Hiện tượng phân biệt đối xử theo vùng miền nghiên cứu trường hợp người lao động gốc thanh hóa

70 Xd hgi hgc, sd (138) 2017 HIEN TLTC^NG PHAN BIET DOI XlT THEO VUNG MIEN: NGHIEN CUXJ TRirdNG HOP NGlTCil LAO D O N G GOC THANH HOA DO THI VAN ANH* Tdtn tdt: Dua tren sd lieu khdo sdt 544 ngudi lao ddng tgi tinh vdo ndm 2016, bai viit md td th{rc trgng vd tim hieu nguyen nhdn chinh ddn din hiin tugng phdn biit ddi xu theo vimg miin qua phdn tich trudng hgp ky thj ngudi lao ddng gdc Thanh Hda Kit qud cho thdy, hi?n tugng ky thi ngudi Thanh Hda chu yiu la su lay lan nhiing ldm vi ngudi Thank Hda dudi dgng tin ddn xa hgi vd qua truyen thdng khdng chinh thuc chua cd che tdi xii ty vd ngan chgn thuc su hiiu qud, tii hdnh vi phdn bi$t doi xu vdi ngudi Thanh Hda phdt trien tit ngdm ngam ehuyin sang cdng khai ngodi xa hgi Tu khda: phdn biOt ddi xd, ky thi theo viing mien, ngudi Thanh Hda, gan nhan, chinh saeh D i n nhdp Trong khoang ban ba thdp ky qua, xd hdi Viet Nam da cd su chuyen bien manh me td xa hOi truyen thdng hudng ddn xd hOi hiOn dai Nhieu khu thi, khu cdng nghiep da hinh thanh, phat trien va thu hut hang trieu lao dOng Dilu ndy da gdp phan ddy manh nhftng ludng di eu tien toan qude, ddc biet la di cu td ndng thdn thi va cdc khu cdng nghidp Trong bdi canh lan sdng ngudi di cu td eae vung miin vdi dac diem van hoa da dang dan xen vdi eOng ddng sd tai, viec tri sy dodn kit va ddng thuan xa hOi la mOt dilu rdt quan trpng de hudng tdi muc tieu phdt triln bin vftng Tuy nhien tien thyc te, qua trinh hda nhdp khdng phdi bao gid eung sudn se Chdng hgn, mOt sd ca sd san xuat, kinh doanh cdng khai khdng tuyen dyng lao dOng din td Ha TTnh, Ngh? An hay Thanh Hda (Due Lpe va Minh Quan, 2014) Khdng chi ngudi tu miin Bdc, miin Trung ma ca ngudi tir miin Nam ciing cd bi ky thi Mdt cdng ty cd try sd tai khu cdng nghiep Binh Duong da cdng khai khdng tuyIn ngudi Ca Mau (Vu Hiiu Sy, 2014) MOt td bdo diOn tur da bi phat khd ndng vi ddng bdi viet mang tinh miet thi phu nft tie midn Tay Nam BO (NW vd Anh, 2014) Trong vdn d l k^ tiii theo viing mien ndi chung thi cd le vipc ky thi ngudi Thanh Hda tiiudng dugc d l cdp din nhilu nhdt tidn cac phuang tien truyin thong Tai khdng it cdng sd hay vdn phdng cac doanh nghiep, mOt so ngudi e ngai phai Idm viec vdi ddng nghiep Thanh Hda Nhin chung ed mot ludng du ludn la ngudi gdc Thanh Hda xdu tinh, Trudng Dgi hgc Cong doan Bo Thi Vdn Anh 71 khd choi va ldm dn vdi ngudi Thanh Hda ludn sdn sang phdi ehiu thiOt (Ddc Lpc vd Minh Qudn, 2014; Luang Hong Gdm, 2013; D^u Hong Quang, 2013) Nhftngtiidngtin vl hien tugng ky thj vung miin ddng tdi trdn cdc tiang bao didn tii thudng nhan dugc khd nhieu phan hdi, ca ung hd vd phdn ddi Mae du cd thi hdu hit thdngtinky thi ngudi Thanh Hda dugc lan truyen dudi d^g tin ddn, nhung nlu khdng dugc dinh hudng va dilu ehinh kip thdi thi ed thd dnh hudng tieu cyc din khdi dai doan kit ddn tdc va su dong thudn xd hpi Bai vidt t$.p trung phantichImh tr?aig ky thi doi vdi ngudi que Thanh Hda nhu mOt trudng hgp dien hinh de tra ldi cdu hdi: tai lai noi 16n hipn tugng ky thi, phdn bipt ddi xd theo vdng mien va lam thi ndo dl han che, khde phye tinh tr^g nay? Khai nipm, ca sd ly ludn va phuong phap nghien cthi Su IcJ' thi, dinh kiln ddn din hanh vi phan bipt ddi xu tiong ddi sdng hang da dugc cdc nha khoa hgc quan tdm va ed nhieu cdng trinh nghien edu Stafforf vd Seoti (1986: 80) cho rang ky thi (stigma) la mOt ddc dilm ciia nhiing ngudi vdn mang nhdng gia tri mau thuan vdi mOt he ehuan myc ciia mpt nhdm xa hOi MOt sd hgc gid khac lai dua dinh nghia ky thi la mOt qud trinh xd hOi hoac trdi nghiem ea nhan ed lien quan den viec logi bd, xa Idnh, khien trach hodc thdp gia tri mOt ngudi hodc mOt nhdm ngudi thong qua vice dl phdng hay phdn xet xa hOi bdt Igi vl hg (Weiss vd Ramakrishna, 2006) Theo Goffinan (1963: 3) thi ky thi la hinh thdc lam gidm manh uy tin va gia tri ciia ngudi khac Theo Crocker vd cdc cOng su (1998: 505) thi ky thi Id mOt thuOc tinh xd hOi ho^c ca nhdn bi danh gia thdp vd khdng dugc tdn trgngtiongmOt boi canh xa hOi cu thi Cu thi hon Link va Phelan (2001) dd xac dinh ky thi qua sy hien diOn vd hpi tu cda bdn phdn lien quan Thu nhat, xa hOi phdn biet va dan nhan sy khdc bipt cda ngudi Thd hai, cdc vien cua nhdm vdn hoa thong tri gdn kit nhftng ngudi nhat dinh vdi mOt sd thudc tinh khdng mong mudn Thd ba, cac nhdm hode ea nhan hi dan nhan tieu cyc dugc ddt vao cdc nhdm rieng biet vdi nhftng ngudi khdc Thu tu, cac ea nhan bi dan nhan tieu cue roi vdo tinh trang mdt vi thi Dieu dang luu -^ la qua tiinh xudt hipn ky thi phu thuOc vao muc dO tilp cdn ciia chu thi dii vdi quyen lyc xd hOi, kinh tl, va chinh tri Tinh trang k^ thi, phan bidt ddi xd xd hOi thudng lidn quan din mOt d^c tinh cy till nhu: chiing tdc, gidi tinh, tinh trang sdc khde, nghi nghipp, hgc vdn, mdc sing Sy ky thi theo vdng miin dugc xac dinh la vipc ky thi, hay thdnh kiln, cda mOt nhdm xd hdi ddi vdi mOt nhdm ngudi khdc dua tren nai xudt xd hay que qudn cua hg Thyc tl kinh nghipm tren thi gidi cho thdy, ngudn gdc xudt xd hay qud qudn co thi lien quan mat thilt vdi dan tOc hay chung tOc Tuy nhien, nghien cuu chi xem xet phan tich vdn dl k^' thi va phan biet ddi xd theo vung mien ma khdng cd ylu td ddn tOc ho§c ehung tOc Van dl k^ thi, phan bipt ddi xd vdng miin tdn tgi vdi mdc dg khac d hdu hit cac quoc gia tren thi gidi Sau ndm 1945, vdn dl kj' thj, dinh kiln, phan bipt dii xd vdi ngudi di cu tii ndng thdn dd thi bilu hipn rd rpt d cdc qude gia phdt tiiln, diln hinh la d MS*, Canada, mOt so nude chdu Au, Ue (Bertiand vd Mullainathan, 2004: 991) Trong gjai doan nay, tinh tigng ky thi dugc lan tda va tap trung d cdc nhdm da sd, nhdm manh qua 72 Hien tugng phdn bi^t doi xir theo vimg n viec dan nhdn tidu eye cho nhdm thilu sd hodc nhiing ngudi ylu thi xd hOi Khi mOt eai nhan tidu cue va ky thi dugc gdn cho mOt nhdm thi xd hOi xung quanh ciing ed xu hudng dng x d v d i ngudi bj gdn nhan nhu the hg vdn da tieu cue nhu vgy O nude Due, tinh trang phdn bidt ddi xd giiia cdng dan hai mien Ddng vd Tdy van cdn tdn tai dai d2ng sau hon 25 ndm tiidng nhat ddt nude (Xuan Hieu, 2016) Trung Qude, mOt sd nghien cuu cho thay ed su phan bipt ddi sd theo vung miin, nhat la ddi vdi ngudi lao dOng nhap cu vdo cdc dd thi Idn (Li va cOng sy, 2006; Kuang va Liu, 2012; Maurer-Fazio vd cpng sy, 2015) d Vift Nam, ddc diem dia ly cimg nhu qua trinh xay dyng va phat trien ddt nude da din din sy da dang dang kl ve dde dilm kinh te, van hda, ldi sdng va ngdn ngQ theo viing miin Mdt sd cuOc chien tianh chia cdt dat nude kha Idu dai may the ky qua cung tao dieu kien gia tdng sy da dang ke tien Sau ddt nude thdng nhat vao ndm 1975, Vipt Nam eo nhieu ehinh saeh ciing nhu no lyc nhdm cung cd khdi dai doan ket dan tOc va da thu dugc nhftng tyu ddng ghi n h ^ Bdn canh dd, bii canh edng n ^ p p hoa cung vdi sy phat trien manh me eac ludng lao ddng di cu td cdc viing miin vdi dde dilm vdn hda da dang dan xen vdi cOng dong sd tai, viee xuat hipn nhiing va chgm nhdt dinh vl vdn hda vd Idi sdng Id dilu tdt ylu Bdi viet ndy tap trung phdn tich nhdm ly gidi nguyen nhan ddn den ky thi theo vung midn vdi gia thuydt nghien cdu: vipc xdy nhung hipn tugng ky thi ngudi Thanh Hda la sy lay lan nhftng dinh kien qua tin ddn tiong xa hOi va truyen thdng khdng chinh thiic tiong chua cd chi tdi xd ly vd ngdn chdn thyc sy hiOu qua, td dd hdnh vi phdn biOt doi xd phat trien tu ngam ngam chuyen sang edng khai Ket qua nghien cdu cd thd ggi y eho chinh sach dng phd vdi van de ky thi ngudi lao dOng Thanh Hda cimg nhu ky thi theo vung miin d ViOt Nam ndi chung Cae phdn tich chu yeu sd dyng sd lieu thu thap tii cuOc khdo sat vao ndm 2016 tiong khudn dl tdi nghien cdu ciia UBND tinh Thanh Hoa "Phdt huy cae gid tii truyin thing ciia ngudi Thanh Hda dap ung yeu can cdng nghipp hda, hipn dai hda va hOi nhgp quoc te" trudng Dgi hpc Hdng Due thyc hiOn Dja bdn khao sat bao gdm tinh: Hd Npi, Hai Phdng, Thanh Hda, Dd Ndng, Thanh p h i Ho Chi Minh, Binh Duong va Gia Lai Nhdm doi tugng chinh duge khao sdt Id ngudi lao dpng tai cdc khu cdng nghiep hodc cac doanh nghipp - noi tap trung nhieu lao dOng Thanh Hda Cy thi, bdn cgnh cdc phdng vdn dinh tinh, cupe khdo sdt da chgn mau va phdng vdn dinh lugng 544 lao ddng, tiong 272 ngudi gdc Thanh Hda va 272 ngudi tinh khac Thuc trang kJ' thi, phan bift dii xiir vdi ngirdi goc Thanh Hda 3.1.Nh^n thUe ve phdn hi^t doi xii vdi ngudi Thanh Hda vdn dl vipc lam cua lao dOng di eu ngudi Thanh Hda Id mOt nhftng minh chung phan anh tinh trang ky thi theo vung miin Theo kit qua euOe khdo sdt, cd tdi 92% ngudi Thanh Hoa dugc phdng vdn da cho rdng hg bi ngudi tinh khdc kiln Dilu ciing thi hidn kha ro qua phdng van dinh tmh mOt s i cdng nhdn ngudi Thanh Hda Dd Thi Vdn Anh 73 Ludt cua minh da quy dinh khdng dugc phdn biet ddi xir vdi ngudi lao ddng nen minh ldm viic vdi nhiing cong ty treo biin Nhimg em thdy cd nhiiu cdng ty hg ddi xu ngdm di ky thi chiing em, chiing em la ngudi Thanh Hda cung thdy rdt budn ve nhiing suy nghi cda ngudi ta chua tdi Thanh Hda ddu phdi ciing xdu Ddu phdi d ddu ciing tdt Ngudi Thanh Hda vd Nghi An tinh thuang qui huong nd Idn nen cd ddnh thi hg hay dimg di bdo vi Vi thi hg thdy ngudi Thanh Hda hay ddnh (TLN cdng nhdn lao dOng Thanh Hda tgi Binh Duong) NgwOT Thanh Hda ddng qud Chung ta di ddu ciing gap ngudi Thanh Hoa Cd dgt d nhiing khu cdng nghi?p hg cd su phdn bi?t ngudi Thanh Hoa rdt gay gdt Chinh nhgn thuc cua nhitng ngudi dd hg cd djnh kiin cao Cdn nhu anh em di ldm d ngodi Hd Ngi hay a Sdi Gdn, hay d Dd Ndng ddy, hi dnh hudng bdi nhiing cdu chuyen nhu thi nen nhieu chinh bgn em cUng khdng mudn gidi thiiu minh la ngudi Thanh Hda (PVS, nam, phdng vidn bao chi ngudi Thanh Hda dang ldm vide tai Da Ndng) Sy ky thi dugc phdn dnh kha nhieu d cae cdng ty phia Nam, ddc biet la tai thdnh phi Hd Chi Minh va tinh Binh Duong Nhilu cdng ty d khu vue "dm thdm" khdng tuyen dung lao dOng nam den td cae tinh Tlianh Hda, Nghe An vd Ha TTnh bdng nhieu each khac (xem: Ddc LOc vd Minh Quan, 2014) CuOc phdng vdn nu can bO Lien doan Lao dOng Da Ndng da cung cap them bang ehiing cho nhan dinh tien: Cd mgt thtfC ti la hg rdt uu tiin nhdn lao ddng tgi dia phuong ndy vd hg ngdm ndi vdi rdng nhiing lao ddng gidng nhu d Thanh Hda, Nghi An Hg khdng ndi nhung d chd tiep nhgn hd sa thi hg ndi Id tim cdch tu chdi Ngay chinh ho cUng nhdn dinh Id nhiing ngudi mien Trung co tinh cd kit rdt cao Vi dii cd mdt su v\i gl dd thi cd thi alo vd bdo v^ Do cUng Id mdt dgc diem hay nhung hg lgi hay qud khich nin a irong cdc doanh nghiep thudng xdy cdc vu viec Hay la vi mdu thudn rdt nhd thdi Vd ngudi ta cUng nghe d nhieu cdc doanh nghiep khdc nen tifC hg, tiic Id t^e gidi chu hg cUng e nggi vi$c Chinh d cdng ty d dia bdn ludn tim cdch tit chdi nhOng hd sa ciia ngudi d Thanh Hda, Ngh4 An (PVS, nft, cdn bO Lien dodn Lao dOng Dd Ndng) Nhu vay, tin ddn tieu cyc vl ngudi Thanh Hda khdng cdn Id thdng tin mdi la va gdy nggc nhien vdi ngudi ddn Tham chi tilng xau cdn cd xu hudng tham ddn vdo nhdn thdc ciia nhieu ngudi xa hOi Phdn tich nh|in djnh ve moi quan hd xa hOi cua ngudi gde Thanh Hda cd the gidn tilp phdn anh nhan thdc va thai dO cua ngudi dugc hdi ve tinh trgng phan biet dii xu (Bang 1) Danh gid vl "mdi quan hp eiia ngudi Thanh Hda vdi cac lao dOng tii tinh khac doanh nghipp", nhin nhan ciia ngudi tinh khac kha khac biet so vdi sy nhin nhgn ciia chinh ngudi Thanh Hda ty Ip ddnh gia "tdt" cua hai nhdm tuong dng la 42,9% va86,l% 74 Hijn tugngphdn bijt ddi xir theo vimgmien Bing M S I quan hg giO^ ngiriyi Thanh H6a vdi cic thinh vien t^i noi lim vi$c Bon Vf: % Nguiri Thanh H6a d ^ h gid Ngu5i tinh khic dinh gii V*iLD tinh khic V6iLD Thanh H6a Vdichti doanh nghi?p VSi LD tinh khic Vdi LD Thanh H6a ViH chu doanh nghiep T6t 86,1 78,7 67,3 42,9 54,9 45,6 Binh thuimg 13,2 20,2 29,9 56,7 45,1 54,0 Xau, khong tfit 0,8 2,8 0,4 0,0 0,4 N 272 1,1 272 272 272 272 272 Ddnh gi§ v^ m6\ quan h$ Ngudn- Khao sal tgi linh ndm 2016 Su khde biet tiep tyc the hipn d tidu ehi vl "mdi quan h? cda ngudi Thanh Hda vdi ngudi Thanh Hda": ehi ed 32,5% ngudi tinh khac nhung lgi din 68,4% ngudi Thanh Hda danh gia mdi quan he Id tdt Vd d tieu chi thd ba, "mdi quan hd cda ngudi Thanh Hoa vdi chd doanh nghiep", thi van cd sy khac bipt rat dang ke tiong quan nidm cda chinh hg vdi ngudi tinh khac Chi cd 28,9% ngudi tinh khac nhung lai din 62,5% ngudi Thanh Hda danh gia mdi quan he ndy Id tdt Sy doi eye cho thdy, xd hdi c6 sy nhin nhan kha khdt khe vl mdi quan he xd hOi cua ngudi Thanh Hda Dilu co the la nguyen nhan gdp phdn ddn din sy k;^ thi, phan biet ddi xd va kiln vdi ngudi Thanh Hda khdng mudn nhgn lao dOng hodc phai lam viee cimg ngudi Thanh Hda 3.2 Thai phan Met doi xH v&i ngirdi Thanh Hda Hien tugng phan biet va ky thi theo vimg miin tiong xd hOi mdc dd thudng khdng cdng khai nhung cd thd nhdn thay qua thai dO va danh gia ve ngudi Thanh Hda Trong sd nhihig lao ddng khdng phdi goc Thanh Hda duge khao sat, cd 43,6% ddng y vdi ^ kien "khdng nen choi vdi ngudi Thanh Hda" va 66,1% ding y vdi y kien "khdng nen lam viOe vdi ngirdi Thanh Hda" Ty Ip ddng y vdi y kien "khdng nen ket hdn vdi ngudi Thanh Hoa" thap hon, nhung van len den mdt phan ba (33,6%) Dieu eho thay khd rd tinh trang nguoi Thanh Hda bj nhin nhdn mOt each ky thi, khdng chi tai nai lam vipc ma ca ngodi xd hOi Bang Thii d$ cQa ngirdi tinh khic vdi ngirdi Thanh H6a Danvi% D^ngy Khang d6ng ^ Khong y kien N Khong nen choi vdi ngudi Thanh Hda 43,6 Khong nSn lim vi^c ctuig vdi ngudi Thanh Hda 66,1 KhSng n6n ket hdn vdi ngudi Thanh Hda 33,6 51,4 32,4 5,0 272 1,5 272 65,5 0,9 272 Nguon: Khdo sal tgi tinh ndm 2016 3.3 Hanh viphan bi$t vung miin v&i ngirdi Thanh Hda Sy ky thi, phan biet vimg miin khdng chi dimg lai d nhgn tiidc vd du luan, md cdn thi hipn d hanh vi dng xd cua xa hOi vdi ngudi Thanh Hda d cOng dong cung nhu nai ldm vipc Bdng trinh bdy kit qud khdo sat nhgn djnh cua ngudi tra ldi vl mdc dO ngudi Bd Thi Vdn Anh 75 Thanh Hda bi ddi xd khdng tdt Xet hai phuong an tid Idi "rdt thudng xuyen" vd "thudng xuydn", hdnh vi phi bien nhdt Id "cd lap, tdy chay" (47,2% va 35,8%) Tilp din Id cac hdnh vi "ti^ luongtiidp"(39,8% va 28,9%), "tdng gid, tdng ca" (31,9% va 31,4%) va "bdt x6n ehl dO" (19,7% va 16,2%) Ty le cho rdng ngudi Thanh Hda thudng xuydn hodc rdt thudng xuydn bi "hanh hung" khdng cao nhftng cung rdt dang kl (15,8%) Neu nhin dinh ciia ngudi tia led sdt vdi thyc tl thi vipc phdn biet doi xd khdng phai la hilm vd chdc chdn anh hudng din ddi sdng muu sinh cda ngudi lao dOng Thanh Hda Bing H&nh vi d6i xir v6i ngaifi Thanh H6a tai nori lim vi$c Dan vi: % Mticdd ^1"°"^ ^ thap Rat thudng xuyen 39l Thudng xuyen 28,9 Khong thudng xuy6n 20,5 Hoin toin khong cd 9,2 Khdng biSt 1,6 N 544 Nguon: Khio sat t(?i tinh nam 2016 •f?'S8'* tang ca 3\3 31,4 33,2 2,7 0,8 544 Bdtx&, che dd i9?7 16,2 25,1 7,5 31,5 544 C619P, tay chay 4^2 35,8 12,7 3,2 0,1 544 Hj^h %i 6,7 11,1 34,6 38,5 544 L^ giai nguySn ntian dan dia sif ptian bi^t ddi xu- vdi ngiroi Tlianh Hoa * / Ngirdi Thanh Hoa di at lao dpng nhiiu Theo kSt qua diSu tra dan s6 nSm 2009 (Tong cyc Thong ke, 2010), tinh Thanh H6a CO trSn 3,4 trieu nguai, chi sau ph6 H6 Chi Minh v4 Ha Noi, va la ni5t nhihig tinh CO ty le xuAt cu cao iMt toan qu6c LTac tinh c6 khoang 500.000 nguoi dan goc Thanh Hoa dang lam an, sinh s6ng tai cac tinh a Nam BO- Trong 10 nam tir 1999 dSn 2009, quy mo dan s6 Thanh Hoa giam 0,2%, so dan tSng tu nhien khong the bu dap dugc s6 nguoi chuySn di lam an, sinh song cdc tinh, khac Theo So Lao dong, Thuang binh va XB h$i Thanh H6a, nSm 2016, tung tam gioi thi^u viec lam da t6 chiic dugc 25 phien giao dich vi|c lam v6i 360 lugt doii vi tham gia tu vin tuySn lao dgng va hgc nghi, tien 17.000 lugt nguai dugc tu vin viec lam va hgc nghe, 7.100 lao dgng dugc tryrc tiep tuyk dving tai san Th6ng qua cac phien giao dich vi|c lam, nhiSu doanh nghifp tinh ngoai c6 nhu c^u tuyen lao dgng ph5 thSng vcri so lugng 16n cac dia phuang Ching han, cong ty Sam Sung, Cong ty Honda Viet Nam da tuyIn dung dugc hing trSm lao dong tit Thanh H6a (Bio dien tO: Dan tri 10/2/2017) Vol chinh sach phat triSn kinh te vi tao cong in vi^c lam cho nguW Thanh H6a, tinh da khuyen khich dS nguM Thanh Hoa tvr tim ca hgi vi$c lam cua minh a c4c dia phuang khac b6i canh diSu kien tu nhiSn va xa hgi t?i tinh khdng dap ung dii nhu ciiu vi^c lam cho hg DiSu gop phta djy manh di cu tvr Thanh Hoa den cac cung nhu cdc khu cong nghiep, khu che xult cr cic tinh khic, nhat la khu v\rc phia Nam Khi nguoi Thanh Hoa di cu lao dgng nhieu va rOng thi vi?c dan djn mgt s6 va cham, bdt d6ng v6i nguai ban dia va cdc nh6m nh^p cu khic la diSu kh6 tranh khdi 76 Hi^n tugngphdn bi4t doi xir theo vimg miin 4.2 Bdnh gid tieu cue ve tinh cdch ngirdi Thanh Hda Theo kit qua khdo sat, tiong mdi tifdng lao dOng, ty Ip ngudi tuih khdc ddng y hojc rdt ddng y vdi nhgn dinh la ngudi Thanh Hda "ldi keo be nhdm cyc bO" len t ^ gdn 100% Ty le tuong dng vdi cae nhdn dinh rdng ngudi Thanh Hda "eye tinh tiong quan hO xa hOi tai mdi trudng lao dpng", "ca nhdn chu nghia", "khdng tudn thu gid lam vipc" deu rdt cao, idn lugt la 87,8%, 77,5% va 77,5% (Hinh 1) Trong dd, t^ le ddnh gid tieu cyc vl ndng lue chuyen mdn hay tinh trgng cd bac cua ngudi lao dOng Thanh Hda lgi khd thdp Tuy nhidn nhin chung, sy nhin nh$n tidu eye cua ddng nghipp vd thih each, tac phong tiong Idm viee eda ngudi Thanh Hda la khd phd bien vd rS ret Hinh Danh gi& cua ngirM tinh khic ve t&c phong lam vif c cua ngtrjri Thanh Hoa 11111II Kb6ngtuln Ulngnipu C^bfc L6iktobi Kh6ngc6 CvGtfnh Chiini^ci diA pit lim nh6m cue bO nSng Ivc quan nbin vi^ chuyte mdn M xs hOi • Ritdlng:^ aDlng;^ •hdSng^ iiKhdngdlng:^ Nguon: Khdo sal tgi linh ndm 2016 Dinh kiln hay danh gid tieu cue vl ngudi khde dya tidn xuat xd hay qud quan la mOt sy ky thi vd