan trpng gop phin nang cao chat lupmg cupc sing cua nguai lao dpng, boi lao lang phi ngan sach va cac nguln lye khac Tap chi KINH TE DOI NGOAI S6'79(01/201(i) KINHTEVAHDINHAP W&c tinti thay doi nang suat tao dong & Viet Nam tit hgi nhap AEC, 2010-2025 Bieu If&c tinh thay doi nang suat lao dgng oe Vift Nam tur hpi nhap AEC giai do?n 2015-2025 (%) Ngudn: ADB vd ILO dpng dugc tra luomg chiem 34,8% tong luc lugng lao dpng cda nam 2013, tang tir 16,8% cila nam 1996 Tuy nhien, de tang nang suat lao dpng, CO the mang lai thu nhap tot hem va chat lugng cupc song cao hon cho nguoi lao dpng doi hoi Viet Nam phai co cac the che vl thilt lap tiln luomg, tien cong vilng manh (ILO, 2014A, tr.2) hpi gia tang vi^c lam manh me nhat gom san xuat liia gao, xay dung, van tai, det may va che bien lucmg thuc Ngoai ra, su hpi nhap khu vyc kinh te ASEAN se mang lai nhirng lpi ich quan trpng ve viec lam cho cac nganh xay dung, thucmg mai va van tai, boi dy bao nang suat lao dpng cac nganh cao hon lan so vol nang suat cCia nganh nong Thir hai, hinh thdnh Cpng ddng kinh te nghiep Tuy nhien, viec lam cac nganh ASEAN giiip thj truong lao dpng ASEAN thuang la viec lam phi chinh thiic, hau sdi dpng han, thuc day tgo viec ldm cho tirng nhu khong co su bao trg cua phap luat va an sinh xa hpi Dieu da dat nhu clu cln qudc gia thdnh vien Theo du bao ciia ILO, phai CO nhiing chinh sach thi truang lao dpng tham gia AEC, s6 viec lam cua Viet Nam nham cai thien dieu kien lam viec va nang cao se tang len 10,5% vao nam 2025 Tuy nhien chat lugng viec lam cho nguoi lao dpng (ILO, khoang 2/3 s6 viec lam tang them la viec 2014 A, tr.2) lam dl bi tin thuomg Dieu cho thay chat So dT AEC giiip tao them nhilu viec lam lugng viec lam a miic thap, mac dii sy hpi nhap AEC co the mang lai nhiing lgi ich mod cho nguoi lao dpng vi sau lap, chung cho Viet Nam Cac nganh c6 nhieu ca thue suat sang ASEAN bang nen cac doanh S6'79 (0^2016) Tap chl KINH TE DOI NGOAI KINHTEVAHDINHAP nghiep xult khiu sang ASEAN se dugc huong Igi Cae san phim san xult co ty Ie "npi khoi 60%" dugc xem la san phim viing ASEAN nen dugc hucmg uu dai xuat khau sang cae thi trucmg ma ASEAN da co FTA Nho cac doanh nghiep xult khau se ma rpng thi truang, gia tang kim ngach xult khiu, tir ma rpng co hpi tao them nhieu viec lam eho nguai lao dpng Ngoai ra, nhumg no lye eua ASEAN nhim tao moi trudng dau tu rpng khip va uu dai hom se thiie day cac dong dlu tu va hap din cac nha dau tu, dong thai gia tang hoat dpng dau tu npi khoi ASEAN Dieu giiip thu hiit them von dau tu vao ASEAN, qua tao them nhieu viec lam cho nguai Iao dpng va dugc ky vpng tilp tuc tang AEC hin thanh, vi cac chuyen gia va lao dpng ta; nghe cao se dugc di chuyen ty vyc (ILO, 2014 A) Tam nganh nghe lao don| dugc ty di chuyen ASEAN qua ca thoa thuan thira nhan Ian (MRAs) gin kl toan, kien tnic su, nha sT, bac sT, ky su, y ta van chuyen va nhan vien nganh du lich Da] la CO hpi de ngudi lao dpng Viet Nam d nhung nganh dich chuyen sang cac nudc khoi de bu dap sy thieu hut nhan lye, cai thier thu nhap va tich liiy kinh nghiem mdi cho bar than Cac doanh nghiep xuat khau lao dpng cc the day manh phat trien xuat khau nguon nhan Iyc sang cac nudc ASEAN quIe gia ASEAN cang gia tang va thi trucmg chilm tai 26% ting Iao dpng Viet Nam di cu nam 2012 Phin Ian Iao dpng di cu la lao dpng co trinh dp, ky nang miic thap va trung binh, Iam viec cac nganh nong nghiep, xay dung va san xult chl tao Thu tu, gia nhdp AEC giup Viet Nam co ca hpi ndng cao tien luang vd thu nhap cho nguai lao dpng, dgc biet Id nhimg lao dpngco tay nghi Nam 2013, Viet Nam lap Hoi dong Tien luong Quoc gia nham tao dieu kien cho cdng doan va dai dien cua ngudi sir dung Iao dpng dugc tham gia true tiep vao dam phan thda thuan miic luong toi thieu Hien tai lucmg tdi thieu dugc xac dinh theo viing (thap Mat khac, tham gia AEC, cac quoc gia Thic ba, lao dpng khong co ky ndng se khu vyc deu y thiic dugc yeu cau biic khong duac di chuyen tu do, vai quy dinh ndy, thiet phai nang cao chat lugng nguon nhan lao dgng thieu ky ndng it co ca hpi tim viec lye de nang cao nang lye canh tranh cua m6i ldm a cdc nudc ASEAN vd day Id dp luc budc quoc gia ciing nhu ca khu vuc ASEAN so vol phdi doi mdi qud trinh ddo tgo tay nghe, trang cac quoc gia khac, dac biet la Trung Quoc va bi ky ndng cUng nhu ddi mdi he thdng gido An Dp Hien mang ludi eac trudng dai diAC, dao tgo theo diing yeu cdu cua thi trudng lao dpng ASEAN Do vay dai han Viet hpc ASEAN da dugc lap vai 26 Nam ehac chan eo sy chuyen dich lan ve ty trudng cd trudng cua Viet Nam (dai hgc Quoc gia Ha N6i, dai hpc Quoc gia trpng Iao dpng qua dao tao Ho Chi Minh, dai hpc Cin Tho) Vi vay Vai mirc Iuong va chit lupng viec Iam thip tucmg lai khong xa, hgp tac Iinh nuac, lao dpng Viet Nam dang co xu vuc giao duc-dao tao se dugc md rpng theo xu huang nuoe ngoai Iam viec Nhirng dilm the hpi nhap, gdp phan nang cao chat Iuong din ehinh eiia lao dpng Viet Nam hang nam nguon nhan Iyc, tao them co hpi viec lam cho la Nhat Ban va Han QuIe Tuy nhien, nam qua, ty le lao dpng di lam viec tai cac ngudi lao dpng Dong di chuyin Iao dpng npi khii ASEAN co xu huang tang ro ret, tir 1,5 trieu ngudi vao nam 1990 din 6,5 trieu ngudi vao nam 2014 Tap chi KINH TE DOI NGOAI So 79 101/2019 KINH TEVA HOI NHAP nhlt la 90 la My din cao nhlt la 128 la My) Trong viec dat miic luomg toi thilu nham muc tieu chinh la bao ve ngudi lao dpng c6 thu nhap thap, thi miic luong cua ngudi Iao dpng cd tay nghe thudng tang theo mtic tang cua lucmg toi thieu Do do, tang luomg tdi thieu d Viet Nam cd tac dpng ldn hem din chi phi ve nhan cdng cua cac doatih nghiep so vdi cac qudc gia ma luong cua Iao dpng cd thu nhap cao dugc xac dinh qua thuang Iugng tap the Hien tien lucmg tdi thieu d Viet Nam thupe nhdm thap nhat khu vyc ASEAN, do chi phi danh cho lao dpng cua cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam thap hom cac nudc khu 'TJC Day la mdt lgi the de nude ta thu hiit cac ddng dau tu nudc ngoai nhd gia nhan cong re, qua lam gia tang viec Iam va cd kha nang lam tang thu nhap cho ngudi lao dpng Ben canh do, AEC la co hpi de ngudi lao dpng cd tay nghe di chuyen den thi trucmg lao ddng d cac qudc gia khac khu vyc vdi miic thu nhap cao hem Cac doanh nghiep nudc bupc phai canh tranh vdi cac doanh nghiep d cac qudc gia khoi de giii chan ngudn nhan lye chit lugng cao, vi vay tien lucmg ciia ngudi Iao dpng cung cd the dugc cai thien 2.2 Thach thirc AEC tao thi trudng chung, kliong cdn rao can khdng gian kinh te, hang hda, dieh vu, vdn nen ben canh sy hgp tac de ciing phat trien thi canh tranh giira cac nude khu vyc se cang gay gat hon Vdi nang lye canh tranh thupc nhdm thap nhat khu vyc ASEAN (theo bang xep hang Chi sd nang lye canh tranh toan cau 2013-2014, VietNam xep thu 68, chi diing tren Lao (93), Campuehia (95) va Myanmar (134) (World Economic Forum, 2015, tr.l3), qua trinh hpi nhap AEC se dem lai khdng ft thach thiic cho thi trudng lao dpng Viet Nam So lu'O'ng lao dpng qua dao tao co bang cap/chirng chi 12 9.98 JOOt- Q3/2014 Q4/2014 10 01/2014 Q2/2014 Ql/2015 • S4 iugng (tneu nguai) Bieu So lirong lao dong qua dao tao co bang cap/chirng chi Nguon: Tdng cue Thdng Ke 2014, 2015, Dieu tra lao dpng-viec ldm hdng quy S6'79 (01/2016) Tap chi KINH TE DOI NGOAI KINH TEVA HOI NHAP Thii nhdt, chdt luang cung lao dpng thdp ddn din nguy ca lao dpng Viet Nam cd thi bl thua tren thi truang npi dia Nguon cung Iao dpng cua nudc ta ddi dao nhung kem vl chit Iugng Sd lao dpng qua dao tao cd bang clp, chumg chi chilm 22,04% tdng luc lugng lao dpng, cu thl sd 11,82 trieu lao dpng cd bing clp/chiing chi, cd 4,3 trieu ngudi cd trinh dp dai hpe, chiem ti le cao nhat: 36,39%; lao dpng cd trinh dp trung hpc chuyen nghiep/ trung clp nghi gan 3,06 trieu ngudi, chiem 16,79%; cao ding/cao dang nghe la 1,7 trieu ngudi, chilm 14,39%; chiing chi nghe dudi thang la 416.000 ngudi, chiem 3,52% va thap nhlt la nhdm cd trinh dp sau dai hpc: 362.000 ngudi, chilm 3,06% (Bp Lao dpng - Thucmg binh & Xa hpi, 2015, tr.2) Nhu vay, ty le lao dpng qua dao tao nghe cdn thap, ky nang tay nghe khong phu hgp vdi ddi hdi ciia thi trudng, nhirng ky nang mem nhu ngoai ngii, kha nang lam viec nhdm cdn han che khien Iao dpng Viet Nam khd cd the canh tranh va cd the danh mat co hpi viec lam tren san nha lao dpng cd ky thuat va tay nghi cao cua cac nganh nghe ke toan, kien tnic su, nha si, bac sT, ky su, y ta, van chuyin va nhan vien nganh du lich cua cac qudc gia khu vyc AEC dugc ty dich chuyin vao Viet Nam nam 2069 mdi bit kip nang suit lao dpng cua Thai Lan (Vu Van Thanh, 2015) Thu hai, hpi nhap AEC co thi ldm tang tinh trgng thdt nghiep vd viec ldm di bi tdn thuang Hpi nhap AEC cd the khien tinh trang that nghiep d nudc ta gia tang siic ep canh tranh tir hang hda nhap khSu, vdn va dlu tu ciia cac nudc ASEAN cd the dan den mot s6 nganh hang, san pham bi thu hep san xult, nit khdi thi trudng, nhieu ngudi lao dpng bi mit viec Ngoai ra, khoang 'A sd viec lam tren ca nudc dugc tao nganh ndng nghiep va 23,8% viec lam den tir khu vyc phi chinh thiic Day la khu vyc tao nhieu viec lam cho nguai lao ddng, nhung da phan la nhiing cdng viec mang tfnh chat tam thdi, nhieu riii ro, khong bin viing trudc bdi canh hpi nhap AEC Thii: ba, toe dp tdng tien luang cao hem tdc dp tdng nang sudt lao dpng vd nguy ca bdt binh dang tdng vai khodng cdch thu nhap giua lao dpng gian dan vd lao dpng co ij! ndng ngdy cdng tdng Theo Bao cao Lucmg toan clu 2014/2015, Viet Nam vdi tdc tang luong cao gap lan tdc dp tang nang suat lao dpng chu yeu tang lucmg tdi thieu da Iam gia nhan cdng dat dd va xdi mdn lgi the lao dgng gia re khu vuc Mat khac, sy thiiu hut lao ddng cd ky thuat va lao ddng quan ly lam khoang each tien lucmg ciia cac lao d6ng Ngoai ra, nang suit lao dpng cua toan nin vdi luong ciia lao dpng phd thdng kinh tl nudc ta nam 2014 dat 74,7 trieu dong/ cang tang bdi canh hdi nhap AEC, Iao lao dpng, tang 4,9% so vdi nam 2013, binh ddng cd ky nang se tim dugc viec lam d cac quan giai doan 2005-2014 tang 3,7% mdi nam qudc gia khac khu vyc vdi miic lucng Mac dil nang suit lao ddng cua Viet Nam cao hon (ILO, 2014 B) nhung nam qua da dugc cai thien dang kl, nhien gia dinh Viet Nam va mpt sd nudc vin Mot so giai phap phat trien thi truong tri lien tuc toe dp tang trudng nang suit lao dong Viet Nam hpi nhap AEC lao dpng trung binh nhu giai doan 2007 AEC se mang lai nhirng co hdi to ldn ve - 2012 thi phai din nam 2038 chiing ta mdi bit tang trudng kinh tl va thinh vugng cho Viet kip nang suat lao ddng cua Philippines, din Nam, ddng thdi ciing tao co hpi chuyin djcli 10 Tap chl KINH TE DOI NGOAI S6'79(Ol/201«) KINHTEVAHDINHAP ien kinh te theo hudng nang suat cao dya tren cy nang va sy ddi mdi D I dat dugc muc tieu id, ddng thdi tan dung dugc ca hpi va han che lugc thach thiic gia nhap AEC, chiing tdi cin de xuat mpt sd giai phap sau Thic nhdt, hodn thien thi chi chinh sdch, hdnh lang phdp ly nhdm thuc ddy thi trudng 'ao dpng phdt trien Idnh mgnh, phii hap vdi thdng le qudc te DSy manh cai each the chl, moi trudng kinh doanh ndi chung va thi trudmg lao ddng ndi rieng de ngudi lao dpng va ngudi su dung lao ddng cd the gap de dang, bieu qua vdi thdi gian ngin nhlt Tang cudng vai trd cua Nha nudc quan ly, dieu chinh cac quan he lao dpng de dam bao cac lgi ich chinh dang cua ngudi lao dpng, xay dung co che ddi thoai, ciing cd he thdng thuong lugng tap the de dam bao nhung lgi ich tir hdi nhap AEC thyc sy dem lai viec lam tdt hem cho ngudi lao ddng Viet Nam ddng Bdi AEC se gdp phin dly manh dich chuyin co clu kinh tl - tao nhu cau mdi cho mdt s6 nganh nghi dd giam nhu cau ddi vdi mpt sd nganh nghe khac nen cd the lam tang tinh trang that nghiep, vifc lam de bi tdn thucmg va sy phan hda thu nhap giiia lao dpng cd chuyen mdn ky thuat va lao ddng phd thdng Viec md rpng dp bao phii ciia chuang trinh bao hiem that nghiep qudc gia se giam thieu chi phi ciia qua trinh chuyen dich co cau va tao diSu kien cho lao ddng di chuyen sang cac nganh nghe cd nang suat cao hon Thii: tu, tdng nang sudt lao dpng thdng qua (1) tang hieu qua cua cac nganh cdng nghiSp chi'nh bing each ap dung cdng nghe mdi, nang clp may mdc va dlu tu vao dao t^o ky nang va dao tao nghe; (2) chuyen dich sang cac hoat ddng cd gia tri gia tang ldn hom Bdi vay, Viet Nam cln chuyen dich tir ndng nghiep va cac nganh dich vu cap thap sang cac nganh Thic hai, ndng cao chdt luang nguon nhdn che tao va cac nganh dich vu cao cap U'u tien luc phil hap vdi yeu cdu thi trudng Nudc ta thyc hien cac bien phap nang cao nang suat nen gan chien lugc phat trien nhan lye vdi lao dpng va chat lugng viec lam nganh chiln lugc phat trien kinh te, day la nen tang ndng nghiep bao gdm dau tu vao he thdng tiln tdi cdng ve kinh te, khoa hpc ky thuy lgi va ca sd tang de hd trg cac co sd thuat Ngoai ra, can phat trien toan dien giao san xuat ndng nghiep nhd cd the tham gia vao due dao tao d cac cap dai hpc, cao dang, giao chudi cung iing ddng thcd da dang hda cdng due phd thdng va dao tao nghi, cac trudng viec cac nganh che tao mdi cln doi mdi chuang trinh dao tao dat chuan Ket Iuan khu vuc tren co sd nam viing va van dung cac thda thuan cdng nhan lln giiia cae nudc Viec gia nhap AEC vao cudi nam 2015 ASEAN (Mutual Recognition Arrangement) vira tao nhieu co hdi nhung ciing mang lai Tang cudng he thing thdng tin, phan tich va khdng ft thach thiic vdi nen kinh tl Viet Nam dy bao vl thi trudng lao dpng se giiip cac co ndi chung va thi trudmg lao ddng Viet Nam ndi sd giao dye va dao tao cd the dap iing vdi nhu rieng AEC dugc lap se tao ddng di clu vl ky nang hien tai va tuong lai cua cac chuyen ty ciia ngudn nhan lye chat Iugng doanh nghiep va cac nganh kinh te cao, cd ky nang, dac biet la nhan luc dugc dao Thie ba, phdt trien he thdng an sinh xd hpi tao chuyen mdn hoae cd trinh dp tir dai hpc vd hd tra cdc nhdm yeu the tren thi trudng lao trd len, thdng thao ngoai ngii, tin hpc tir cac S6'79 (01/2016) Tap chi KINH TE DOI NGOAI 11 KINHTEVAHDINHAP nudc ASEAN vao Viet Nam va ngupe lai D I hpi nhap vao thj tnrdng lao dpng ASEAN vdi hieu qua cao, tae gia dl xult mgt s l giai phap, hai giai phap mang tinh kha thi nhlt la phat triln he thing an sinh xa hdi va ho trg cac nhdm ylu thl tren thi trudng lao dpng nang cao chit lugng ngudn nhan luc phu ho| vdi yeu clu thi trudng cd kha nang ap dynj cdng ngin han vdi tdng vin dii tu phii hgp.Q Tai lieu tham khao Bp Lao dpng-Thuomg binh va Xa hpi, 2015, Bdn tin Cap nhgt thi trudng lao dpng hdng quy, so 5, quy nam 2015, truy cap lln cudi 24 thang nam 2015 http:// www.mediafire.com/view/44dz4zo46pzrioa/Ban_tin_Cap_nhat_TTLD_Vietnam_ So5Q12015.pdf Vii Van Hiing, 2015, Thi trudng lao dpng Viet Nam sau hinh thdnh Cpng dong kinh ti ASEAN, Tap chi Kinh t l va Dy bao sd 10 (thang 5/2015), tr 32-35 ILO, 2014 A, bdo cdo "Cpng dPng ASEAN 2015: Qudn ly hpi nhdp hudng tdi vik ldm tot han vd thinh vuong chung- Bdo cdo tdm luac ve Viet Nam ", thang nam 2014, truy cap Ian cudi 24 thang nam 2015 http://trungtamwto.vn/sites/default/files/hiepdinhkhac/ban_tom_tat_ilo_-_viet_nam_ asean.pdf ILO, 2014 B, Global Wage Report 2014/15-Wages and income inequality, truy cap lan culi 24 thang nam 2015 http://www.ilo.Org/wcmsp5/groups/pubIic/@ dgreports/@dcomm/(gpubl/documents/publication/wcms_324678.pdf, Vii Van Thanh, 2015, Nang suit lao ddng Viet Nam: Niia thl ky niia mdi bit kip Thai Lan, truy cap lln cudi 25 thang 10 nam 2015 http://tuoitre.vn/tin/kinh-te/20151009/nang-suat-lao-dong-vn-nua-the-ky-nua-moi-batkip-thai-lan/982078.html World Economic Forum, 2015, The Global Competitiveness Report 2014-2015, tr 13, 2014, truy cap lln cudi 24 thang nam 2015 tir http://www3.weforum.org/docs/ WEF_GIobalCompetitivenessReport_2014-15 pdf 12 Tap chi KINH TE DOI NGOAI So 79(01/201* ... lao dong Viet Nam Vif t Nam gia nhap AEC Khi tham gia Cpng dong Kinh tl ASEAN, Viet Nam vira co nhieu co hpi vua phai dli mat voi khong ft thach thiic 2.1 Cahpi Thic nhdt, cpng ddng kinh te ASEAN. .. Tap chi KINH TE DOI NGOAI 11 KINHTEVAHDINHAP nudc ASEAN vao Viet Nam va ngupe lai D I hpi nhap vao thj tnrdng lao dpng ASEAN vdi hieu qua cao, tae gia dl xult mgt s l giai phap, hai giai phap... Trong giai doa 2002 - 2007, nang suat lao dpng tang trun binh 5,2% moi nam Tuy nhien, kl tir cug khiing hoang kinh t l toan clu nam 2008, t6 dp tang nang suat trung binh hing nam cu Viet Nam cham