Thực trạng người lao động tham gia bảo hiểm xã hội tự nguyện (qua nghiên cứu tại quận tây hồ và huyện đông anh, hà nội

118 Xd hgi hgc so (143) 2018 THirC TRANG NGUOl LAO D O N G THAM GIA BAo HIEM XA H O I TV NGUYEN (Qua nghien cihi tgi qudn Tdy Hd vd huyin Bong Anh, Ha N^i) NGUYEN THI TUYET N G A ' NGUYEN THI KIM H O A " Torn tdt: Bdo hiim xd hgi ti^ nguyen la logi hinh bdo hiim xd hgi Nhd nudc td chiec, ngudi tham gia dugc lua chgn mice ddng, phuang thuc ddng phii hgp vdi thu nhqp Nhd nudc co chinh sdch ho trg tien dong bdo hiim xd hgi de ngudi tham gia huang che hint tri vd tie tudt Mac dii vgy, hiin nay, ty le nguai lao dgng tham gia bdo hiem xd hgi tu nguyin cdn a muc thdp so vdi tiem nang Bdi viit tim hiiu vi muc dich, thai gian vd phuang thicc tham gia bdo hiem xd hgi lu nguyin ciia nguai lao dgng tgi ba phudng Tie Liin, Xudn La, Phu Thugng, qugn Tdy Hd vd xd Uy Nd, xd C6 Loa, huyen Bong Anh, Hd Not Tren ca saphdn tich nhOng ddnh gid cua nguai lao dgng vi chinh sdch bdo hiem xd hgi tie nguyen, tdc gid di xudt mdt so gidi phdp nhdm gia tdng doi tugng tham gia bdo hiim xd hdi tu nguyen tgi cdc dia bdn nghien cieu Tir khoa: bdo hiSm xd hdi, ngudi Iao dpng, an sinh xa hpi, Hd Ndi Nhgn bdi: 04/9/2018 Gid phdn bien: 10/9/2018 Duy?t ddng: 20/9/2018 Dat van de Bao hiem xa hdi (BHXH) tg nguypn Id chinh sdch cua Ddng va Nhd nudc dupc thuc hien nam 2008, vdi muc tieu hudng tdi ddi sdng dn dinh cho dgi bd phgn ngudi lao dpng (NLD) khdng nam nhdm tham gia BHXH bdt huge, tao sg binh ddng ve BHXH giiia nhung ngudi lao ddng lam viec d cac khu vgc kinh te khdc Hipn nay, mdc du sd lugng lao dpng tham gia BHXH tg nguypn tdng hang ndm nhung ty le lao ddng tham gia BHXH tg nguyen vin d muc thdp, chi dat 227.506 lao dpng ndm 2017, tiic 0,47% luc lugng lao dpng dp tudi (Chinh phu, 2018), phdn ldn la nhiing ngudi da cd thdi gian tham gia BHXH bdt huge sau nghi viec chuyin sang ddng BHXH tu nguyen dl du dieu kien hudng chi dp huu tri, sd ngudi tham gia mdi, ddc biet la lao dpng tre chua nhilu Tac gia Ddng Nguyen Anh (2016) nhan dinh: "Bao hilm xa hdi hien chua che phii dugc khu vgc kinh tl phi chinh thuc, noi cd rdt nhilu lao dgng phd thdng vd la ngudn sinh ke cho nhdm ddi tugng thu nhdp thdp Tinh trgng lam viec khdng cd bao hilm, khdng hop dong diln phd bien d khu vgc Ngudi Iao ddng phdi ldm viec dilu kipn ylu '^Trung tdm Phdt triin liy ndng vd iri thirc cong tdc xd hgi Lien hi?p cdc Hgi KH-KT Vi$t Nam Dgi hoc Khoa hgc Xa hgi vd Nhdn vdn, Dgi hgc Qudc gia Hd Ngi Nguyen Thj Tuyet Nga, Nguyen Thj Kim Hoa 119 kem, moi truing ddc hai, luong thip, khong 6n dinh" Bfy bao phi cua BHXH t\i nguydn khdng cao boi canh dan s6 dang budc vao giai doan gii hoa, din dfa nhieu h? Iviy li^n quan den an sinh xa hpi tuong lai khong xa Nghien ciiu vi BHXH t^r nguyen doi vol nguoi lao dpng (NLD) boi canh hi^n \k mOt nh&ng van de trgng tSm cua ASXH, nhim tim nhiJng gi^ phdp hi§u qua de thu hiit nguM lao ddng tham gia BHXH tu nguy$n, g6p phin thuc hi?n Nghi quy^t 28-NQ/TW ng4y 19/5/2018 cua HOi nghi lan thir 7, Ban chip hanh Tnmg ucmg D ^ g Cpng san Viet Nam CAch ti^p c^n nghien ciru BHXH tv nguy$n dupc thuc hifn til 01/01/2008 theo quy dinh ciia Lu|it BHXH nim 2006; d6, co cac n0i dimg quy dinh ve doi tupng, muc dong, phucmg thiic d6ng, miic hucmg cac che dp BHXH tu nguyen Day la chinh sach tm viet giiip cho NLD t\r dupc tham gia va huong chi d6 luong htm hit tu6i lao dpng CSn cti vao van ban phap quy hi?n hanh, BHXH tu nguy?n dupc dinh nghia nhu sau: "BHXH ttt nguyfn la loai hinh bao hiem xa hpi Nha nu6c t6 chiic ma ngucri tham gia dupc l\ra chpn miic dbng, phuong thiic dong phu hpp voi thu nhSp cua minh va Nha nuoc co chinh sdch ho trp tiln d6ng bdo hiSm xS h6i d6 ngudi tham gia hudng che dp huu tnvhtxi tuit" (Dieu 3, Luat BHXH, 2014) Duoi g6c dp an sinh xa hpi, cdc cong trinh nghien ciru ve BHXH tu nguyfn cho thiy nhilu khia canh khdc nhau, tir cdc nghiSn cihi 1^ lu|ln (Mac V5n Tiln, 2010; DJng NguySn Anh, 2015; Ducmg Van Thing, 2014) din nghien ciiu thuc tiln th\rc trjng doi sing NLD, thuc trang tham gia BHXH tu nguy?n cua NLD Hiu hit cac nghien ciiu diu khing dinh tinh cin thilt cua BHXH tu nguydn dii vcri NLD tvt do, boi da s6 phai lam vi$c moi truong kinh tl khdng In dinh, thu nhap thip va bip benh, khdng cd chi dp dm dau hoSic khdng khd ndng lao dpng tuoi gid (Thdi Duong, 2017) Cac gidi phap dupc dua chu ylu t?lp trung vdo ho?lt dpng truyin thdng vd hodn thi$n chi dp chinh sdch phu hpp vcri nhu ciu cua NLD (Thdi Duong, 2017) Cd the thiy, nghien ciiu ve BHXH, ddc biet Id BHXH tu nguyfn Id vin dl cip thilt hi^n nhdm nang cao chit lupng cupc sdng, ddm bdo an sinh x5 hpi cho mpi NLD Bdi viit dua trdn quan dilm ciia cdc 1^ thuyit: thuyit nhu ciu va thuyit svr l\ra chpn hpp ly Dai di?n tieu biiu ciia ly thuyit nhu ciu la Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) Quan dilm miu chdt ciia ly thuyit nhu ciu cho phep xdc lap thii tu uu tien ciia cdc ddi tupng (trong mdi lien kit cd tinh chit h$ thdng) d\ra tren nhimg nhu ciu co bdn cua ngudi Theo ly thuyit ndy, nhu ciu cua ngudi phdt triln theo ndm thir bac chinh Thang bdc thip nhit Id nhu ciu vdt chit dl sinh tin, thang bac thii hai la nhu cau an todn, thang bdc thii ba la nhu ciu xd hpi, thang bac thir tu Id nhu ciu tdn trpng vd thang bac cao nhit la nhu ciu tu thi hien Nhu ciu vl tham gia BHXH tu nguyen cua NLD ciing dua tren nhitag ylu td Maslow dua Day la nhu ciu thudc thut bdc thii hai: nhu cau an toan Trong thuc tl cudc sdng khong phdi ngudi lao dpng nao cung cd dii dilu ki^n vl sHc khoe, khd ndng lao ddng dl cd ddm bdo cupc sdng Din tudi huu tri, khdng cdn kha ndng lao dpng, NLD can thiet phdi cd mpt ngudn thu nhap on dinh de thda man trudc nhat nhitng nhu ciu thiet yeu de sinh tdn Nhu vdy, van dung ly thuydt ndy can ddnh gia su 120 Thuc trgng ngudi lao dgng tham gia bdo hiem xd hgi lu nguyen thda man cua NLD vl nhOng nhu ciu sinh hpc, tir ddnh gid thuc trang nhu ciu ciia NLD vd cdc dilu ki$n tham gia BHXH t\r nguydn Ludn dilm chinh ciia Georg Simmel ly thuyit hanh ddng Ij? Id nguySn tic "cimg cd lpi" cua mdi tuong tdc xd hdi gitta cdc cd nhan Ong cho rdng moi cd nhan phdi can nhic, toan tinh thiet hon dl theo dudi myc dich cd nhan vd thda man nhu ciu cd nhin Mpi mdi tuong tdc giua ngudi vdi ngudi diu dua vdo co chi cho-nhSn, titc Id trao doi nhitag thii ngang gid Nhu vdy, xd hdi dupc hieu la mang ludi cdc quan h^ trao ddi gitta cdc cd nhan (Nguyen Hoai Son, 2016) Nguyen tic "cimg cd lpi" va "trao ddi ngang gid" cd thi gidi thich nhilu quylt dinh l\ta chpn hoat ddng tham gia BHXH tir nguyen Chdng ban, NLD chdp nhgn nang miic ddng tuong irng dd dupc nhgn thdm cac che dp bdo hilm Nguyen tdc ndy ciing cd thi gidi thich cho vi$c du khd ndng va dilu kien vl kmh tl, NLD tham gia BHXH t\r nguy$n vol miic ddng cao vdi hy vpng sau ndy dupc hudng luong huu cao vd chd dd hudng phii hpp "Cimg cd lpi" va "trao ddi ngang gid" ddi phu thupc vao nhu ciu, ky vpng cua chu thd dua lua chpn vi?c tham gia BHXH tu nguyfn Tdm lai, vdn dung ly thuyit l^ra chpn ly vdo vin dl nghien ciiu, tdc gid tim hiiu nh|n thiic, nhu ciu vd khd ndng tham gia BHXH tu nguydn cua NLD cd lien quan den s\r suy tinh, can nhdc l\ra chpn cdc ngudn Ivc vdt chit vd tinh than cda chu the hanh dpng tren ca sd dupc hudng che dp tdi da cdc ipi ich ve v|it chat NLD den tudi him tri Tir cdc cdch tilp cdn trdn, khudn khd cua bai viit ndy, chung tdi tim hiiu nh|n thiic, nhu cdu vd khd ndng tham gia BHXH tu nguydn cung nhu nhiing danh gid cua NLD ve che dd, chinh sdch BHXH tu nguydn Trong do, cd sii so sdnh, tim hiiu nhgn thiic cua NLD tham gia cimg nhu chua tham gia BHXH tu nguydn Cdu hdi ddt d ddy Id: NLD cd nhgn thuc nhu thi nao vl chinh sdch BHXH tu nguydn? Hp cd nhu ciu tham gia BHXH tv nguyen khdng? Khi tham gia BHXH t\t nguy?n NLD cdn nhic, tinh todn nhu the ndo? NLD cd nhiing nhan xet, ddnh gid gi ve cdc chi dp chinh sdch? Bdi viit se gdp phin trd ldi nhttng cdu hdi do, dua tren mdt sd kit qua khao sdt vdo nam 2018 ciia Dl tai cap Dgi hpc Qudc gia Nghien cicu ddnh gid thuc trgng vd di xudt gidi phdp gia tdng ddi tuqng tham gia Bdo hiim xd hdi tu nguyen khu vuc phi chinh thuc tgi Ihdnh phd Hd Nqi hien nay^ S6 li^u vd phirtfng phap Trcng bai viit chiing tdi phan tich so li^u ciia quan Tay Ho va huydn Ddng Anh thu thdp qua cac phucmg phdp khao sat dinh tinh vd dinh lupng Mau khdo sat dupc chpn dua tren danh sdch tham gia BHXH tu nguydn UBND phudng/xd cung cip, nhung cd trudng hpp di ldm dn xa, di thdm ngudi than, di du ljch, cd trudng hpp hp khiu * phuong/ xa nhung NLD lgi sinh sdng tren dia ban khdc nen sd lupng phdng vin khdng dgt nhu ky vpng Hon nua, sd lupng ngudi lao d^ng tham gia BHXH ty nguydn thudng bien ddng khong ngimg, rapt sd ngudi tham gia thi trudng lao ddng mdi, cd quan h? lao ddng dupc ddng BHXH bit budc nen ngimg ddng BHXH tu nguydn hoSic ngupc lai; mOt sd trudng hpp ngimg ddng BHXH tu nguy$n dilu ki$n kinh tl khd khdn Vi vdy De tii ma so QG 18.43, thiic hi$n til 2018 d k 2019 PGS.TS Nguyen Thi Kim Hoa Idm ChU nhi^ra Nguyen Thj Tuy&t Nga, Nguyin Thj Kim Hoa 121 SO lugng ngudi lao ddng ddng BHXH tg nguypn thay ddi theo tdng thdng, cd len danh sdch thudc ddi tugng tham gia nhung thuc chdt hp khdng cdn tham gia BHXH tg nguypn, dd gay khd khdn vide tim kiem va phdng van ddi tugng B&ng Dung lirgng mSu kh^o sit Dja bto Qu§n TSy H6 Phuimg Tii Li6n Phu£mg Xu^ La Phuimg Phii Thu^g Huy^n Dong Anh XaUyNo XaClLoa Danh sdch tham gia Mlu NLD tham BHXH tu nguydn cua gia BHXH tf phuimg/xa nguydn (Tinh dSn 6/201S)» 103 70 30 20 27 20 46 30 138 74 78 35 60 39 Mau NLD chua tham gia BHXH tv nguydn Ting mau nghifin cuu 70 30 20 20 79 39 40 140 50 40 50 153 74 79 T6ng (*) Ngudn: So li^ii cung cap lie dgily tim BHXH lu nguydn cdc xa/pliudng vaso li4u diiu tra cua de tai Khdo sdt dinh tinh bao gdm 52 phdng van sau d hai dia ban nghien ciiu: 02 can bd BHXH quan, huyen; 05 Phd Chu tjch phu trdch vdn hda-xa hdi tgi 05 xa/phudng; 05 can bp kidm nhi$m thu BHXH tu nguydn tgi 05 xa/phudng; 20 NLD tham gia BHXH tu nguyen va 20 NLD chua tham gia dd so sdnh v l dia ban nghien ciiu, Phudng Phii Thupng cd 23.835 ngudi, 6.386 bp Ngudi dan chil ylu cd nghi truyin thdng Id niu xdi vd trdng dao, hi?n cd 550 hd cd nghd ndu xdi va 700 hd trdng dao kinh doanh Phudng Tit Lien cd 18.165 ngudi, 4.350 hp vdi djc dilm kinh tl cd lang nghi quit cdnh, cay cdnh nghd thugt ddng thdi cd nhilu lao ddng tu dp di cu din sinh sdng Phudng Xudn La cd 24.291 ngudi, 6.309 hp gia dinh Phudng cd tec dp thi hda nhanh vdi 1.742 hp kinh doanh budn bdn/dich vy (28,84%) (UBND Phudng Tii Lien, Phii Thupng, Xudn La, quan Tdy Hd, 2018) Xa Uy No cd 17.316 ngudi, 4315 hd Nghi chu ylu ciia ngudi dan la ldm dich v\i (58,43%) vd cdng nghiep (36,77%), sdn xuit ndng nghi$p (trdng liia, hoa mdu) chi chiim 4,8% Xa Co Loa cd ddn sd 19.097 ngudi voi 5.048 bd Ngdnh nghi chinh la dich vu chiim ty Id (46%), cdng nghidp 32% va ndng nghiep chiim 22% (UBND xd Uy N5, Cd Loa, huydn Ddng Anh, 2018) Ket qua phan tich 4.1 Mifc dich, thilt gian va phuang thdrc tham gia BHXH tif nguyfn Theo Luat BHXH, NLD tham gia BHXH tu nguydn dupc !\ra chpn miic ddng, phuang thuc ddng phu hpp vdi thu nhap cua bdn than va Nhd nudc cd chinh sdch ho trp tien ddng BHXH dl ngudi tham gia hudng hai chi dd Id huu tri vd tur tuit Miic ddng BHXH tu nguydn cua NLD hang thdng bdng 22% miic thu nhgp thdng NLD l\ra chpn Trong dd, mite thu nhap thdng lam cdn cir ddng BHXH thip nhit bdng miic chuin ngheo cua khu vuc ndng thdn vd cao nhit bdng 20 lin miic lucmg co sd Thdi dilm khdo sat 122 Thuc trgng nguai lao dgng tham gia bdo hiem xa hgi t\ingiiy$n thdng 5-6/2018, muc chudn ngheo khu vgc ndng thdn la 700.000 ddng/ngudi/thdng va miic luong co sd la 1.300.000 ddng Ket qud khdo sdt cho th^y, d dia ban nghien cum tai qu|n Tdy Hd, phan ldn NLD tham gia BHXH tg nguyen la nhimg ngudi trudc da tham gia BHXH bdt bu^c, sau nghi ldm thi chuyen sang ddng BHXH tg nguypn Cd tdi 67,1% chuySn tir BHXH bdt budc sang, sd tham gia mdi chi chiem 32,9% Bdi tugng tham gia BHXH tu nguy$n chit yiu la nhOng ngudi da dong BHXH bh buoc roi, nghi ldm thi hg biet vd dong tiep BHXH tu nguydn; hogc la nhitng nguai di ldm ngodi khong dugc dong BHXH thi hg tham gia BHXH tie nguydn Nhung nguai lao dgng tu tham gia mai Ididng nhiiu (Nii, can bp LDTBXH phudng Phii Thugng, qudn Tdy HA) Ngugc lai, d dia bdn nghien cdu tai huySn Ddng Anh cd ty le NLD tham gia mdi nhiau hem vdi 58,1%, ty 1^ NLD chuyin tir BHXH bdt budc sang la 41,9% Xet vh thdi gian ddng BHXH tg nguypn cua NLD cho din thdi dilm nghien ciiu (thang 6/2018), cho thdy ty le ddng BHXH tu nguypn ciia NLD d cdc dia ban nghiSn ciiu chu ylu tu din dudi nam, vdi ty 1$ tuong ducmg Id 45,7% (qu$n Tay Hd) va 45.9% (huy6n Ddng Anh) Ty le tham gia dudi ndm khdng nhilu (Hinh 1) Hinh Thoi gian tham gia Bao hilm xa hoi ty nguyen cua ngirM lao dong tai dia ban nghien cuu Tir 1- < nam • Huyen Dong Anh • Qu^ TSy H6 Ngudn: Kit qud nghien cmi cua di tdi BHXH tg nguyen dugc xdy dgng tren co sd tu nguyen tu phia NLD Vi v|iy, NLD tham gia BHXH tren co sd suy nghi vl tinh lgi ich dat dugc tham gia Kit qud khdo sdt cho thdy dgng co tham gia BHXH tg nguySn cua NLD phdn ldn Id dl cd luong huu het tudi lao dpng: 87,1% (quiin Tdy Hd) va 68,9% (huyen Ddng Anh) Muc ddng thdp nhdt id 22% cua 700.000d (154.000d/thdng) vd cao nhdt Id 1.320.000d/thdng Nhu vay, muc dich tham gia chu ylu cua NLD Id dl vl gia cd luong huu, nhimg ylu td khdc lien quan den trach nhiem xa hdi, tinh cdng ddng it dugc ngudi dan de cap den Nguyen Thj Tuyet Nga, Nguyen Thj Kim Hoa 123 Phuong thdc ddng BHXH tu nguyen dugc thiet ke da dang Ddi vdi dja ban nghien ciiu qudn Tdy Hd, cd tdi 34% ddi tugng dang tham gia BHXH tu nguyen lua chpn phuong thdc ddng thang mdt ldn, 27% Iga chpn ddng theo quy, phuong thdc dong hdng thang vd 12 thdng mdt ldn chiSm ty le khdng dang kl NLD tai dia ban nghien ciiu huyen Ddng Anh ciing chu yeu Iga chpn ddng thdng mdt lan (45,9%) nhung phuong thdc ddng chiem ty le cao thd hai lai la ddng 12 thdng mpt ldn (27%) Ty le ddng hang thang chi chiem 5,4% Cd the thdy, viec quy dinh phuong thuc ddng linh hoat la phu hgp vdi da sd lao dpng tham gia BHXH tg nguypn, tao dilu kien de NLD tham gia de ddng hon Ve dia diem ddng, tiep nhdn hd so BHXH tg nguyen cung rdt da dang, NLD cd the Iga chpn dia diSm phu hgp, thuan tien d6 ddng tien, chdng han: co quan BHXH qudn/huyen, UBND xa/phudng (dgi Iy thu cua phudng, dai Iy thu cua Hdi Phu nu) vd dai Iy thu tai buu dien Vdi NLD t^ huyen Ddng Anh, co quan BHXH la dia diem dugc nhilu NLD Iga chgn (52%), 21,6% ddng tai UBND xa, 9,5% ddng tai Hdi Phu nd vd 5,4% tai buu dien Cdn tai qudn Tay Hd, NLD chu yeu ddng BHXH tg nguyen d UBND phudng (70%) va 30% ddng t?ii co quan BHXH qudn Thgc tl cho thay, viec thgc hien thu BHXH tg nguyen qua hp thdng d xa/phudng tao dieu kien thudn Igi cho co quan BHXH cd nhieu kenh khai thac, phdt trien sd ngudi tham gia BHXH tu nguypn Nhdn vien dai ly thu la cdn bd dia phuong nen de dang viec nam bdt tinh hinh vd tiSp cdn vdi NLD 4.2 Nhgn thirc cua NLD ve BHXH ttf nguydn Ket qua khao sat tai cdc dia ban nghien ciiu cho thdy, nhdn thdc cua NLD ve chinh sach, y nghia cua chinh sach va cac npi dung Hen quan la chua tdt, the hien d ba miic nhu sau: Thu nhdt, NLD tham gia cd hieu biet ve chinh sach BHXH tg nguyen, cd tim hiiu Luat, ddi tugng, mdc ddng nhung sd chiem ty le rat nhd Tai qudn Tay Hd, chi cd 10% ngudi tra ldi bilt ddy du ve cac ddi tugng tham gia BHXH tu nguypn dugc quy dinh Ludt BHXH, 55,8% biet ddy du ve che dp (huu tri vd tu tudt) NLD dugc hudng tham gia BHXH tu nguyen Tuong tg d huyen Ddng Anh, ty le ldn lugt la 4,2% va 58,1% Toi CO tim hiiu vi Ludi BHXH, tim hieu vi BHXH tu nguyen qua cdc ch} a tren phudng vd tim hieu them a tren mgng vi muc ddng, thai gian ddng vd muc hudng nhu thi ndo Sau toi cdn nhdc vd quyet dinh tham gia Toi lie kinh doanh thudc nin thdy cdn thiet dong BHXH tic nguydn de ve gid co luang huu, tham gia coi nhu Id mgt phuang thuc tiet ki^m, sau ndy tiep tuc tu kinh doanh thi co huu tri Tuy nhiin, thdy khong cd chi dg thai sdn nin ciing hai bdn khodn (Nu, 1986, dEii hpc, kinh doanh thudc tay, phudng Td Lien, quan Tdy Hd) Thu hai, NLD biet vl BHXH tg nguypn vd tham gia, nhien chi quan tdm sd tiln ddng, sd nam ddng va che dp hudng luong huu Hdu hit khdng tim hiiu Ludt BHXH 124 Thuc trgng ngudi lao dgng tham gia bdo hiem xd hgi t\r nguydn Tdi tham gia BHXH tu nguyin tie thdng 10/2009, chuyin tie BHXH bdt bugc sang Toi dong 3.696 OOOd/6 thdng Khi tham gia toi khong tim hieu ve cdc chi chinh sdch BHXH tu nguyin, vi nhd nudc quy djnh che hit roi, tin tudng vl Id che chinh sdch ciia nhd nuac Toi chi quan ldm phdi ddng bao nhiiu tien vd ddng bao nhiiu ndm de dugc huang luang huu (Nu, 1975, PTTH, cho thue cua hang, phudng Xuan La, qugn Tay H6) Toi chi quan tdm mdi luang huu thoi Vi gid neu khong may cd bi ldm thi cung chdng phdi nhd tdi chdu Nhd toi tham gia qua nguai quen, ngudi la dong ho nen toi cUng chua doc ky ldm (Nam, 1983, PTTH, bdn hdng, xa Cd Loa, huyen Ddng Anh) Thu ba, rdt nhilu NLD khdng bilt v§ BHXH tg nguyen, tham gia BHXH tg nguyen bd me hay ngudi than khuyen bdo vd ddng hg Sd lieu khdo sat quan Tay Hd phdn anh 90% ngudi trd Idi khdng biet day du ve ddi tugng tham gia va 30% khdng biet ve cdc chi dp ciia BHXH tg nguyen gdm nhOng gi huyen Ddng Anh, ty le khdng biet ve dii tugng chiem 16,2% va 25,7% khdng biet ve cdc quyen lgi cda NLD tham gia BHXH tu nguyen Toi tham gia BHXH tie nguydn trin ndm, tham gia mai Ld vg dong cho ndm lan, muc dong bao nhieu toi cung khong ndm dugc Vg ldm a UBNB phudng Qudng An nin hiiu biit vi cdc chinh sdch cua Bdng vd Nhd nudc Vg lo vi$c ndy roi nen toi cung khong quan tdm ldm, khong tim hiiu vi Lugt, khong biit vi muc ddng, ho sa tham gia (Nam, 1979, trung cdp, cdt tdc, phudng Tu Lien, qu$n Tdy Ho) Toi timg tham gia BHXH bdt bugc sau ndy nghi viec dugc ngudi d cong ty gidi thiiu tham gia BHXH t\e nguyin Vi vg toi Id nguai dong giup vd giii gidy td, ldm cdc thit tuc nin mgi thong tin ve BHXH tv nguyin hdu nhu toi khong ndm dugc (Nam, 1975, THPT, sua xe, xa Cd Loa, huyen Ddng Anh) Ddi vdi nhdm NLD chua tham gia BHXH tg nguyen, muc dp hiiu bilt vl chinh sdch BHXH tu nguyen cung rdt ddng luu tam Ty le khdng bilt cd chinh sach BHXH tg nguyen ehilm gdn 30% (quan Tdy Hd) va 46,3% (huyen Ddng Anh) Khi dugc hdi vl BHXH tg nguyen, cd trudng hgp khdng biet, khdng quan tam hogc nhdm lan vdi cdc hinh thiic bdo hiem thuang mai Toi khong biit BHXH lu nguyen gi, chi lo kiim liin thoi (Nu, 1982, buon ban, phudng Xuan La, qudn Tay Hd) Toi CO tham gia BHXH tie nguyen, dugc ndm roi, cie ndm hgp ddng mgt ldn nhung chua thdy dugc huang chi gi Toi tham gia ciia hdng Prudential (Nd, 1978, THCS, rda xe, phudng Phu Thugng, qugn Tdy H6) Sd khdc lai nhdm lan BHXH tg nguyen vdi BHYT tg nguySn: Nguyen Thj Tuyet Nga, Nguyen Thj Kim Hoa 12 Tdi mua dugc ndm roi, di b$nh vi^n dugc nhd nudc hd trg chi phi nin cUng d& tdn kem (Nu, 1976, budn bdn, xa Uy Nd, huydn Ddng Anh) Nhu vdy, sau 10 ndm thgc hipn, sd lugng NLD tham gia BHXH tg nguy$n cd xu hudng tang ddn qua cdc nam Tuy nhien, nhan thdc vl chinh sdch BHXH tg nguyen ciia ngudi ddn cdn nhilu han chi Ngudi lao dpng cd nhu cau vd chu ylu tham gia BHXH tu nguyen dl hudng muc luong huu vl gia chii chua hiiu dugc tinh uu viet cua chinh sdch Ngudi chua tham gia thi vdi tam Iy khdng cdn sue lao ddng thi "gid cdy con" theo truyin thdng A Ddng hodc tg lo bdng tiln tilt kipm hodc tai san, tham chi mdt bp phan NLD khdng biet din chinh sdch BHXH tu nguyen nhu da phan tich d tren 4.3 Ddnh gid c&a ngudi lao d^ng vi chinh sdch BHXH ttf nguydn Dudi gdc dp xa hgi, vipc NLD tham gia BHXH tg nguypn gdp phdn tri dn dinh xd hpi, giup cdn bdng mang ludi an sinh xa hdi va bdo ddm ddi sdng co bdn cho NLD den tudi nghi huu Nhin chung, NLD d cac dia bdn nghien ciiu danh gia cao chinh sach BHXH tg nguyen va cac ylu td lien quan, cg thi vl d6i tugng vd mdc ddng: 92,9% (quan Tay Hd) va 83,7% va 86,5% (huyen Ddng Anh); Tilp theo Id dia dilm ddng ldn lugt Id 91,4% va 91,9%; phuang thiic ddng: 88,6% va 89,2%; hd so tham gia: 87,1% va 87,8%; thdi diem ddng 85,7% vd 90,5% Tuy nhien, ve quyen Igi dugc hudng chi cd 55,7% vd 62,2% NLD danh gia phii hgp; miic hd trg ciia nhd nudc cho cdc d6i tugng tham gia cung chiem ty le thdp vdi 47,1 % vd 47,3% Bang Ddnh gid miic 6Q phii h(fp ve chfnh sich BHXH ty nguyfn cua n g u ^ lao d$ng Dan Vf: % Cac yeu t6 Doi tucmg tham gia Mu^c d6ng Phuong thuc d6ng Thin dilm d6ng Ho SCf tham gia Quyen lgi dugc hu6ng Dia dilm d6ng Miic ho trg cua nh^ nudc cho cdc doi tugng tham gia Quan TSy Ho 92,9 92,9 88,6 85,7 87,1 55,7 91,4 47,1 Huy^n Dong Anh 83,7 86,5 89,2 90,5 87,8 62,2 91,9 47,3 Ngudn: Ket qud nghien cmi cua di tdi Toi thdy muc dong vd phuang thuc ddng rdt phi* hgp vi hg khong ep huge minh phdi dong theo mice ndo, dong theo diiu kien bdn thdn vd nhu cdu Gia dinh ndo khd gid thi dong nhieu gia dinh ndo co it thi dong it Phuang thuc cung linh hogt (Nu, 1958, THCS, xd Uy Nd, huyen Ddng Anh) Tim hiiu rd hon vl ky vpng cua ngudi tham gia vl viec bd sung cac chi dp vdo chinh sdch BHXH tg nguyen, chung tdi thu dugc kit qua nhu sau: d qugn Tdy Hd cd tdi 126 Thyc trgng nguai lao dgng tham gia hdo hiim xd hgi ly nguyen 88,6% ngudi trd ldi dl nghi bo sung chi dp thai sdn, tilp din Id chi dd 6m dau (77,1%), chi dd tai nan lao ddng vd benh nghi nghiep (72,9%), che dd trp cip thit nghidp (61,4%) Tai huydn Ddng Anh, ty Id ngudi tham gia mong mudn dp dung cdc ehl dp ciing kha cao va miic ty le khd tuong ddng so vdi qudn Tay Hi, chi cd chd dp thai san Id thap hon, 59,5% so vdi 88,6% (Hinh 2) Hinh "t kiln ciia NLD ve vi^c can thiet ^p dung them cdc che dO bdo hiim xa h$i 100 88,6 — li II 1111 Che dp thai san Che dĐ fim dau ã Quan Tay H6 Che trg d p th5t ngiiiep Che tai nan lao dong va benhngh^ nghiep • Huy?n Dong Anh Ngudn: Kit qud nghien cuu cua de tdi Co rdt nhilu y kiSn xoay quanh ylu td quyen lgi cua NLD tham gia BHXH tg nguyen Ve doi tugng tham gia, muc dong, phuang thuc dong, ho sa phu hgp, chi co nhimg quyen lgi ngudi lao dgng dugc hudng Id chua phii hgp, nin bo sung quySn lgi vi thai sdn cho phu nit sinh Toi ky vgng nha nudc bo sung che dg thai sdn Tuy nhien, vdi muc huang khdc thi muc ddng cUng phdi khdc giUaphyi nie vd nam giai, nam gidi se khong phdi ddng chi dg thai sdn (Nfi, 1986, Dai hpc, kinh doanh thudc tdy, phudng Tii Lien, qu?hi Tdy Ho) Xet d khia cgnh NLD du dinh tilp tuc ddng BHXH tg nguypn hay ddng, d qugn Tdy H^ cd 52,8% dg dinh ddng lien tuc din hit tudi lao ddng, 22,9% dg dinh dong den nao khdng cdn khd ndng tdi chinh va 14,3% phdn van, ludng lg Ty le d huypn Ddng Anh ldn lugt la 56,8%; 25,7% vd 17,5% Dilu cho thdy ngoai sg on dinh cua thu nhap thi cac chi hudng, thdi gian hudng va mdc ho trg cua nha nudc phan nao dnh hudng den tam ly tham gia cua mdt b0 phgn NLD nhu da phdn tich Trudc quyet djnh tham gia BHXH tg nguyen, NLD se cdn nhdc vl tinh trang Iao ddng cua ban than, khd ndng va dilu kipn tham gia cua ban thdn vd gia dinh ciing nhu dilu kien khdch quan vl thdi gian hudng che dp huu tri, cac chi hudng cua BHXH tg nguyen, td mdi quylt dinh tham gia Iga chpn hay khdng Ly thuyit Iga chgn Iy dugc dp dgng rdt phu hgp dl Iy giai sg can nhdc, Iga chpn cua NLD quylt djnh tham gia BHXH tg nguyen Ket qua nghien ciiu cung cho thdy giiia nhu cdu vd khd nang tham gia cd khoang each rdt ldn Nhilu ngudi mudn ddng cao dl vl gia dugc hudng miic luang cao Nguyen Thi Tuyet Nga, Nguyen Thi Kim Hoa 127 nhung khd nang ddng gdp hipn tai lai rdt han che Ddc biet, ddi vdi NLD dang chd vi$c hodc d nhd khdng cd thu nhdp, kinh te phg thugc vdo ngudi than gia dinh thi viec tg chii tai chinh d l tham gia BHXH tg nguydn Id rdt khd Ndm toi chua ddng, toi dang dinh dieng Vi thdi gian chd dgi di hudng luang hiru Id qud Idu, dong lie gid din luc dugc hudng luang huu Id 20 ndm niea, md hi$n gid toi khong cd thu nhdp, hdng ngdy cd nhd chi tieu tic tiin chdng di ldm Toi a nhd khong diing gi din tiin, din hgn ddng tiin BHXH tie nguyen thi bdo chdng dua cho Hiin dang phdi co dong vi nhd nuoi ba dn hgc tdn kem (Nu, 1977, THPT, dang chd viec, phudng Xuan La, qudn Tdy Hd) Ket luan BHXH tg nguyen Id chinh sdch an sinh xa hpi uu viet cua Nha nudc nhdm trg giiip NLD tri vd dn dinh cudc sdng, bdo ve quyen lgi NLD het tudi lao ddng Tuy nhien, thgc te cho thay sd lugng NLD tham gia BHXH tu nguyen chua tuong xdng vdi tiem nang va chua dat so vdi muc tieu chinh sdch dat Nguyen nhdn chinh Id mdt bp phan rdt ldn NLD khdng bilt v l BHXH tg nguyen, them nua cac chi dp hudng (huu tri vd td tudt) chua thu hut NLD tham gia, thdi gian dS dugc thu hudng cac chS dp 20 ndm kha Idu ddn den tdm Iy bdn khodn, e ngai Day cung chinh la ly khien mdt bp phgn NLD biet ve chinh sach nhung khdng tham gia KSt qud nghien ciiu thuc tien v8 NLD tham gia BHXH tg nguypn cho thay vipc truyen thdng ndng cao nhgn thiic ve BHXH tg nguyen cho NLD Id het sire cdn thiet Do dd, co quan BHXH cdn ddy manh truyen thdng ve BHXH tg nguyen, can cd hinh thdc phu hgp vua tren dien rdng (truyen thdng qua ti vi, bdo chi) vua chu trpng trgc tiep den tdng nhdm ddi tugng Khdc vol hinh thuc BHXH bdt bupc trien khai den cac co quan, don vi, BHXH tg nguyen tiep can tdi tung NLD nen hinh thiic trien khai, each thiic tiep can vd ndi dung tuyen truyen can phdi dugc nghien cdu, thiet ke phu hgp theo ddc thu nghe nghiep ciia NLD Ddng thdi, nhd nudc cdn nghien ciiu de timg budc md rdng cdc che hudng cua BHXH tg nguyen, chdng han bd sung ehl dd thai sdn de thu hut lao ddng nu dp tudi lao dpng tham gia; dilu chinh thdi gian hudng, mdc ddng phu hgp vdi tdng nhdm ddi lugng nhdm ddp iing nhu cau, nguypn vpng cua NLD va han het Id de dam bao an sinh xa hpi Tai lifu tham khao Ciing Jean Pierre, D6 Ho^i Nam, Stephane Lagree 2013 Kinh ti phi chinh thuc d cdc nudc dang phdt triin Nxb Tri thiic, H^ Npi Clitnh phu 2018 Bao cao tinh hinh th\rc hi?n chinh sdch, che dp Bao hiem xU hpi, quan ly va sii dyng quj bao hiem xS hpi nam 20 i 7, so 166/BC-CP ngiy 10 th^g nSm 2018 Ducmg van Thing 2014 Ddi mdi vd phdt triin Bdo hiim xd hgi a Viet Nam Nxb VSn h6a Thong tin Ha Npi 128 Thiic trgng ngudi lao dong tham gia bdo hiem xa hgi tu nguydn D|ng Nguyen Anh 2016 Vai tro cua Bao hiem xt hpi nhi^m vu dkm bio an sinh xa hpi d Vi|t Nam Tgp chi Xdhgi hgc, so (134) Luat Bao hilm xS hpi s6 58/2014/QH13 ngiy 20/11/2014 Luat Lao d$ng SP 10/ 2012/QH13 ngiy 18/6/2012 MJIC van Tiln 2010 Mpt s6 vSn dl v^ Bio hiem xS h§i tu nguydn Tgp chi Bdo hiim xahpi, s6 10 Ngan hang Thi gioi 2012 Vi^t Nam: Phit trien mpt h? thong bio hiem xi hpi hien d^i - Nhirng thdch thtrc hign tai vi cic phuong in lya chpn cho cai cich tuong lai Nguyin Hoii Son 2016 Tilp c^n nhan hpc vixS hgi hpc ve trap dii xSh^i Tgp chi Xd hgt hgc s6 2(l34) Thii Duong 2017 De lao dpng phi chinh thiic tilp c$n chfnh sich Bio hilm xa hpi, Bao hilm y tl Tgp chi Bdo hiim xd hot, kj 01 thing 11 UBND phuimg Tii Lien, Xuan La, Phii Thupng 2018 Bieu so li^u thong ke CCT ban UBND xa C6 Loa, Uy No 2018 BiSu so lieu thong ke co bin  ... nhu ky vpng Hon nua, sd lupng ngudi lao d^ng tham gia BHXH ty nguydn thudng bien ddng khong ngimg, rapt sd ngudi tham gia thi trudng lao ddng mdi, cd quan h? lao ddng dupc ddng BHXH bit budc nen... v|iy, NLD tham gia BHXH tren co sd suy nghi vl tinh lgi ich dat dugc tham gia Kit qud khdo sdt cho thdy dgng co tham gia BHXH tg nguySn cua NLD phdn ldn Id dl cd luong huu het tudi lao dpng:... lao d$ng Dan Vf: % Cac yeu t6 Doi tucmg tham gia Mu^c d6ng Phuong thuc d6ng Thin dilm d6ng Ho SCf tham gia Quyen lgi dugc hu6ng Dia dilm d6ng Miic ho trg cua nh^ nudc cho cdc doi tugng tham gia