Các nội dung cụ thể khi xây dựng luật về chuyển đổi giới tính

BAN Vt DU AN LUAT CAG NUI DUNG c u i KHI KiiY DUNG lUJilVl CHUYEN DDI Gidl T M Cao v a Minh* 'TS, Oai hoc LuatTP H o ^ h i Minh Thong [in bai \ie(: Tir khod nguai chuyen gidi phau thu^t chuyen doi gioi tinh, chuyen gioi Lfch su hdi viet Nh^nbar 10 08/2016 Bienllp 24 10/2016 Duy^tbai 12 11/2016 \rtKk' liiKiinaliun: keywords transgender sex reassignment surgery, sex change loin tat: Bai \ ICE neu cac phutmg dipn ly l u ^ va th\rc tiln vC- van de chuyen doi gidri tinh, dac bi?t la hoat dgng xay dtmg M l vk chuyen doi gioi tinh This article aims at clarifying theoretical and practical aspects of transgender, panicularly in activity of law on sex change Article History Received: 10 Aug 2016 Edited: 24 Oct 2016 Approved 12No\ 2016 D ieu 37 Bp luat Dan sy nam 2015 (BLDS 2015) quy djnh: "Vice chuyen ddi gidi tinh (CDGT) dupc thyc hicn theo quy djnh ciia luat- Ca nhin da CDGT cd quyen, nghTa vu dang k> thay ddi hp tjch theo quy djnh cua phip luat ve hp tjch cd quyen nhan than phii hpp vdi gidi tinh da dupc chuyen ddi theo quy djnh ciia Bp luat niy vi lu^t khac cd lien quan" Nhu vay, Di^u 37 BLDS 2015 da khing djnh rd ring vi diit khoit nguyen tac: vi?c CDGT phii dupc quy djnh bing luat chii khdng phil bang mpt van ban dudi luat I Van kipn D^i hpi d^i bieu toin qudc Ian thir XI ciia Ding da khang djnh: "Tiep tyc ddi mdi va nang cao chat lupng cdng tic xay dyng phip lu^t, trudc het Ii quy trinh xay dyng luit, phap lpnh; lu^t, phip lenh cin quy dinh cy the, tang tinh thi de dua nhanh vao cupc sdng"' Do dd, vin de d day khdng dan thuin chi li vipc xay dyng Luat ve CDGT ma quan trpng han la phii nghien ciiu nhirng npi dung chii yeu d^o luat nham dip img yeu cau dieu chinh tryc tiep vi hipu qui cic quan hp xa hpi Dang cpng san Vi?t Nam Van kien D?i hpi d?i bicu toan quoc Ian thir XI, Nxb ( hmh tr) Quoc gia, H 20II.tr 248 CUU M l IN«HllN ABBUAB /Sd 06(3341 T3/2017 BANVEDU'ANLUAT Doi tuyng ap dung cua Luat ve Chuyen doi gioi tinh Di6u 36 BLDS 2015 quy djnh v^ "Quyen xic djnh lai gidi tinh", Di^u 37 BLDS 2015 quy djnh vc "CDGT' Hai ndi dung dupc tich bach 02 dieu luat rieng da the hien sy nhan thiic rd rang ve nhdm chii the ciia quyen xic djnh lai gitji tinh \a chii the ciia quyen CDGT Tren ca sd dd, can cd su phan bipt giua hai thuat ngii: "xic djnh lai gidi tinh" vi "CDGT'"Xic djnh Iai gidi tinh" nham tri Iai gidi tinh thyc cho nhixng ngudi bi khuyet tat bim smh ve gidi tinh hoac gidi tinh chira dupc dinh hinh chinh xac cdn "CDGT' dupc thyc hipn theo y mudn cua mdt ngudi ngudi ludn im anh ve viec minh c6 gidi tinh trii vtJi "gidi tinh sinh hpc" dupc sinh nen da nhd sy can thipp ciia y hpc de "tim l^i gidi tinh th^t" cua minh Nhu vay, ddi tupng dupc xac dinh l^i gidi tinh li nhimg ngudi cd khuyet tit bam sinh ve gidi tinh, cdn nhung ngudi da hoan thipn ve gidi tinh thi khdng cd quyen Trong dd, CDGT dupc ip dyng ddi vdi ngudi cd ban dang gidi khic vdi gidi tinh sinh hpc bam sinh Tieu chuin y te de xic djnh lai gidi tinh li phii cd khuyet tit bam sinh \ e gitTi tinh Cd the phin ba dang: Nam luang gi&i gid nir cdn gpi la "gidi ma hd vdi nhiem sic dd kieu nam" (male pseudohermaphroditism); Nir lu&ng giai gid nam cdn gpi la "gidi ma hd vdi nhiem sac dd kieu nii" (female pseudohermaphroditism); vi Luang gi&i thgt (true hermaphroditism)- Trong dd tieu chuan de CDGT Ii mdt ngudi ludn cd trang thii tam ly gidi tinh ctia mmh khdng phu hop vdi gidi tinh ciia ca the' Theo Hiep hpi Tam than Hoa Ky (1980), dd li ngudi cd cic die diem: (i) khdng cd cac bat thudng \ e nhiem sac the hay thudc dang luang gidi tinh gia: (ii) khdng phai rdi loan tam than, nhu bpnh tam thin phin liet; (iii) cim giic khdng thoai mii, khdng thich co quan sinh due cua chinh ban than Hp mudn dupc cat bd ca quan sinh dye vi mudn sdng nhu ngudi thudc phai khic* Cam giic khd chju keo dai it nhat li hai nam va khdng phu thupc vao \ iec ngudi dd cd lam phau thuat CDGT hay chira Thdng thudng, nhimg ngudi niy se thay ddi hay mudn thay ddi co the ciia minh bing cich dimg lipu phip tiem hormone, di phau thuat hay diing cic phucmg phap khic de cd the cd mpt ca the gidng nhat vdi gidi tinh mi hp mudn Qua trinh chuyen ddi thdng qua cac can thipp ve y hpc nhu viy thudng dupc gpi li qui trinh CDGT Trong thyc te, can cd sy phan bipt cu th^ giira hai thuat ngu Ii "ngudi chuyen gidi" va "ngudi CDGT" "Ngudi chuyen gidi" (transgender) chi ndi ve cim nhan gidi, khdng phy thudc viec ngudi dd da chuyen gidi hay chua Trong trudng hpp phap lii^t cho phep phiu thuat CDGT (diing vdi mong mudn) thi hp phii thyc hipn viec phau thuat mdi dupc lam lai giay td tiiy than (hp chieu can cudc, cac giay td hp tich) Liic niy, hp dupc gpi vdi mpt khii niem day du han li "ngudi CDGT" (transsexual)* Nhu \ay "ngudi chuyen gidi" va "ngudi Dicu Nghl dinh so 88/20OH ND-CP ciia Chinh phii 05/82008 vi Xac dinh I91 gim tinh Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defainalion GLAAD Media Reference Guide - Transgender glossary of terms GLAAD USA MJ> :O10 Nguyen Thanh Nhir, Chuyen gioi tinh tai Ha Lan T?p chi Y hpc Xem http/ \khoa.nel/nnhduc_gioitinh/tinhduc/ 65Ifi.hBnl truy cap S'2016 Pham Quynh Phucmg, Ngirdi dong tinh song tinh \a chuyen gim a Viet Nam Tong luan cac nghien ctm, Nxb Khoa hocxahoi H,20I3,tT.28 Lon Chambers Unpnnciplcd exclusions- Feminist Theory, transgender junsprudence and Kimberl> Nixtwi Canadian JcHunal of Woman and the Law \'olume 19, Number 2007, p 305 -334 BANVEDU'ANLUAT CDGT' khic d tieu chi la cd trii qua phau thuat ca quan sinh due (tir nam sang nii hay nguac lai) hay khdng Dieu 37 BLDS 2015 quy dinh ve -CDGT" va yong tuang iai la phii cd Luat ve CDGT nen nhit thi^t mudn dupc xem la "ngudi CDGT" thi ci nhan dd bat budc phai trai qua phau thuat CO quan sinh due (tir nam sang nii hay nguoc lai) Tren ca sd phau thuat co quan sinh due de hinh gidi tinh mdi thi ca quan nhi nudc mdi cip cac giiy td phip ly thira n h ^ gidi tinh sau chuyen ddi ciia ngudi dd Tucmg ty nhu quyen xac djnh l^i gidi tinh, CDGT li mdt quyen nhan than cd dieu kipn Dieu the hien d cho mpt ngudi chi dupc quyen CDGT tim Iy ciia hp ludn bj im inh \ e vi?c minh cd gidi tinh trii vdi "gidi tinh sinh hpc" Diy la dieu ki?n cin, cdn dieu kipn dii la ngudi mudn CDGT phii cd sy "can thipp y te" ciia ca sd khim bpnh, chiia bpnh cd thim quyen Nghj djnh so 88/2008/^'D-CP ciia Chinh phu va Thdng tu sd 29/201OATT-BYT ciia Bp Y te ve xic djnh !?i gidi tinh deu quy djnh nhirng ngudi bj khiem khuyet \e gidi tinh mudn dupc xac djnh l^i gidi tmh thi phii thyc hi^n \ icc xac djnh l^i gioi tinh bang phuang phip y hpc Cin cir vao Giay chiing nhan sau can thipp y te xic djnh lai gidi tinh thi co quan nha nudc cd tham quyen se di^u chinh hp tjch cho ngudi dd' Do dd, neu khdng cd sy can thipp cua y te thi khdng th^ di^u chinh hp tjch Nhu vay, theo chiing tdi Luat \c CDGT chi nen thira nhan mpt ngudi CDGT sau ngudi niy da ti^n hanh phau thu^t ca quan sinh dye ttr nam sang niir hay tir nii sang nam Quy djnh nhu vgy Ii hpp ly vi se phdng tranh dupc nhiing bat c?p phat sinh mau thuan giiia giiy td phap Iy sau dupc chuyen ddi gidi tinh vdi ca quan sinh dye cua mpt ci nhan* Hien nay, cd y kien cho rang, cd hai can nguyen chinh dan tdi vipc mpt ca nhan CDGT Mpt Id, ca nhan cd gidi tinh sinh hpc rd rang Ii nam ho^c nii nhung tam Iy 1^ thupc gidi tinh khac Hai Id, ca nhan cd gidi tinh sinh hpc rd ring li nam hay nir vi tim ly cung phu hgrp vdi gidi tinh ciia minh nhung nhu cau cua cupc sdng hay trio lim, nen da tien hanh phau thu^t ca quan sinh dye Do dd, cic tic gii de xuit chi nen chip nh$n CDGT cho trudng hpp thii nhat neu tren vi khdng nen chap nhgn cho trudng hpp thir hai' Y kien tren khdng phii khdng cd co sd, my nhien, van de d day Ii lim the nio de chung minh dupc mpt ngudi cd nhu cau CDGT li thupc trudng hpp thii nhat hay trudng hpp thtr hai Nhu da trinh biy, ngudi mudn CDGT dii thupc trudng hpp thtr nhat hay trudng hpp thii hai thi deu cd gidi tinh sinh hpc ro ring, diem khic chi Ii tam Iy ctia hp mi thdi Trong dd, vipc chiing minh vk tam Iy cua mpt ngudi Ii rit khd khan Theo chiing tdi, vipc phan bipt ngudi mudn CDGT thupc yudng hpp thu nhit hay trudng hpp thii hai Ii khdng thyc sy cin thiet Tren thyc te, neu khdng phii la ngudi Don ca A la nii nhung luon cam nhan gioi tinh mmh \i nam ndn da di ngh, co quan nhi nuac cho phep CDGT GiA sir ca quan nhi niroc f J ^ « c giay to thin, n h ^ viec CDGT cho A tir ni nam nhung A Lh6ng t i ^ hMh phau thua CO quan siiA dgc Do ngo^ hinh ( t h ^ chi li co quan smh dye) d ^ li nQ TT«o Di^u 127 Luai x ^ VI ph*m hanh chinhnim 2012 thl Lham ngiroi theo thii luc hinh chinh thi nam khim nam nir khim n r i nhii CO nguai cung gioi chung kicn Viec xac d,nh ngircn b, khim li nam hay nii pha dya trtn giiy to phio Iv Cu^ mmg tniong h^p nav ngirdi khim A si li nam va pha co nguoi ciing gid, li nam chong kiia Tuy n n Loai hmh va CO quan sinh dye cua A van la nu nen se gay rat nhi^u kho khin cho nguoi ih\rc dii cong vu M ' LAP P H A p V s i 06(334) T3/2017 l HftHltN CUU , BANVEDU'ANLUAT cd nhu ciu "tim lai chinh minh" thi se rat khd khin de vuat qua giai doan kiem tra ddi sdng thyc (real life test) nham xem xet cd thyc sy phii hpp de ti^n hanh phiu thuit CDGT Nhirng hp qui lau dii (giim tudi thp, giim siic khde, kha ning khdng cd cii, tiem hormone sudt ddi ) cd the lam nhieu ngudi chuyen gidi e nggi, bd cupc chir chua ndi den nhirng ngudi di tinh'" Chinh vi viy, sy Io ngai yen ti khdng hpp Iy Tren thyc t^, khdng lai bd hing yam dipu VND va chju dau ddn phau thu^t chi vi mudn CDGT theo phong yio Tuy nhien, de dam bio "phong yio chuyen gidi" khdng dien rim rp nhu quan ngai cua nhieu ngudi, chiing ta cd the tiep thu kinh nghipm cua nhieu nudc yen the gidi ve vipc xiy dyng mpt quy trinh tu van tam ly, phap Iy gitip ngudi chuyen gidi hieu bin than va chuin bj cho cupc sdng vdi gidi tinh mdi ciia hp Theo dd, ngudi chuyen gidi cin dupc tu van ve tim Iy de hp thyc su xac djnh diing nhu ciu chuyen gidi ciia minh, cd thdi gian sdng thir vdi gidi tinh mong mudn trudc dupc ke dan su dyng hormone Sau dd, djch vy phau thu^t vi cham sdc hgu phau mdi dupc cung cap va thyc hipn neu cac dieu kipn yen da dupc thda man" Ngoii ra, Lu^t ve CDGT cung nen "mgnh dgn" dieu chinh nhirng ddi tupng da phau thugt CDGT trudc Luat niy cd hi?u lyc Theo quy djnh cua BLDS 2015, vipc CDGT phai thyc hipn theo quy djnh ciia lugt Tuy nhien, theo chiing tdi, can phan bipt hai trudng hpp neu nhu "ty y" CDGT sau Luat \ k CDGT cd hipu lyc thi mdi khdng dupc phip luat cdng nhgn Cdn trudng hprp ty y CDGT trudc ngav Lugt ^e CDGT cd hipu lyc thi phap lugt nen cd su cdng nhan vi dd li su da rdi vi hipn cd rat nhieu trudng hpp ngudi CDGT da bj "tudc" tit ci cac quyen nhan thin vi tai sin Dan cu li trudng hpp cua Cindy Thdi 7a/'- di Thai Lan phau thuat CDGT thi ca quan quin ly nhi nudc khdng ngin cam, ve nudc thi ca quan quan ly ciing cho nhap canh vio Vipt Nam The nhung, tat ci quyen nhin thin \ a tii sin cua Cindy Thii Tai deu bj "khudc tir" khdng chung minh dupc nhin thin nhu yong chiing minh thu nhan dan Theo chung tdi yong Lugt ve CDGT can bd sung nhirng quy pham phip luat de dieu chinh van de niy Dieu ki^n v^ tuoi cua nguM chuyen doi gidi tinh Dp tudi ciia ngudi cd nguypn vpng CDGT cung Ii mpt van de rat quan trpng can xac djnh cy the Dieu 37 BLDS 2015 khdng quy djnh cy the ve dp tudi ciia ngudi cd nguypn vpng CDGT Do dd, van de can dupc lim ro yong Luat ve CDGT Theo quy dinh phip lugt, vipc xic djnh Igi gidi tinh cd the dupc tien hinh ddi vdi ngudi chua thinh nien" Theo dd, ngudi chua thinh nien van dupc quyen xac dinh lgi gioi tinh thdng qua yeu cau ciia cha, mp hogc ngudi giam hp Ca sd de cha, mp hogc ngudi giam hp yeu ciu xac djnh Igi gidi tinh cho ngudi ngudi chua thinh nien li ngudi T?t Hi Lan, qui trinh phau thufil CDGT la mpt chuoi dieu tri tam ly - ngi tict- phau tbu^t, d6 phau thu(it chi li mgt mit xich Diu tien, ngudi muon CDGT phai trii aua siu thing trie nghiem tam ly, hg phii fin mJc nhir nii (niu li ngudi chuyen gidi tir nam sang nfi) vi nhu nam (neu la ngudi chuyin gidi tir nii sang nam), Sau nghe bic sT tam ly giing giai ve mpi khd khin cd the se g^p (mat gia dinh, mat bjm mat viec va bj cac tac dyng phy ciia ngi tiet td gldi tinh) thi khoang 40''/D b^nh nhan bo cugc Truang Hong Quang, Vin d£ quyin xac djnh gidi tinh vi quyen chuyen gidi Dy thao BLDS (sua ddi) Xem https/liongtquang.wordpress com/, tniy C9p 9'H 7016 Khdng chi Cindy Thii Tii ma rit nhicu nguoi da •trdt" CE)GT diu hi khudc til cac quyin nhan than va tai san \liia xc mua nhi ciing phii nhd ngudi nhi diing ten h0, roi nhimg quyen bau cu, img cu diu khdng dugc thyc hien tren thyc lc Cindy Thii Tii di nhiiu lin lien h? vdi So Tu phap Bg Ty phap de xin dot hi> tich in nam sang nii nhung khdng noi nio giai quyit (xem Tudi ire onlme, Ngudi di tim bdng f ky 2) thu nr, ngav 04,1)5 2005) Dicu Nghj dinh s^ KK/20()X \'D-CP ciia Chinh phii ngiy 05;8/2008 ve Xao djnh I91 gidi tinh, —:, HaHltN