Khoang giji-a chinh sach va thyc thi chinh sach binh ding gioi (Nghien cu'u trvcmg hop phu nir tham gia quan ly cong) Dgng Thi Anh Tuyet" ' Phan Thu^n'"' va Le Thj Nga'"'' Tdm tat: Muc dich cua bdi viit la phdn tich khodng gida chinh sdch vd thuc thi chinh sdch ve binh ddng gi&i qudn ly cong Bdng phuang phap tong quan nghien cim ldi lieu, bdi viet chi ro rdng, Chinh phu Viit Nam da no luc rdi l&n viec ban hdnh cdc chinh sdch vd vdn bdn huang ddn thuc thi chinh sdch; nh& da tao mpt khung phdp ly khd vdng chdc ddm bdo quyen cho phg nU tham gia qucin ly cong Tuy nhien thuc te vdn khodng giira chinh sdch va thuc thi chinh sdch binh ddng giai ITnh vuc ndy let khodng vi chinh sdch va ihuc thi chinh sdch dao tgo boi du&ng, quy hogch, bo nhiem S&dinhu vgy Id vi, qud trinh thuc thi, chinh sdch vdn chiu dnh hu&ng tir nhieu nguyen nhdn khdch quan vd chu quan Tir khoa: Chinh sdch, Thyc thi chinh sach, Binh dang gidi, Phu nu tham gia quan ly cong Theo UNDP (2012) ve ddnh gia khung chinh sach d Viet Nam cho thdy, ViitNam cd khung phap ly an tugng, dgc biet la h? thdng xdy dung gidm sat thyc hien cdc vdn bdn hudng ddn Mac du vdy, he thong vdn ban ndy it cd cdc quy dmh vl viec chiu trdch nhiem khdng thuc hien nghi quyet hogc khdng dgt chi tieu (UNDP, 2012a; 12) Hon nfla, dpc cdc tdi lieu '*' PGS.TS Hpc vien Chinh trj Quic gia Ho Chi Minh; Email: tuyetwippa@gmail.com '"' ThS., Hoc vien Chinh trj khu virc IV; Email: phanthuanhv4@yahoo.com '*"' CN., Hgc vi?n Chinh trj khu v^rc IV; Emai I: Iengahv4@gmail.com vdn ban phdp ly quy dinh ve binh dang gidi, ngudi ta thay rang cac co quan "dugc yeu cau" thuc hien cac chinh sach, nhung lgi khdng cd cac bien phdp chiu trach nhi^m Thdi gian gdn ddy Chinh phu Viet Nam da ban hanh mpt so nghi dmh c6 the tao sy khac biet ITnh virc ndy Song, hieu qud ho trg tang cudng lanh dgo nu thdng qua viec thyc hien cac nghi dinh vin chua dugc danh gia, chua cd cdc sdng kiln khuyin khich dh ghi nhdn cac co quan, bp ngdnh thyc hien cac chinh sach va dgt dugc chi tieu Nhin chung, khung chinh sdch, phap ludt d Viet Nam vl binh ddng gidi mgnh vl nhilu nghTa; song c6 Khodng trdng khoang cdch ldn can trd Chinh phu ddm bdo ty le dai dien binh dang cua phu nfl (UNDP, 2012a; 14) Thyc t l cho thdy, viec ban hanh va thyc thi chinh sdch vl binh dang gidi dd cd binh ddng gidi yong ITnh vuc quan ly cdng vdn cdn nhflng khoang trdng nhdt dinh Trong gidi hgn cua bai tgp chi, chung toi chi mdt sd khoang trdng co ban gifla chinh sdch vdi thuc hien chinh sdch binh ddng gidi linh vyc quan ly cdng nhu sau: Khoang gifla chinh sach vol thuc thi chinh sach quy hoach, bo nhifm can bp nfl Theo danh gia cua UNDP vl khung phap ly ve binh ddng gidi, Viet Nam cd he thdng phdp ly va khudn kh5 chinh sach vl binh ddng gidi khd vflng chac (UNDP, 2012b: 7) Dilu ndy dugc thi hien d quan diem chi dao ciia Dang Cdng san Viet Nam, xdc dinh tgi Dai hpi ldn thfl XI rang, can "lam tot cong tdc quy hogch va tao ngudn cdn bO chu y cdn bd tre, nu, ddn t0c thieu so, chuyen gia tren cac ITnh vuc; xay dyng quy hogch can bg cdp chiln luoc" (Dang Cdng san Viet Nam, 2011) Tuy nhien Dang Cpng sdn Viet Nam cung ddnh gia kha khdch quan tgi Dgi hdi Dang lan thfl XII rdng, cdng tdc quy hogch d mdt sd noi cdn khep kin, chua bao ddm sy lien thdng, gdn ket Ty le cdn bp lanh dgo va cap uy la ngudi dan tdc thieu sd, cdn bg nfl, cdn bg tre, viec ludn chuyen bd tri mdt sd ehflc danh can bp ldnh dgo khdng la ngudi dia phuong thuc hien chua dgt yeu cdu (Dang Cpng sdn Viet Nam, 2016) Theo dd tgi Dgi hgi Dang ldn thu Xil, Dang Cpng sdn Viet Nam nhdn mgnh: phdi "tang ty le phu nu tham gia vdo cap uy va bd mdy qudn ly nha nudc" (Ddng C5ng sdn Viet Nam, 23 2016) De phdt huy nhung kit qua dgt dugc va khdc phuc nhflng hgn che viec thyc hien binh dang gidi flong qudn ly cdng, cung tgi Dgi hpi Ddng ldn thfl XII, Ddng Cgng san Viet Nam xdc dinh rd, can ddi mdi bdu cfl Dang, phuong thflc tuyen chgn, bo nhiem cdn bp, de lua chgn nhimg ngudi cd ban ITnh chinh tri vflng vang phdm chat dao dflc tdt, ndng ddng, ddm nghT, dam lam, dam chiu trdch nhiem gifl cac vi tri ldnh dgo, ddc biet la ngudi dflng ddu Tap trung xay dyng ddi ngu cdn bp, nhdt la dpi ngu can bg cap chien luge, dii nang luc va phdm chat, ngang tdm nhiem vu Cd CO che, chinh sdch phdt hien, thu hiit, sfl dung nhan tai Tren tinh thdn nghi quyet cua Dgi hdi Ddng, cdc chinh sdch, phdp lugt dam bao sy tham gia lanh dgo, qudn ly cua phu nfl ITnh vyc cong dugc ban hanh Do id Hien phdp nam 2013; Ludt Binh ddng gidi nam 2007; Chuang trinh hdnh dpng cua Chinh phu ve cong tac phu nfl thdi k^* cong nghiep hda, hien dgi hda den nam 2020 (dugc thdng qua thang 12/2009); Chien luge qude gia ve binh ddng gidi 2011-2020 va Chuong trinh qude gia ve binh ddng gidi 2011-2015; cac quyet dinh va nghi quyet ve vai trd va trdch nhiem efla cdc bd vd co quan; he thdng giam sat cdc vdn ban hudng dan (UNDP 2012a) Mac dil vgy tren thyc te, sy tham gia cua phu nfl yong ITnh vyc cdng, dgc biet phu nfl tham gia qudn ly cong d cdc cdp cdn rat hgn che (Vuong Thi Hanh, 2007; Dgng Thi Anh Tuyet, 2016) Dieu dugc the hien rd tfl nhiing bang chflng thyc te rdng, vdn co sy khdc biet giua nam va nfl de cap den vice hd trg phu nfl ITnh vuc quan ly cdng Ty le phu nfl 24 tham gia vao cac vj tri lanh dgo quan ly cdp Trung uong tdng ien nhung thieu tinh bin vflng Dilu cd the nhin thay qua ty le nfl tham gia Quoc hdi cdc khda Trong dd, ty le nu tham gia Qude hpi khda V (1971-1975) chilm ty 1^ cao nhat (32,31%) nhung ty le ndy khdng dn dinh va bien dpng d cac nhiem ky tiep theo cua Quic hpi Hieu flng "nam trudng, nu pho" van cdn hien him ttong he thdng chinh tri cac cap So vdi nam gidi thi ty le cdn bp nfl giu ehflc danh chu tich d cac cdp chinh quyen dia phuang cdn rdt thap Nhu vay, khung phdp Iy ludn dam bdo day du quyin cua phu nfl cong tac quy hogch, bl nhiem; song yong qud trinh thyc thi chinh sdch dudng nhu cdn cdn bl nhiem, quy hogch thudng co xu hudng thien ve nam gidi Dieu da tgo khodng trdng gifla chinh sdch va thuc thi chinh sach quy hogch, bd nhiem, dl roi phu nu ludn gap bdt lgi bo tri cdc vi tri chu chdt Thdng Hn Khoa hgc xa hpi sd 5.S017 2011) Trudc dd Chinh phu cung dd ban hdnh Nghi quylt sd 57/NQ-CP ve chuang trinh hanh ddng cua chinh phu giai dogn den 2020 thuc hien Nghi quyet so IINQ/TW cua Bd Chinh yj vl Cong tdc phu nfl thdi ky ddy mgnh cdng nghiep hda, hien dgi hda ddt nudc da dugc ban hdnh 27/4/2007 Nghi quyet neu rd rang, ndng cao vi the cua phu nfl yong mgi ITnh vuc cua cuoc sdng thdng qua tang cudng sy tham gia lanh dao vd quan ly cua phu nfl; thyc hien nguyen tdc binh ddng gifla nam va nu; ldng ghep co che, chinh sach cu the ve dp tudi quy hogch, ddo tgo bo nhiem ddi vdi cdn bp, cdng ehflc nfl Th6ng qua cac hdnh ddng cu the nhu sau: Tang cudng co hdi tiep can gido due vd ddo tgo, y te, phdp ludt cho phu nfl va tre em gdi; Xdy dyng va thuc hien chuong trinh ddo tgo can bd nfl Cac nghien cflu cua Truang Thi Thdng (2014) va Dang Thi Anh Tuyet (2016) cho thdy, cac tieu chi tham gia tap Khoang trdng giu'a chinh sdch vdi thu-c hudn, dao tao bao gdm tuoi va sd ndm thi chinh sach dao tao, boi du'o'ng doi vdi cdng tdc cua can bd va mpt s6 can b6 nutrudng hgp Id mflc lucmg Tuoi dugc coi D I tgo "sdn chai" cdng bdng giua la mdt tieu chi vi mdt can bg cang gdn tuoi nam gidi vd phu nfl ITnh vyc qudn nghi huu thi mong mudn boi dudng can ly cdng - ITnh vyc dudng nhu cdn cdn bd cang gidm Khi tuoi nghi huu khong thudng c6 xu hudng thien lfch ve nam cdng bdng, thi dieu kien tuoi tham gia tap gidi, Ddng Cpng sdn Viet Nam da xac hudn, dao tgo cung khdng cdng bang dinh tgi Dgi hgi Idn thu XI rang, cdn Thyc tiin la, chi nam gidi dudi 40 tudi va "nang cao chdt lugng cdng tdc dao tgo, boi nfl gidi dudi 35 tudi du dilu kien tham gia dudng cdn bp; khdc phuc tinh trang chay cac khda bdi dudng hdnh chinh vd chinh theo bdng cdp (Dang Cgng sdn Viet Nam, trj hodc hpc tap d nudc ngodi Hon nua, nam vd nfl chi du dilu kien tham gia cac '*' S6 li^u ciia Trung uang Hpi lien Hi?p phy nQ khda bdi dudng va tu nghiep sau 3-5 ndm cho thdy, chu'c danh chii tjch linh \t phu nQ giam ttr 3,13% nhi^m ky 2006-2011 xu6ng 1,59% lam viec Do dd, nam gidi se co nhieu ca nhi§m ky 2011-2016 Trong d6, vj tri hpi dugc chpn tham gia bdi dudng hon ndy a cdp huy^n vk xa c6 tang Ifin vdi ty l§ tuong tinh chi phi hieu qua cao hem vi hp cd thdi Ihig la (3,62% len 4.71% va 3,42% len 5,61%) gian idm viec tilm nSng ddi hem Ket qua (Xem: Triromg Thj Thong, 2014) Khodng trdng nghien cflu cua Dang Thj Anh Tuylt (2016) cho thdy, cd 81,0% cho rdng "cac cdp lanh dgo thudng uu tien chpn nam gidi quy hogch, dao tgo"; chua tdi 14 tong sd ngudi dugc hdi cho rang, phu nu CO nhieu ca hdi dugc hgc tap Trong dd, CO hem 14 tdng sd ngudi dugc hoi cho rdng, phu nfl it va rdt it cd co hdi ddo tgo chuyen mon d nudc ngodi Tuy nhien, co hgi bdi dudng chuyen mon, ky nang tin hgc va ngogi ngu thi phu nu cd ca hpi nhieu hem mpt chut se dnh hudng den co hpi phat triln cua phu nfl vd nam gidi Nghien cuu cua Le Thi Bich Tuyin (2014) da dua bdng chflng rdng, cd 84,3% cdn bd dugc hdi cho rdng viec thieu cdc bien phdp va ngudn lyc du manh kip thdi de thyc hien chinh sach lien quan den binh ddng gidi la rdo cdn rat nghiem trpng vd kha nghiem ypng ddi vdi sy tham gia cua phu nu yong qudn ly cdng cdp tinh d Ddng Thap Ngodi ra, co 59,0% can bp cho rang, thieu cac che tdi can thiet de Nhu vgy, phu nfl thudng chu ylu co thyc thi cdc quy dinh ve gidi cung Id rdo CO hpi tham gia cdc khda bii dudng ngdn cdn nghiem trpng doi vdi phu nfl tham ngay, dd, ca hpi dao tgo, ddc gia ldnh dgo, quan ly Ddng thdi, tinh chju biet ddo tao chuyen m6n d nudc ngodi la ydch nhiem cua chu the vdn hgn che khan hiem ddi vdi can bd nfl Bang chung Cling chinh la rao cdn doi vdi phu nu da cho thdy, cd khoang trdng gifla qudn ly cong Ket qua nghien cflu cua chinh sach va thuc thi chinh sach ddi vdi Tran Thi Kim Lien (2015) d An Giang CO hdi dao tao ciia cdn bg nfl Chinh dieu ciing CO ket ludn tuong tu rang, viec thieu da tgo rdo can ddi vdi phu nfl cdc bien phap va ngudn lyc, thiet che bdo ITnh vuc quan ly cdng hien ddm binh dang gidi la rao cdn doi vdi sy tham gia ciia phu nfl yong he thong chinh Nguyen nhan tao khoang tring giua tri cap huyen Ket qud nghien cflu cua chinh sach vdi thirc thi chinh sach binh Ddng Thi Anh Tuyet (2016) ciing cho dang gidi quan Iy cdng thay, CO 43,5% cho rdng "thieu cdc bien Viec thuc thi chinh sdch hinh ddng phap vd nguon lyc du mgnh, kip thdi de gi&i chua nghiem thuc hien chinh sach" la rdo can nghiem Thuc thi chinh sdch ve binh ddng gidi trpng va rat nghiem trgng ddi vdi su tham cd y nghTa quan trpng nham dam bao co gia ldnh dao, qudn Iy cua phu nfl hpi ngang cho cd nam va nu tham Nhu vdy, cac bdng chflng nghien cuu gia vdo cdc hogt ddng cua ddi sdng xa hpi Bdi le, viec thuc thi chinh sdch se dua cac d cdc bdi canh khdc nhung co ket chu truang, chinh sdch vdo ddi sdng, dam luan kha thdng nhdt rdng, viec thieu vang bao quyin lgi cua ngudi dan Dieu cac cdng cu dam bdo chinh sdch ve gidi dugc the hien ddnh gid cua UNDP ddi sdng chinh tri cd dnh hudng rdt rang, nguyen nhdn khien cho cac muc tieu ldn den ca hgi tham gia quan ly cdng cua binh dang gidi quan ly cdng hien phu nfl he thdng chinh tri cdc cap khdng phdi Id thieu lugt vd chinh hien Chinh vi the, de thuc ddy phu nfl sdch binh ddng gidi, md van de d ch6 thyc tham gia lanh dgo, quan ly, cdn bo sung thi chinh sach (UNDP, 2012b: 8) Do dd, nhirng che tai dam bao quyen tham chinh viec thyc thi chinh sdch ve binh ddng gidi cua phu nu 26 Thiiu SIC thong nhdt gida quyit tdm chinh Iri cua cdp Hy Ddng, chinh quyen dia phuang v&i nhgn thiec cua cpng dong ve ldng cu&ng tham gia lanh dgo, qudn ly cua phu nd Cap fly vd ngudi dflng ddu eo quan cd vai yd quan trgng ddi vdi sy thuc day phu nfl tham gia ldnh dao, quan ly hien Nghien cflu cua Trdn Thj Vdn Anh (2010) cho thdy, ngudi dflng dau he thong ehinh tri hoac eo quan, don vi cd quan tdm den binh ddng gidi thi dudng tham gia chinh trj cua cdn bd nfl se it gian nan hem va ca hdi tham chinh cdng dugc ddm bdo Ngodi ra, phdi cd sy ung hg, tao dieu kien tfl cpng ddng xa hdi, tfl phia gia dinh va sy n6 Iuc cua bdn thdn ngudi phu nfl mdi dam bao ddy du cac yeu to cho phu nfl khdng dinh vai trd gidi chinh trj Mpt nghien cflu khdc d thdnh Cdn Tho (Vu Thi Thu Hiln, 2016) cung da chi rdng, phy nfl gap khong it trd nggi ma nguyen nhan chu quan mgt sd cap iiy vd chinh quyin dia phuong chua coi ygng cong tac cdn bp nu, thieu tin tudng vao khd ndng cua can bO nfl, nggi tuyen dung nu; thieu su chi dgo quylt liet flong viec trien khai Chi thi, Nghi quyet ve cdng tdc cdn bd nu d dia phucmg Nhu vay, sy thieu quylt tdm nhgn thflc, hanh ddng cua cac cap uy Dang, chinh quyen, dodn the co sd da tac ddng den viec phat huy vai trd, khd ndng cua phu nfl tham gia quan Iy cdng Su hdt cap cUa chinh sdch ve tuoi nghi huu cua phu nic Theo quy dinh cua phap ludt hien hdnh d Viet Nam, viec thuc hien chi huu tri cho cdn bg nam vd nu chenh lech nsm Id rr-o*^ can trd ldn ddi vdi phu nfl Thdng tin Khoa hoc xa hOi sd 5.2017 qud trinh phdn ddu Cung theo la edc quy dinh Hen quan den tudi quy hogch, dao tgo, bdi dudng, de cfl, bo nhiem, deu xudt phdt tu chenh lech tudi nghi huu Viec thyc hien chi him fli cho can bp nam va nu hien cd su phdn biet, chenh lech ndm, mpt mat, chinh sdch nhdm tao dieu kien de phu nfl c6 them thdi gian nghi ngoi va chdm soc sflc khoe; mat khac, nd dang Id mpt rdo can Idn ddi vdi phu nfl qud flinh phan dau vao cac vi tri cdng tde Cd the noi quy dmh tuli la mdt nhung nhdn t l quan trpng yong cdc chinh sach vd thuc tien hien hdnh, gidi han co hpi sy nghiep vd thdng tien cua phu nfl Day cung Id mpt thyc te khien sd lugng can bd nfl tham gia vao cac vi tri quan trgng ldnh dao, qudn ly cong thap hon nam gidi nhieu Do dd, chinh sdch quy dinh tudi nghi huu dd dl Igi he qua la se gay khdng it kho khan cdng tac quy hoach dao tgo, sfl dung cdn bd nfl Cd the ndi, day cung la nguyen nhdn lam hgn che co hdi dao tgo, boi duong, quy hogch vd bo nhiem cua can bp nfl hien Cpng dong chua ddnh gid cao ve phu nic Trong nhung ndm gan day, dgc biet sau LuEit Binh ddng gidi ban hdnh, nhdn thflc vl gidi, quyen cua phu nfl dpi ngu cdn bg d co sd dugc nang mpt cdch ro rdng, nhd dd, da gop phan tich cue vdo thyc thi cd hieu qua chien luge binb dang gidi (Nguyen Dinh Tdn va cgng su, 2010) Tuy nhien, xd hpi vdn cdn nhiing tu tudng thien kiln, hep hdi, thilu ty tin vdo khd ndng cua phu nfl, cdn dinh kiln cong tdc danh gia cdn bd (Ngdn hang Thi gidi, 2006: 37) Do chinh la rdo cdn ldn nhdt din qua trinh phdn ddu cua phu nfl yong ITnh vuc quan ly cdng hien Kho^g Thay ldi ket Nhu vdy, nghien cflu vl thuc thi chinh sdch binh dang gidi cho thdy rdng, Viet Nam dd cd mdt khung phdp ly khd ddy du de dam bao quyen cho phu nfl tham gia qudn Iy cdng Nhd dd phu nfl da ddn dugc khdng dinh vi the vai trd cua minh ITnh vyc thdng qua sd lugng va chdt lugng tham gia vao viec cdc quylt sdch quan trgng ddi vdi su phdt triln bin vflng cua xa hdi Mgc du vdy, cac bdng chflng nghien cflu trudc day dd cho thdy, viec thyc thi chinh sdch binh ddng gidi ndi chung, binh dang gidi ITnh vyc qudn ly cong ndi rieng cdn khdng it bdt cgp vd tgo nhieu khodng trdng nhu khoang trdng giua chinh sach vd thuc thi chinh sach cdng tac ddo tgo, bdi dudng; cong tac quy hoach, bd nhiem Chinh dieu da khien cho sy tham gia cua phu nu qudn ly cdng chua thdt su bin vflng; hieu flng "nam trudng, nfl pho" vdn hien huu; phu nfl thich hgp hon hogt dpng doan the; su tham gia quyet sdch d mpt sd ITnh vuc nhu tai chinh, an ninh chinh trj, cdn hgn chi Khoang dugc tao tfl nhung nguyen nhdn lien quan din cdc bien phap thuc thi chua du mgnh, nhdn thflc cua cdp uy ve binh ddng gidi cdn hgn che vd cac nguyen nhan khdc xuat phdt tfl bdn than phu nfl, cdng ddng, mdi trudng md hg dang sinh sdng Tfl do, nghien cflu ggi y nhirng gidi phap nham nang cao hieu qua thyc thi chinh sdch binh ddng gidi thdi gian tdi, gdp phan gidi quyet mpt each thda dang ve viec dam bao quyen tham chinh ciia phu nu he thdng chinh trj d Viet Nam, dd la: Thie nhdt, tdng cu&ng su cam ket mgnh me cua cd hi thdng chinh tri, nhdt Id nhung ngudi dflng ddu viec lanh dgo, chi dao va thuc hien binh ddng gidi va tien bd cua phu nfl ludn ddng vai trd then chdt Thie hai, cdn co su cu the hoa cua viic cam kit thi hien qua cdc ke hogch hdnh dpng vd viic lam cu thi doi v&i su tham chinh cua phu nic Thie ba, cdn chii trgng din cong tdc quy hogch doi ngd cdn bp ldnh dgo, qudn ly la nic (tgo ngudn, ddo tao, bl tri su dung) Trong cac chinh sach ve cdng tdc can bg, chinh sdch quy hoach, ddo tao va bdi dudng cua cac bg, ban, nganh da quan tam den can bp nfl nhieu hem Thd tu, cdn co su linh hogt viec dp dung cdc bien phdp thUc day binh ddng gi&i: Mdt sd bd ban, nganh da dp dung linh hogt cac quy dinh ve tuoi, dieu kien tham gia dao tao; Hd trg nhung khoan kinh phi nhdt djnh cho cdn bd nfl tham gia dao tgo boi dudng ddi han; Tuyen truyen van dpng, dpng vien can bd nfl tham gia hgc tap, boi dudng Thti ndm, tdng cu&ng cong tdc kiem tra, gidm sdt viic thttc hien cong tdc cdn bp nd: Thuc te cho thdy cdng tac chua sdt sao, chua kjp thdi, chua de dugc nhihig bien phap mgnh co tinh rang budc de cdc don vj trien khai thyc hien hieu qua Cac ca quan cd trdch nhiem ve binh dang gidi can tdng cudng cdng tac kiem tra, giam sat, danh gid va tdng ket viec thuc hien cac chi tieu lien quan den cdng tac can bd nfl, ty le nfl tham gia lanh dgo, qudn ly Kinh nghiem cho thay d cdc CO quan lam tdt cdng tdc kiem tra, gidm sat thi hieu qud cdng tac can bd nu vd ty le nfl tham gia ldnh dgo cd xu hudng cao hon a 28 Tdi lieu tham khao Trdn Thj Van Anh (2010), Bdo cao Kit qud nghien ciiu dinh tinh ve nd ldnh dgo khu vuc nha nu&c & Viet Nam, Ha Npi Dang C0ng san Viet Nam (2011), Vdn kien dgi hpi Ddng todn quoc ldn thu: XI, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, HaNdi Vuong Thj Hanh (2007), "Phu nfl Viet Nam va viSc tham gia chinh trj", Tap chi Nghien ctiu Gia dinh va Gi&i, sd 3, tr 16-25 Vu Thj Thu Hiln (2016), 5u-//iam g/a ldnh dgo, qudn ly ciia phg nU Irong he thong chinh tri cdp ca s& thdnh Cdn Tha, Luan van Thac sT Chu nghTa xd h6i khoa hpc, Hgc vi?n Chinh fli Qude gia Ho Chi Minh, Ha Ndi Trdn Thj Kim Lien (2015), Su tham gia ldnh dgo, qudn ly cua phu nd h? thong chinh tri cdp huyen cUa tinh An Giang, Bdo cao nghien cflu de tai cdp CO sd, Dgi hgc An Giang Ngan hdng Thi gidi, Ngan hang Phdt yiln chdu A, GIDA (2006), Ddnh gid tinh hinh gi&i & Viet Nam, Hd Ngi Thdng Hn Khoa hpc xa hdi sd 5.2017 Nguyen Dinh Tdn va cdng sy (2010) Vai tro cda dpi ngU cdn bp ca s& doi v&i thuc thi chinh sdch binh ddng gi&i, Nxb Chinh tr; quoc gia, HdNOi Truong Thi Thdng (2014), Su tiin bp nghe nghiep ciia cdn bg nU ca quan Ddng, Nha nu&c, Dy an dieu tra, Hgc vien Chinh trj Quoc gia Ho Ghi Minh, Ha Npi Le Thi Bich Tuyin (2014), Sii tham gia ldnh dgo, qudn ly ciia phu nU cdp tinh & Dong Thdp, Luan van Thgc sT Xa hdi hgc, Hgc vien Chinh tri Quoc gia Hd Chi Minh 10 D§ng Thi Anh Tuylt (2016), Phu nU tham gia lanh dgo, qudn ly cong, De tai nghien cflu cdp bp, Hpc vien Chinh tri Qude gia Hd Chi Minh, Ha Npi 11 UNDP (2012a), Su tham gia ciia phu nie vai trd lanh dgo vd qudn ly a ViitNam, HaNdi 12 UNDP (2012b), NH dgi biiu Qude hpi & Viet Nam Hu&ng l&i tuang lai Ha Ngi ... nfl 24 tham gia vao cac vj tri lanh dgo quan ly cdp Trung uong tdng ien nhung thieu tinh bin vflng Dilu cd the nhin thay qua ty le nfl tham gia Quoc hdi cdc khda Trong dd, ty le nu tham gia Qude... Mac dil vgy tren thyc te, sy tham gia cua phu nfl yong ITnh vyc cdng, dgc biet phu nfl tham gia qudn ly cong d cdc cdp cdn rat hgn che (Vuong Thi Hanh, 2007; Dgng Thi Anh Tuyet, 2016) Dieu dugc... rang, thieu cac che tdi can thiet de Nhu vgy, phu nfl thudng chu ylu co thyc thi cdc quy dinh ve gidi cung Id rdo CO hpi tham gia cdc khda bii dudng ngdn cdn nghiem trpng doi vdi phu nfl tham