Phát triển năng lực nghề nghiệp cho sinh viên cao đẳng nghề thông qua hoạt động thực tập sản xuấ

Pliat tuEii itaito luc itplte nolueii the sinh uien tai^ daito nolle lliDno qua Iwat ilono lliui: tap san miat ThS LeDQclVlinh Trudng Cao ddng nghi Codien Phu Thg Tom tat Oe d i p Qng dQgc yeu eau ve ngudn n h i n luc cd trinh do, chi't lUgng cao giai doan hgi nhap va ddi mdi, viec day hgc theo nang iQc tai cac co sd g i i o due nghe nghiep ngiy c i n g dQgc quan t i m Tren cosd tim dge, nghien cQu, tong hgp cic tai lieu b i i b i o n i y t i c g i i trinh b i y mgt sd d i e diem, nguyen t i c day hgc v i cic hoat ddng cua ngUdi day, ngUdi hge nham p h i t trien nang lUc nghe nghiep cho sinh vien he eao dang nghe thdng qua thUe t i p tai doanh nghiep Tdkhoa: Bdc diim vd nguyen tdc dgy hgc, ndng lUe nghi nghiep, thu'c tap sdn xudt Abstract Competency-based teaching method has been increasingly taken into consideration with the aim to supply a bigh quality human resource in the ongoing reform and integration process As part of researching this teaching method, by reviewing and analyzing related materials, the author will provide some teaching features and principles along with teaching activities for both trainers and learners to develop professional skills for colleges'students through in-factory internship Keywords: teaching features and principles, competency In-factory internship Mcr dau Chie'n luge phat trien ngudn nhan lUc, dac biet l i ngudn lao ddng cd chat lugng eao l i mdt nhQng yeu td quan trgng p h i t trien kinh te xa hdi (KTXH) cua tQng qudc gia Trong xu the hdi nhap qude te v i toan eiu hda, nen g i i o due cua Viet Nam ndi ehung va giao due nghe nghiep (GDNN) ndi rieng hien da dugc Uu tien d vj tri hang d i u he thdng cic chinh sich phat trien qudc gia vdi vai trd l i ddng lUc ca b i n de thue day KTXH phat trien Quan diem ehi dao cQa D i n g ta ve ddi mdi can b i n , t o i n dien giao due va dao tao Nghj quyet 29, Hgi nghjTrung uong khda XI ddi vdi g i i o due da chi rd "Chuyen mgnh qud trinh gido due tUchu yiu trang bi kiin thdc sang phdt triin todn dien ndng lUc vd phdm chdt ngUdi hgc Hgc di ddi vdl hdnh; ly lugn gdn vdi thi/c tiin; gido due nhd trudng ket hgp vol glao due gia dinh vd gido duc xd hgi" {]; tr 1) Tren thUc te de p h i t trien nang luc nghe nghiep (NLNN) cho sinh vien (SV) can thUc hien dong bg nhieu g i i i phap tQ ndi dung chuong trinh, hinh thQc, boat dgng day hgc den cich kiem tra d i n h g i i ke't q u i hgc tap Trong gidi ban b i i viet n i y t i c g i i de cap den khia canh p h i t trien nang luc nghe nghiep cho SV Cao d i n g nghe thdng qua hoat dgng thuc tap nghe nghiep tai cic doanh nghiep (DoN), cic ca sd sin xuat (ggi chung la DoN) Nang lUc va he tho'ng nang iQc nghe nghiep 1.1 Khdi niem ndng lUc, ndng li/c nghe nghiep Khai niem nang luc cd ngudn gdc tQ tieng Latinh "competentia", cd nghTa la gap gd Theo tieng Anh, "competence" cd nghia la nang luc hay kha nang, hoic edn ed nghTa l i tham quyen Ngiy nay, khii niem n i n g lUe eua ngUdi duge hieu theo nhieu nghTa khie Theo tU dien Bich khoa Viet Nam "ndng It/c Id dgc diem ciia cd nhan the hien mde thdng thgo tde Id ed thi thi/c hien mdt cdch thdnh thuc vd chac chdn mgt hay mdt sd dgng hogt dong ndo dd" (3; tr 41) Theo tU dien Giio due hgc "ndng lUc Id khd ndng duac hinh thdnh hodc phdt trien cho phep mdt ngudi dgt thdnh cdng miit hoat dgng thi luc, tri lue hogc nghi nghiep" (4; tr 278) So 35 thing 8/2016 K H O A HOC D A Y NGHE [5] Tai lieu Hudng d i n to chQc GDNN da xie djnh "ndng lUe Id mdt si/ tdp hap thdng nhdt kiin thde, ky ndng vd thdi cho phep thue hien thdnh cdng mot hdnh ddng hodc mdt tap hap hdnh ddng nhu mgt nhiem vu hay mdt hogt dgng lao ddng" (2; tr 122) Trong d i o tao nghe nang iQc cua moi mgt SV phii the hien qua hanh ddng cu the, t h u i t ngQ nang iQc cd the dQgc hieu l i td hop thudc tinh t i m sinh ly v i trinh chuyen mdn d i dUgc chQng minh hoan t h i n h mdt hoac nhieu cdng viec theo cie tieu chuan tUOng Qng vdi bdi c i n h hoat ddng thQc te cua nghe Caeh hieu n i y ed nhieu tUOng ddng vdi khai niem "Ndng iUe nghe nghiep id khd ndng thite hien cd hieu qud miit nghi, mgt chde ndng hodc mgt so nhiem vu ehuyen biet vdi sg- thdnh thgo edn thiit" (4;tr278) Tuy theo tinh chat eua cdng viec cd tinh nghe nghiep chuyen mdn khic nhau, n i n g lUc nghe nghiep ed the la kha nang hoat ddng ddc l i p tai tQng vj tri l i m viec cu the hoac k h i nang l i m viec theo nhdm de hoan thien, hoan mdt hoac nhieu sin p h i m (Vidt SV ed nang luc l i ngQdi huy ddng dugc vdn kien thQc, ki nang cua minh, cd du sQc khde de thUc hien t h i n h edng mgt nhiem vu, van de nao dd, mdt dieu kien nhi't djnh vdi mgt thai dd dung dan, tich cue v i trich nhiem 1.2 He thdng ndng ll/c nghi nghiep Theo quan diem d i o tao dac biet l i d i o tao nghe nghiep hudng tdi dap Qng nhu cau cua cic DoN, viec phat trien chuang trinh cic nganh ky thuat theo each tiep can CDiO dUa tren tuyen bd d i u (Learning Outcomes): SV tdt nghiep c i n cd nhQng kien thQc, ky nang, pham c h i t - thai va tren co sd dd hinh t h i n h nhQng nang lUc (khi nang) hanh nghe d i p Qng nhu cau hay mong dgi eua cac lien ddi (stake holdes) Cic kien thQc v i ky nang nen t i n g bao gdm (5; tr 89): Tu va kien thQc cdng nghe (Technical Knowledge and Reasoning) Ky nang chuyen mdn nghe nghiep v i cac pham chit ca nhan (Personal an Proessional Skills) -Cac ky nang lien quan den nhan cich: lam viec nhdm, giao tiep (interpersonal Skills, Teamwork and Comunication) Theo Rudolf Tippelt thi nang luc hoat ddng nghe nghiep (Professional Actions Competency) dugc hinh dua tren td hgp cua loai nang lUc gdm: Nang luc ea nhan, Nang luc xa hdi, Ning luc phuong phap, Nang luc ehuyen mdn Thdng qua qua trinh day hgc tai cic cO sd giao GDNN, vdi su hudng dan cua giao vien, SV se dugc tham gia vao cic hoat ddng hgc tap qua se [6] K H O A H O C D A Y N G H E kien tao nen eic pham cha't nang luc can thie't dip Qng nhu cau cua tQng c i n h i n v i ddi song xa hgi Mot so nguyen tac dda sinh vien di thuc tap nghe tai cac doanh nghiep Q u i trinh day hge ndi chung la q u i trinh to chQe cie boat dgng n h i n thQe v i t i m van cua ngQdi hge hQdng tdi chiem ITnh cie ddi tQOng hoat dgng khic gom he thdng tri thQc, ky nang, kinh nghiem (6; tr 51): Dinh hudng hanh ddng; Thuc di'y h i n h ddng; Dieu khien thue hien h i n h ddng; Kie'm tra, dieu chinh h i n h dgng Nhu vay ed the thay mgi boat ddng cua eon ngUdi deu dugc dinh hQdng hay ndi cich khie no x u i t p h i t ban d i u tQ thao t i c tri tue Tuy nhien neu ehi dQng lai d dinh hQdng thi kien thQc va kha nang tU thi viec phat trien NLNN eho SV se bi gidi han William Blank cho rang: "Ndng luc ciia ngudi the hien d khd ndng thuc hien Chi ed tri thite khdng thdi se it eo gid trj" (8; tr 5) NLNN se khong the cd neu nhu khdng dugc thuc hien cic thao t i c vat chi't (hinh dgng) de h o i n cdng viec theo chuan da xac dinh, mac du ngUdi hgc cd ttie biet cich de l i m cdng viec dd nhu the nio Chinh vi v i y chuong trinh d i o tao'phii cd ngi dung thuc h i n h de ren luyen v i p h i t trien hoin thien cae ky ning, NLNN chinh l i cic DoN v i thdng qua hoat ddng thUc t i p sin x u i t tai doanh nghiep Khi tham gia thUe t i p sin xui't tai tai DoN, SV se tham gia vao thue hien eic nhiem vu nghe nghiep v i tao sin pham thdng qua phit trien dugc cic nang iQc hoat ddng nghe nghiep De hoat dgng thQc tap tai cic DoN dat dugc hieu q u i cao gdp phan p h i t trien NLNN cho SV viec td chQc q u i trinh thUe t i p c i n dam bio cic nguyen t i e sau: - Phu hgp vdi chuyen n g i n h d i o tao, vQa sQc vdi kien thQc v i ky nang cua SV - Cic ndi dung, muc tieu cua hoat ddng thUe t i p p h i i duge xie dinh cu the, cdng bd va thong nhat giQa SV, ca sd GDNN va dan vj tiep nhan SV - NhQng tieu chi v i cic dieu kien sQ dung de danh gia ke't q u i ket thuc dgt thUc tap phai dugc cdng khai va d i n h g i i rieng re - Qui trinh thue tap cua SV de phat trie'n NLNN can chuy den n i n g v i nhjp eua tQng c i nhan - Viec d i n h g i i NLNN bao gdm ei d i n h gia kien thQe, ki nang va t h i i c i n cd sQ phdi hgp, thdng nhi't cua ea sd d i o tao nghe v i DoN sQ dung SV thQc t i p Ke't qua d i n h g i i phai the hien dQOc sU cd gang no iQc cua tQng SV tQng giai doan v i c i q u i trinh thQc t i p Vai tro cua giao vien to chQc hUdng d i n sinh vien dithUc tap So 35 thang 8/2016 Trong td chQc, hudng dan SV thuc t i p ngudi g i i o vien can thUc tien tdt nhQng van de sau: g i i o vien, ngudi phu t r i c h eua dan vj thuc t i p dang ky tie'n thQc t i p theo tuan, t h i n g 3.7 Tu vdn cbo sinh viin chgn Ida doanb nghiip, dan vi thUc tap phu bqp Khi thue t i p tai doanh nghiep cic SV p h i i ed tinh chu ddng cao tie'n h i n b eic thao tic, tU ky t h u i t , bang vdn kien thQc v i ky n i n g da duge ren luyen nha trudng, tQng nhdm SV se thue hien edng viee dQgc giao vdi sQ g i i m sit eua dai dien doanh nghiep v i g i i o vien hQdng dan Trong q u i trinh l i m viec vai trd cua moi mdt t h i n h vien nhom can p h i i dugc xie dinh rd ring, ed the trao ddi giQa cic vien nhdm hay t h i o l u i n giQa eac nhdm de giai quyet cic tinh hudng nghe nghiep mdt cic tdi Qu vdi phQOng eham tdn trgng y kien e i n h i n v i binh dang, nhQng cung tdn trgng t i p the vdi k h i nang lam viec nhdm Qua cic kenh thdng tin, ngUdi g i i o vien se lUa chgn nhQng doanh nghiep cd cdng viee phu hgp, ddng thdi thdng qua qua trinh hgc t i p , ngUdi g i i o vien ciJng can p h i i hieu rd t i m sinh ly, k h i n i n g cua tQng SV de tU van cho SV lUa chgn eho dung vdi sd trudng v i nguyen vgng Bang cich neu rd thdng tin nhQng vj tri thQc tap tUOng Qng nhU: thdi gian thuc tap, ndi quy l i m viec, dieu kien lam viec, che dai ngd, chi phi sinh hoat tai noi thuc t i p v i nhQng kien thQe, ky nang ein thiet p h i i ren luyen (muc tieu cua q u i trinh thUc tip) Sau SV da dang ky lUa chgn don vi thUe t i p g i i o vien c i n thdng b i o ndi dung can ehuan bj ve kien thQc, ky nang, dac biet l i t i m ly cho mdt giai doan mdi cua q u i trinh hgc tap mang tinh tU l i p cao han 3.2 To chde bUdng dan tbUc tap tai cdc doanh nghiep 3.2.1 Phdn nhom ddi tugng sinh vien Tuy theo tinh chat cdng viec va so lugng SV thuc tap tai cic doanh nghiep m i giio vien can p h i n nhdm ddi tugng SV cho phu hgp Viec phan nhdm doi tUgng SVcan can cQvio tam tQ nguyen vgng, nhQng mong dgi ve v i n de m i SV mudn giai quyet va die biet la trinh nhan thQc, ky nang thQc hanh da dQgc xie djnh qua thdi gian hgc tap tai trudng de ed the i p dung vao thUe tien nghe nghiep NhQng can cQ ngUdi giao vien cd the thdng qua hinh thUe tham van, khio sit hoae d i n h gia true tiep thdng qua he thdng cic ciu hdi v i b i n g tieu chi d i n h g i i ky nang nghe nghiep theo vj tri thue t i p eu the Tuy nhien khio sit nen t i p trung v i o m i y v i n de sau: - Cic ciu.hdi lien quan den cie kien thQe, quy trinh, quy pham ky t h u i t , ky nang can thiet se van dung thUe t i p sin xui't - Nen de cap den v i n de an t o i n , cic tinh hudng nghe nghiep cd the p h i t sinh v i cich xQ ly - Cac cau hdi lien quan den nhQng ky nang, nhung nguyen vong m i SV mong mudn dugc thda man, hinh tQ thQc tien nghe nghiep 3.2.2 Xdc dinh cdng viic thi/c tap vd td chde cdc nhdm iuyen tap tgi doanh nghiep theo ndi dung rieng biet TQ ndi dung thQc tap da thdng nhit, giao vien hudng d i n v i ngudi phu trich cic nhdm cua dan vj thuc t i p se trao ddi nhQng thdng tin, yeu ciu ve ky t h u i t , cdng nghe tQ dd xie dinh dQgc cic dau cdng viec Can cU vao kha nang minh cic nhdm SV chu ddng tiep nhan cdng viec v i de xui't vdi 3.2.3 Bdo cdo kit qud thUe tap Viec yeu cau SV ghi nhat ky thuc t i p , cie nhdm b i o c i o ke't q u i theo tuan v i ke't thuc dgt thuc tap l i het sQc can thie't Odi vdi cic buoi b i o c i o tuan, g i i o vien yeu eau ngudi hge trinh bay ket qua thQc hien cdng viec, cic tinh hudng gap p h i i thQe tien nghe nghiep dong thdi td ehUe cic boat dgng p h i n tieh, trao ddi, dUa eic de xui't, sing kien va ed sU p h i n bien giQa cie nhdm SV hoic cua tUng t h i n h vien tao dieu kien eho ngQdi hgc nghT nhieu hon, l i m nhieu han va thao luin nhieu hon Khi tie'n h i n h t h i o l u i n tai cic buoi b i o c i o cung giup hinh cho SV k h i nang trinh b i y trudc tap the, kha nang lap luan, sU tU tin diy cung chinh la nhQng ky nang can thiet cho cudc sdng tuong lai Khi ke't thuc dgt thuc tap, tQng SV can l i m b i o c i o q u i trinh thUe t i p dudi dang v i n b i n , b i n b i o cio c i n trinh b i y tie'n thUe hien theo tuan vdi cae tinh hudng nghe nghiep eu the gap phii, bien p h i p xQ ly cung nhu de xuat cac giai p h i p tdi Uu Giio vien se n h i n xet, d i n h g i i ke't qua, rut kinh nghiem cho tQng SV giup hge n h i n thQc dQgc minh cin cd g i n g nhQng gi, can trau ddi them nhQng kien thQc, ky nang nao de dat dQgc mue tieu d i o tao, d i p Qng dugc yeu ciu eua doanh nghiep sQ dung iao dgng, nang cao kha nang tim kie'm dQgc viec l i m trudng 3.3 Kiem tra, danh gia ket qua thuctap cho sinh vien Viec d i n h g i i ke't q u i thuc t i p dat dugc theo nang lUc cua tQng SV mgt cich chinii xie, nhanh chdng la het sQc quan trgng gdp p h i n thuc day va hoan thien q u i trinh day hgc, giup ngUdi hge n h i n biet duge minh c i n co gang, nd lUc nhu ttie n i o de dat dugc muc tieu hgc t i p Theo PGS.TS Tran Khinh DQc viec d i n h gia q u i trinh day hgc ndi ehung gdm muc dich CO b i n sau (7; tr 352) So 35 thing 8/2016 K H O A HOC D A Y NGHE [7] Xie djnh kien thQc, ky nang v i t h i i hien cd d mdi ngQdi hge trQdc, va ke't thiic giai doan hgetap Thuc day ngQdi hge hgc t i p , thdng b i o kip thdi eho ngudi hgc viet tien bd cua hg q u i trinh day hgc Cii tien, hoan thien q u i trinh day hgc Xie n h i n hoac chQng n h i n trinh do, n i n g iQccua ngQdi hge Trong ITnh vUc g i i o due, viec kiem tra, d i n h g i i ke't q u i hgc tap ndi chung ve mat hinh thQe gdm cd d i n h g i i hinh t h i n h (Formative Assessment) hay cdn dQgc ggi l i kiem tra, d i n h g i i thQdng xuyen (dinii g i i theo tuan, theo mQc dg h o i n t h i n h cic d i u cdng viec) va d i n h g i i ket thue (Summative Assessment) hay cdn ggi l i kiem tra, danh g i i tong ke't Ve tinh chi't cd hai loai d i n h g i i dd la kiem tra, d i n h g i i ddi chieu hay theo chuin tuong ddi va kiem tra d i n h g i i theo tieu ehi (Criterion Referenced Assessment) De d i n h g i i ket q u i cua dgt thQc t i p giio vien hQdng dan can thu t h i p day du cic thdng tin ve ndi dung, ke hoach thQc t i p , yeu cau thUc t i p v i nhQng n h i n xet cua ngUdi phu trich nhdm SV true tiep thdng qua ghi chep hang ngiy Khi d i n h g i i cin cdng khai cic ndi dung, tieu chi d i n h g i i , khuye'n khich phat trien kT nang tU danh gia v i danh gia cheo cua ngQdi hgc vdi nhieu hinh thQc nhutheo sU hudng dan hoic tU p h i n tieh cie tieu chi de cd the phe phin, tim dugc nguyen nhan v i cich khac phuc Hoat dong hgc tap - ren luyen thUc hanh nghe nghiep cua sinh vien di thUc tap Trong q u i trinh thUe tap, vdi eae cdng viec xie dinh ngudi hoc dugc dat v i o nhQng tinh hudng cua thQc tien nghe nghiep, vdi sQtUvan, g i i m sit ve mat cdng nghe, ky t h u i t cua giao vien hudng d i n v i ngudi phu trich cua dan vj thUc t i p , SV dugc true tiep quan sit, thao luin, thao tic, giii quyet van de theo each rieng cua minh, tU dd ITnh hdi dugc kien thQc, ky nang mdi m i khdng r i p khudn may mdc theo nhQng khudn mau sin ed, dugc bdc Id va phat huy tiem nang sing tao Tuy nhien qua trinh thuc t i p ngudi hgc can luu y thQc hien tdt may diem nhQ sau: - Nhan thQc dung muc dich, nhiem vu, yeu cau di thue tap de chuan bi day du, chu d i o nhQng gi giio vien da yeu cau v i cd t i m the sin sing thue t i p tdt - Xie djnh tdc luyen t i p , thdi gian hoan cdng viec phu thudc v i o k h i n i n g nang luc cua minh theo sU tU van cua giao vien Ngiynhanbii: 27/7/2015 - IVlanh dan trao doi vdi g i i o vien hudng dan v i ngUdi phu t r i c h cua don vj thuc t i p ve cic y tudng, cic bien p h i p , sang kien kinh nghiem co the mang lai hieu q u i , lgi ich viec giii quyet cic tlnh huong ky t h u i t - Phuang p h i p , cich thQe g i i i quyet nhiem vu v i tinh hudng thQe tien cd the bang nhQng cacti khie nhung p h i l tQ giie, tich cQc, nghiem tuc ddng thdi t u i n tbu ngi quy, quy dinh cua trudng, cua doanh nghiep hoic don vj thUe tip, quy djnh cua g i i o vien mgi k h i u chuan bj, thuc t i p , kie'm tra d i n h g i i - Trong thQc t i p can iQu y sU g i n ke't, lam viee theo nhdm: Trao ddi thdng tin, giii quyet ntiiem vu hgetap v i tUchju t r i c h nhiem Ket luan Nhu da phan tich d phan d i u , viec van dung cic nguyen t i c td chQc day hgc, kie'm tra danh g i i q u i trinh SV Cao dang nghe di thUc tap tai cie DoN l i het sQc quan trgng Thdng qua qua trinh td chQc thQe t i p , d i n h g i i ke't qua thQc tip, mdt nhQng khau cuoi cung cua qua trinh day hgc tai cie CO sd d i o tao nghe, de hinh thinh p h i m chat n h i n cich, k b i nang van dung kien thQe d i hgc v i o tinb budng thQc tien hinh nang iQc nghe nghiep cho SV • Tdi lieu tham khdo Ban chap h i n h Trung UOng Nghj quyet so 29-NQ/TW 4/1/2013 ve ddi mdi cin bin, t o i n dien g i i o due v i d i o tao Bg Giio due va O i o tao, (2012), Hudng dan td chQc Giio due nghe nghiep, Nxb Giio due Viet Nam TQ dien Bich khoa Viet Nam Nam t i p III, (2005), NxbTQdien Bich khoa TQ die'n Giio due hgc, (2001), Nxb TQ dien Bich khoa Tran Khinh DQc, (2015), Ndng lUe vd Tuduy sdng tgo gido due dgi hgc, Nxb Dai hge Quoc gia H i Ngi Tran Khinh Oilc, (2014), Ly ludn vd phuang phdp day hoc hien dai, Nxb Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Ndi Tran Khinh OQc, (2014), Giio due v i phat trien ngudn nhan lUc the ky XXI, Nxb Giao due Viet Nam 8.Tdng cue day nghe, (2015),Tii lieu bdi dUdng D i o tao d i n h g i i theo n i n g lUc, to chQc day hgc tich hgp, d i o tao theo tin ehi Ngiy p h i n bien: 20/8/2016 [8] K H O A H O C D A Y N G H E So 35 thing 8/2016 Ngiy d i n g : T h i n g 8/2016 ... u i trinh SV Cao dang nghe di thUc tap tai cie DoN l i het sQc quan trgng Thdng qua qua trinh td chQc thQe t i p , d i n h g i i ke't qua thQc tip, mdt nhQng khau cuoi cung cua qua trinh day... dugc yeu ciu eua doanh nghiep sQ dung iao dgng, nang cao kha nang tim kie'm dQgc viec l i m trudng 3.3 Kiem tra, danh gia ket qua thuctap cho sinh vien Viec d i n h g i i ke't q u i thuc t i p... nhdm Qua cic kenh thdng tin, ngUdi g i i o vien se lUa chgn nhQng doanh nghiep cd cdng viee phu hgp, ddng thdi thdng qua qua trinh hgc t i p , ngUdi g i i o vien ciJng can p h i i hieu rd t i m sinh