Vai trò của vốn xã hội với hoạt động vay vốn của người dân nhập (nghiên cứu trường hợp tại thành phố vinh, tỉnh nghệ an

Xd hgi hoc, sd (143), 2018 3! VAI TRO CUA VON XA HOI VOI HOAT DONG VAY VON CUA NGUOl DAN NHAP CU" (Nghien cuu truang hgp tgi thdnh Vinh, tinh Nghe An) NGUYEN THI BICH THUY* VU THI THOY DUNG" Tom tat: Phdn tich die lieu cugc dieu tra tren 300 nguai nhdn nhgp cu vd 30 cugc phong vdn sdu vdo ndm 2012-2016, bdi viit xem xet vai trd cua vdn xd hgi vai hogt dgng vay von cua nguai ddn nhgp cu d thdnh Vinh, Nghe An Trong dieu kien khan hiem cdc nguon luc vd ca hgi, nguai nhgp cu ditng von xd hgi nhu mgt gidi phdp hicu hieu de phdt trien sinh ke cho minh vd gia dinh Dit sic dung von xa hgi a dgng "co cum" nguoi ddn nhgp cu a Vinh dd dimg "long tin " nhu mgt tdi sdn the chdp de huy dgng ngudn von Ket qud nghien cuu cho thdy ben cgnh vai trd tich cue thi von xd hgi cUng tiem dn nhieu rui ro cho hogt dgng phdt trien sinh ke cUa ngudi nhgp cu neu viec dgt "long tin " cua hg khong dung cho Tu khoa: vdn xa hdi, hoat ddng vay vdn, ngudi dan nhap cu, Nghe An Nhgn bdi: 10/8/2018 Giciphdn bi$n: 17/8/2018 Duyet dang: 08/9/2018 Dan nhap La dd thi loai I, phd Vinh dang trdn da phat trien, thi trudng lao ddng dang hinh thanh, tao nhiing nhu cau mdi ve sue lao ddng Vi vay, phd cd sue hut ldn hon ddi vdi ngudi dan nhap cu, khdng chi ddi vdi ngudi dan tinh Nghe An ma cdn d cac tinh lan can nhu Thanh Hda, Ha TTnh Viec nhap cu va tap trung dan sd tai Vinh hay cdc dd thi khac ca nudc la xu hudng khach quan qua trinh cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nudc Tinh den 2013 dan sd ciia phd Vinh la 313.655 ngudi, sd ngudi nhap cu den la 7.850 ngudi (Phdng Thdng ke - Uy ban Nhan dan phd Vinh, 2013), ty suat nhap cu la 2,5% Vao nam 2008, ty suat nhap cu cuathanhphddat eao nhat ke tir 2005-2013 la 17,76%, cu thd la cd 52.195 ngudi nhap cu tren tdng sd dan toan phd la 293.926 ngudi (Phdng Thdng kd - Uy ban Nhan dan phd Vinh, 2008) Ngudi nhap cu vao phd Vinh tap trung rai rac tren eac dia ban phudng, xa ciia phd Tuy nhien, theo quan sat va danh gia cua tac gia dya tren CO sd sd lieu eua phdng thdng ke phd thi hai dia ban phudng Ben Thiiy va phudng Trudng Thi la noi cd sd lugng ngudi nh|[p cu thugc vao loai ddng nhat phd ' Dgi hoc Gido due, Dgi hgc Quoc gia Hd Noi " Dgi hgc Dd Lgt 32 Vai tro cua von xd hgi v&i hogt ddng vay von Ngudi nhap cu tai phd Vinh khdng ehi mang I^i nhiing ddng gdp tich cyc, thidt thuc nhu gdp phin didu chinh lai su chenh lech vd thu nh?ip giiia ndng thdn va thi, ma hg cdn trd ngudn nhan lyc khdng thd thidu thi trudng dich vu da d^g d dd thi, gdp phin dang kd vao sy tang trudng ciia eac trung tam dd thi va cdng nghifp, lam giam siic ep lao ddng viec lam d ndng thdn, tao ngudn thu nhap, gdp phan dn dinh xa hdi Lao ddng nhap cu tai phd Vinh cd cac hinh thuc sinh kd kha da dang Viec hp lua chgn loai hinh sinh kd cho ban than phu thudc nhidu ydu td, ti-ong cd yeu td cac loai ngudn luc hay cdn ggi la vdn Cac loai vdn nhu vdn ngudi, vdn van hda, vdn kinh td va dac biet la vdn xa hdi cd vai trd chi phdi qua trinh sinh kd cua ngudi lao ddng nhap cu Tren th6 gidi da cd nhidu tae gia dua quan didm vd vdn xa hgi (Bourdieu, 1986; Coleman, 1988; Fukuyama, 2001, 2002; Nan Lin, 1999, 2001; Portes, 1998; Putnam, 1995, ) Tuy nhidn, cd thd nit mgt sd net ehung quan diem cua cae tac gia tren vd vdn xa hdi (Nguyin Tuin Anh, 2012:557-558): Vdn xa hgi gin lien vdi mang ludi xa hgi, quan he xa hdi; xem vdn xa hdi nhu mdt ngudn luc xa hgi; vdn xa hdi dugc tgo thdng qua viec diu tu vao cac quan he xa hdi, hoac mang ludi xa hgi va cac ca nhan co thd sir dung vdn xa hdi dl tim kidm Igi ich; van dd su tin cay va quan he qua lai/sy cd died lai Trong bai vidt nay, tac gia thdng nhit se sur dung khai nifm vdn xa hdi bao gom cac td: 1) sy kdt hgp lai vdi mgt mang ludi xa hdi; 2) ldng tin xa hgi; 3) su cd di cd lai Vdn xa hdi nhu mgt ngudn lyc quan trgng, dugc cac ca nhan su diing, thdng qua vdn xa hdi chuydn ddi cac loai vdn khac va giiip cho cd nhantimkiem cac lgi ich, dac biet la lgi ich vd mat kinh te Xuydn sudt bai viet, tac gia cd gang tra ldi cau hdi: Cac td cita vdn x3 hgi nhu mgng ludi xd hgi, ldng tin, su cd di-co lgi da duge ngudi nhap cu van dung nhu thk nao de vay vdn kinh te? Ngoai lgi ich eua vdn xa hdi vdi ngudi vay thi loai vdn cd vai tro gi tdi ngudi cho vay hay khdng? Ben eanh vai trd mang tfch chit hd trg thi vdn xa hgi co trd rao can ddi vdi vide vay va cho vay vdn cita nhdm ngudi nhap cu hay khdng? Bai viet sii dung tu lieu tir nghien cuu Von xd hgi vdi sinh ki cita ngudi nhgp cu tgi thdnh Vinh, Nghe An dugc thyc hien tir nam 2012 ddn 2016 d hai phudng Bdn Thuy va Trudng Thi - hai dia ban tap tnmg ddng ngudi nhap cu eua phd Vinh Cae phuong phap sir dung chii ydu la: phuong phap phdng van sau va phuong phap phdng vin bing bang hdi - Phdng vin sau dugc thuc hien 30 trudng hgp, bao gdm: Nhung ngudi dan nhap cu tai phd Vinh (22 trudng hgp); cac can bg quan ly d hai phudng nghidn cOii (4 trudng hgp); nhiing ngudi la ban be, hang xdm cua ngudi dan nhap cu (4 ttudng hgp) Ket qua thdng tin tir phdng van sau dugc sii dung bai vidt dudi dang trieh dan cac doan de minh hga Ngoai ra, tac gia kdt hgp thdng tin tir phdng vin sau dd xay dung nen nhiing cau chuyen mang tinh chi tilt, cu flid, phan anh cac ngi dung vin dh nghidn ciiu (case study) Nguyin Thi Bich Thuy, VU Thj Thiiy Dung 33 - Phdng vin bing bang hdi 300 ttirdng hgp (mau dy trit la 20% tucmg duong vdi 60 ngudi) Khach thd cua phdng vin bing bang hdi la nhiing ngudi dan nhSp cu vao phd Vinh tai hai phudng Bdn Thiiy va phudng Trudng Thi B i n g DSc diem mSu djnh luyng Phuimg B^n ThOy Gidi tinh Nam NO Tuoi Tir 18-25 tu6i Tren 25-35 ni6i Tren 35-45 tuoi Tren 45-55 tu6i Tren 55 tuoi Nghe nghidp Nong, lam, thiiy sin C6ng chirc, vien chiic Tiau, thu c6ng nghidp Kinh doanh, bu6n bin Dichvu Y, dirge Lao dpng t\r Kh6ng vi|c lim Khic J;J Dofn vj: % Phu&ng Tni6ng Thi 41,3 58J 46,0 54^0 24,7 58,7 14 Q 20,7 64,0 9,3 2,0 0^7 6,0 0^0 0,0 24,0 10,7 25,3 11,3 4,0 18,7 2,7 y 150 0,7 18,0 4,0 36,0 6,7 2,0 20,0 7,3 5^3^ 150 Nguon: So li^ khdo sdt cua de tdi Sff luyc tinh hinh nghien cuu ve vSa xa hQi va hoat dgng vay von Nhidu nghien cuu va ngoai nudc da ban luSn rat nhidu ve mdi quan hd giiia vdn xa hdi vdi vide phat tridn kinh td, nhien nghidn ciiu ve mdi quan he giua vdn xa hdi va hoat ddng vay vdn kinh td van dang la khoang trdng can lap day Mdt sd tac gia cho ring vdn xa hdi ndu la mgt loEii vdn, nhu nhung logi vdn khac, thi sy tich luy von xa hdi la tdi cin thidt dd phat tridn kinh td cho cac hg gia dinh Day chinh la hudng nghien eiiu quan trgng cin nhic tdi, theo cac nha nghien cuu vdn xa hdi cd mat tich cyc va cd vai trd khdng nhd ddi vdi sy phdt tridn kinh td va xda ddi giam ngheo (Fukuyama, 2002; Grootaert, 1999; Woolcock, 1998; Woolcock & Narayan, 2000; Woolcoek, 2001; Trin Hihx Dung, 2003, 2006; Nguydn Nggc Bich, 2006; Nguydn Quy Thanh, 2005; Khuc Thj Thanh Van, 2011; Nguydn Quy Thanh - Cao Thi Hai BIC, 2012; Nguyen Tuin Anh, 2012; ) Vi du, tdc gia Fukuyama (2002) da ban vk mdi lien h? giiia von xa hgi va sy phat tridn trdn pham vi toan clu qua bai vidt "Vdn xa hgi va phdt trien: Chuong trinh nghi su sip tdi" Tdc gid Fukuyama gidi thich rang vdn xS hgi giu vai trd quan trgng sy phat tridn ciia nhilu doanh nghiep d My La tinh Nd ciing giiip cho nhidu ngudi vugt khdi nhimg khd kh&n giai doan suy thoai kinh td va that nghidp gia tang d khu vuc (Fukuyama, 2002) Trong tae gia Grootaert (1999) lai phan tieh vai trd eiia vdn xa hdi ITnh vyc kinh td vi md vdi nghien ciiu "Vdn xa hdi vdi sy thinh vugng va ddi ngheo ciia cac hd gia dinh d Indonesia" Ong chi rdng vdn xa hgi da giiip lam giam di 34 Vai tro cua von xd hgi vdi hogt dgng vay von kha nang roi vao tinh trang ddi ngheo cua cae hd gia dinh, vdn xa hdi mang lai lgi ich dai lau ddi vdi cac hd gia dinh, ma cu the d day la vide tidp can dich vu tin dung de tao thu nhap dn dinh Cac tac gia nhin nhan vai trd cua vdn xa hdi phat tiien kinh te, nhign, chi gidi han xem xet nd nhu mdt tidm luc giup ngudi ddn, doanh nghi$p vugt qua giai doan suy thodi va thit nghiep va tidp can cac dich vu tin dyng (Grootaert, 1999) Md ta mdt each khd dly du sy thd hi?n vai trd, tim quan trgng cua vdn xa hgi ddi vdi hoat ddng kinh td la nghidn ciiu ciia tde gia Trin Hiiu Diing (2006), qua nghien ciiu "Vdn xa hdi va phat tridn kinh td" Tac gia trinh bay nhirng lgi ich kinh tl ciia vdn xa hdi: I) Giiip giai quylt nhung bai toan tap thd; 2) Tilt kidm chi phi giao dich; 3) Anh hudng den chit lugng va tdc tich liiy ciia nhiing loai vdn khac; 4) Xa hdi thieu sy tin can (ngheo vdn xa hdi) hay tim each mdc ndi thay vi trau ddi kha ndng hoaic kien thuc cua minh; 5) Mdt xa hdi nhidu vdn xa hdi la mgt xa hgi it tdi pham; 6) Cang nhidu vdn xa hpi thi tu phap cang viing chic; 7) Vdn xa hdi se nang cao miic dau tu va nhiing hoat ddng kinh tl khdc; 8) Mdt xd hgi doan kit, it chia re (tiic la phong phu vdn xa hdi) se dl hdi phuc sau nhiing cii "sdc" kinh td Ngoai ra, vdn xa hgi cdn cd vai trd ddi vdi chinh sach kinh td Khi hoach dinh chinh sdch can xem xet sy lidn h | giua cdc td chiic khdng chinh thiic Sy phan cue, manh miin xa hdi se lam gidm vdn xa hdi Mudn phat tridn kinh td, chiing ta phai vugt ldn nhiing chia re xa hdi, 1dm xa hgi gin kit hon moi giai doan phdt trien la mgt ty Id td hgp tdi uu giiia vdn xd hdi dan sy va vdn xa hdi nha nudc va, chimg mue ed thd, chinh sach phai linh ddng ddng nhip vdi nhung thay ddi ay Cd the nhan thay vdn xa hdi dugc hinh trdn co sd cac tuong tac ca nhan, nhdm xa hdi, cd tinh chat mgng ludi xd hgi, cd the mang 1^ nhfing lgi ieh, giiip cho cdc cd nhan, nhdm xg hdi thuc hien cac hoat dgng thdng qua viec khai thac cac gid tn ciia cac quan he xd hdi Vdn xa hdi la mdt chit keo gin kit xa hdi, sy ddu tu cho cac quan he xa hdi (mdt dang cua vdn xa hgi) cd the giilp cho cac chu thd hanh ddng nhan dugc nhung lgi ich ve kinh tl Cac tac giatt-enda trinh bay vd vai trd vdn xa hdi ddi vdi su phat triln kinh te, nhung da sd xem xet d cap vi md ve mdi quan he nay, chua thuc su tim hidu d cap vi md, dac biet la su lien he cua vdn xa h0i vdi hoat dgng vay vdn cua ngudi dan nhap cu tai dia ban thi Von xa hgi vdi hoat d§ng vay von cua ngirdi dan nh^p cir 3.1 Moi quan he giita vin xa hgi v&i von kinh ti Vdn xa hdi la nguon lyc quan trgng sinh kd cua ngudi nhap cu tai dd thi "Khdng chi trg giiip cho ngudi nhap cu tim vide lam ma mgng ludi xa hgi tir nhiing ngudi than quen cdn cd tiie giup cho ngudi nhap cu vay von, tir hg cd thd diu tu cho kinh doanh hay cac mat khac tir dd nang cao chit lugng cudc sdng Hoae dugc hg hang, ngudi thdn hd trg vl kinh tl nhu nha d, cho vay tiln se giup cho ngudi di cu cd didu ki^n thdi gian nhieu hon de tim duge vi?c phii hgp nhit" (Tdng cue Thdng ke va Quy Dan sd Lidn hgp qudc, 2006:27) Ngudn vdn vay cd thd se la mgt nhfing ngudn lyc ho tig cho ngudi nh^p cu nhidu hoat ddng sinh kl Thuc tl cho tiily, ngudi nhap cu g^p khd Nguyin Thi Bich Thuy Vu Thj Thiiy Dung 35 khan viec tidp can cdc ngudn vdn, dac biet Id ngudn vdn tir cac td chiic tin dung/ngan hang Do do, hg se rit cin su hd trg vay vdn tir nhiing ngudi va ngoai mgng ludi xd hgi cua minh Trudc het la vai trd cua td mgng luai xa hoi Vdn xa hdi dugc hinh thdnh tren CO sd cdc tuong tdc ed nhan, nhdm xa h^i, ed tinh chat mgng lucri xd hgi, tiic la cac quan he xa hdi dugc xac lap mang theo nd nhiing gia tri, chuan myc va cau tnic quan h | vd nd trd thdnh "tai nguydn" cd thd mang lai nhung lgi ich, giiip cho cac cd nhan, nhdm xd hgi thuc hien cac hoat ddng thdng qua vi$c khai thac cdc gia tri cua eae quan h? xa hgi Mdt hinh thuc gdp vdn thdng qua mgng ludi xd hgi dugc ngudi dan tridn khai Id "phudng, hdi", nhidu ngudi cimg tham gia gdp vdn theo tuin, thang vdi sd tidn nhdt dinh, tiiy vdo quy dinh cita "phudng, hdi" do, sd tien cd thd la 500 nghin ddng/tuln/thdng, I trieu ddng/tuan/thang hoae nhidu hon Ngudi dugc nit trudc cd thd bdc tham hoac Id bd tidn "mua", cd sd tidn "mua" cao hon se dugc "boc" trudc Chinh sd tidn dugc "mua" se la ngudn vdn de ngudi nhap cu kinh doanh, budn bdn, xin vide, mua nha, Tuy nhien, khdng phai cung cd the tham gia td chiic "phudng, hdi" Phdi la nhiing ngudi than quen, ban be, hang xdm Nhiing ngudi danh cho sy tin cay cao, sd dd se cd ngudi diing thu vd giii tien cho ca nhdm O day, da xuat hi?n td thd hai cua vdn xa hgi - long tin xd hgi Neu khdng cd su tin tudng, quan he xa hgi than thidt thi ngudi dan khdng thi xay dung va tri cdc td chiic phudng, hdi Ngudi dan nhap cu tim each vay mugn cua ban be, ngudi than khdng ldy ldi hoac lai thap: Anh lam cdm dd nhu thi ndy nhiiu liic cdn von Idm, lgi phdi xoay vay cua bgn be, anh em chu ngdn hdng lam gl cho vay md vay cua ngdn hdng thi thu tuc rudm rd, lgi phdi co tdi sdn the chdp Minh khong ddp ung dugc cdc dieu kien Anh vay ciia bgn be, anh em thi tinh chdt Id vay ndng, co khong lay ldi, neu lay ldi ciing thdp han so vdi ngudi ngodi Hg giiip minh ndy thi minh giup hg khdc thoi (Nam, 43 tudi, kinh doanh, phudng Bdn Thiiy) Trong hoat ddng vay vdn eua ngudi nhap cu, hg danh gia rat cao vai trd cua long tin xd hgi Nhidu ngudi sd hg vay vdn cua nhfing ngudi khdc ma khdng can tai sdn thd chap, tra lai tham chi khdng can vidt gidy vay mugn Chinh long tin giua ngudi vdi ngudi da giiip cho ngudi nhap cu cd sy thuan lgi vide huy ddng ddng v6n ti:ong lam an, budn ban, chi tidu: Anh vay cita nguai bdc 20 tri$u tic cdch day nam md den gia cung chua co tiin trd Bdc cung thuang minh khdng thdy hoi, md anh thi chdng co tdi sdn gl thi chdp, ldi cUng khong phdi trd ludn Thinh thodng anh den nhd bdc choi, bdc cung khong nhdc nhung anh thi cic phdi bdo bdc thong cdm cho hodn cdnh cua minh (Nam, 35 tudi, kinh doanh, phudng Bin Thuy) Ngudi than/hg hang ludn dugc ngudi nhdp cu nghT tdi can vay mugn tiln nhiing trudng hgp nhu dm dau, kinh doanh, budn ban, xin vide lam Dac biet la mdi 36 Vai tro cua vdn xd hgi vdi hogt dgng vay vdn ddn, thdi gian diu cdng vide chua dn dinh hodc liic chua cd viec lam, phan ldn ddu nhd ngudi than giiip dd, cd thd cho hdn tiln hodc cho vay mugn Thanh td thii ba cua von xd hdi cin ban din la sir cd di-cd lgi Vdri xa hgi ehi t6n tai va sinh lgi ich cd mgt sy tuong tde dugc l§p lai gifi-a it nhdt hai cd nhan, nghia la tdn tai su cd di-c6 lgi Thdng qua dd vdn xa hdi mdi dugc tri va san sinh cac lgi ich: Khi bgn be cdn thi anh giiip chu, la mdi quan he qua lgi md, anh nghT la minh mudn nguai ta ddi xic thi ndo thi minh dii xH vai ngudi ta nhu thi Do Id quy lugt nhdn qud Id phuang chdm sdng cua anh Anh thi tinh nhi^t ttnh, nhieu bgn be CO cong viic cdn ggi dien thi anh tdi liin bgn lam nha thi no cdn thi minh cho bgn vay md minh khdng bao gid lay ldi, den minh cdn bgn be lgi cho vay (Nam, 37 tudi, chii quan photocopy, phudng Trudng Thi) Vdn xa hgi se dugc tri va phdt tridn bdn viing ndu miic dd lidn he gifia cac cd nhan, nhdm diln thudng xuydn, khdng gidn doan Trong ca dao - tuc ngu' xua cung cd nhieu cdu de cap den van dd nay: "Ao ndng may nang mdi, ngudi nang ndi nang than", rdi: "Ndng mua thi gidng nang ddy, anh nang di lai me thay ndng thuong" (Vu Ngpe Phan, 1994) Mdi lien h$ giiJa sd nam sdng d phd Vinh vdi vide vay vdn kinh td, dugc phan anh qua bdng sd lieu sau: Bang Ty If vay von theo s6 n§m song it th^nh ph6 Vinh < Dadi nam C6 vay v6n 17,4 Khong vay von 82,6 Tong 100 132 N H« so Phi = 0,335 Nguon Ket qua fihdo sat ciia de tai 5-10 nam 19,6 80,4 100 112 >Tren 10 nam 17,9 82,1 100 56 SiR = 0,002 Dem vi: % Chung 18,3 81,7 100 300 Bang cho thiy so ngucri nhap cu co vay v6n Ax ft so vcri nhOng ngum khong vay von, vcri nhung nguoi co s6 nam sinh s6ng tai ph6 Vinh duoi nam thi chi co 17,4% nguoi vay v6n, sa nguoi sinh s6ng tit 5-10 nam la 19,6%, s6 nguoi sinh s6ng tren 10 nam 17,9% Nhu vay, viec nguoi dan nh$p cu co vay v6n hay khong, khong phu thuoc nhieu v^o s6 nSm ho song t£ii Vinh Ngu6n vay von cua nguoi nhap cu ciing la vdn dS dang quan ttei Ngu6n vay v6n chu y6u cua nguoi nhap cu la tir nguoi than quen (chi6m 87,5%) Nguoi nhap cu ft tiSp can dupc nguta v6n tir cac to chiic kinh tS-xa hoi, nhom hpi khac Day la nhung kho khan ma ngucri nhap cu g^p phai tiep can voi tin dyng, viec vay tin dyng tir cac ngudn chinh thiic doi hoi phai c6 mpt s6 dieu kien nhit dinh nhu co hp khiu thuang tni, tai san the chap Va nhu vay, chi cc ngucri rupt thit ciing nhu hp hang mcri co du long tin d6i voi nguoi nhap cu de cho hp vay tien, hp kh6ng co giiy to hay tai san thS chip; Nguyin Thj Bich Thuy, Vu Thj Thiiy Dung 37 Anh cUng mudn vay vSn ngdn hdng nhicng minh khong cd nhd hay tdi sdn gi de the chdp nen ngudi ta khong cho vay, cdn vay tic cdc td chicc khdc thi cUng khong dugc Vl khong cd hg khdu a day (Nam, 35 tudi, kinh doanh, phudng Trudng Thi) Gia dinh nhd chong chi, anh em ciing co diiu kien nin minh gap khd khdn hg ciing sdn long giup, cho minh vay tiin lam nhd, vay tien lam dn, sau cd thi trd Cdn anh em, bgn be khong cd tiin thi ho giup bdng tinh cdm, chu yeu tinh cdm nen thdy quy lam (NG', 29 tudi, ndi trg, phudng Trudng Thi) Dd minh hga vide sir dung vdn xa hdi ho^t dOng vay vdn, chiing tdi phdng vdn sau va xay dyng cau chuydn sau ve vai trd cua vdn xd hgi boat dgng vay vdn ciia ngudi nhfip cu tai phd Vinh: H9P Cau chuyf n vl sir di^ng v6n x3 h$i ho^t d$ng vay vSn Ong M sinh nSm 1953, da v^ hiru Ong sing tai khii 15 phudng Truimg Thi Ong v^o th^nh ph6 Vmh tit n2m 2002 Trudc chuyin xuing thinh phi Vinh v? chong ong c6 nhd anh em hg hdng bSn nhi vg ong tim giiSp dit dl mua vi x&y nhi Chuyin vl Vinh dugc hon nSm thi hai 6ng bk quylt djnh md qudn tap h6a, c^n phdi vay von dl mua sam hdng h6a, trang thilt bj can thiet Ong M dS vay tien cua mpt ngudi chdu hQ so tien Id 20 tri^u dong, so tien ndy ngudi chdu hg khong lay ldi, 6ng M cung khong can 1dm giay td the chap, ong trd ddn cho ngudi chdu ndy khong co dinh thdi gian, nghia Id ndo c6 tien thi ong trd Ong M c6 gdi vira hgc xong m§t tnrdng cao ddng ngodi Hd Ngi ve Ong muon xin cho vdo 1dm vi^c m^t cdng ty c6 phdn, song cdng ty ndy ddi hdi c ^ phdi ddng gdp cl phiin 100 trifu dong Sau thing nhdt, dng M quylt djnh muQn si dd minh 6it ctia anh H - ngudi ySu cdi ong vd vay dugc 150 tri|u So tien ndy ong M chi ditng vdo vi|c ddng c6 ph^ vdo cdng ty cung nhu chi phi cdc khodn khdc qud trhih xin vi|c cho gdi Trong qud trinh kinh doanh t^i ti^m tap hda, cd nhieu Ian dng M dd phai vay tiln cua b ^ hk cung nhu hdng xdm de liy hdng, khong can gidy td the chap Thinh thodng nlu dng M vl que ong l^i mua qud nhu cam, mdng, rau sach, gd ngon ttr qufi xuing dl mang biiu hdng xdm, b ^ b^ nhttng ngudi dd cho dng vay von can (Thong tin tir phdng vdn ong M, ngdy 23/5/2013) Nguon • Kit qua khdo sdt cua de tdi 3.2 Goc nhin tu ngirM cho vay vSn Khi chung ta xem xet mdi quan h? giira von xd hgi va hoat d0ng vay vdn thudng nhan thay nhihig lgi ich cua nhihig ngudi can vay vdn Song bai vi^t tac gia mudn dd cap thdm vd phia ngudi cho vay Ngoai vi$c thd hidn sy hiJu ich ddi vdi ngudi vay thi vide cho vay ciing mang lai lgi ich cho ngudi ed vdn kinh td Lgi ich trudc tien la vd mdt tinh thin, ngudi cho vay cam thiy vui va nidm tin ciia minh "d^t diing chd": 38 Vai trd ciia vdn xd hgi v&i hogt dgng vay v Bdc cho dica chdu vay mdy chgc trieu di nd lay vdn lam dn cUng khong biet ndo no trd dugc, nhimg vi tin tudmg nd, bd me nd cUng nha vd Tiin bdc di day cUng khong lam gi, cho nd vay tgo diiu ki^n cho no, thdy nd dd vdt vd han minh cUng vui chic nd co vay duac nai ndo khdc nica ddu! (Nam, 65 tudi, nghi huu, phudng Ben Thiiy) Ngudi cho vay tin tudng, ddnh gia cao muc dich, ddng co vay tidn ciia ngudi vay, cho nen hg nhan dugc nidm vui, nidm khich Id eiing nhu sy bidt on cita ngudi vay, va tao dugc mdi quan hd gdn bd hon vdi ngudi dugc vay Ngoai ra, mgt sd ngudi cho vay hg cdn nghi vide lam la sy "ddu tu", dd nhd sau hg cd gap khd khan thi ngudi vay se giiip lai minh: "Khi anh cho ban anh vay tidn thi nd eung dd cho minh thi?t dau, can vi^c gi giiip nhu chuyen nha, nau co nd ddu giiip nhidt tinh" (Nam, 37 tudi, budn ban, phudng Trudng Thi) Nhu vay, d ddy, xudt hien thdnh td cua vdn xa hgi la "sy cd di - c6 lai", ngudi di vay ciing cd nhiJng hinh thiic "ddp trd", the hidn sy "biet on" ddi vdi ngudi cho vay giiip do, quan tam, chia se vdi ngudi eho vay luc hg can: Thi thodng chi cUng mang sang nhd bdc chi it qud que khong ddng la bao so vdi sd tien ldi hdng thdng bdc khong ldy cua minh, nhung cung la the hiin ldng biit an ciia minh vdi bdc (NG, 29 tudi, ngi trg, phudng Trudng Thi) Mdt dieu nhan thay la hien d cdc td chirc tin dung, ngan hang nhidu tiirdng hgp ngoai nhimg ydu cau ve thu tuc gldy td, tai san thd chip thi sy tin tudng cung nhu mdi quan he xa hgi giiia ngudi vay va nhiing nhan vidn tin dung Id dihu rdt quan tigng: Gid nhieu ngudi cd nhu cdu vay, ngdn hdng cUng dgt chi tiiu hdng thdng vi sd tiin cho vay doi vdi nhdn vien tin dung bgn em Nhung em se uu tien gidi quyit cho nhicng ngudi cd moi quan hi quen biit di trdnh bi "ngxdu" (Nam, 28 tudi, nhan vien ngan hdng, phudng Bdn Thuy) Nhu vdy, ngudi nhap cu da sir dung cdc ydu td mgng ludi xd hgi, long tin cOng nhu su cd di-cd lgi cua vdn xa hgi hoat dgng vay vdn Trong do, ldng tin ddng vai trd quan trgng nhat Nhd dd hg dugc tham gia cdc hinh thdc gdp vdn nhu "phudng-hdi", vay vdn, hay vay mugn tir nhiing ngudi khdc Dang chii y, ngudn vay vdn chii ydu cua hg Id tir ngudi than, hg hang - Id nhdm so cdp, hg khd tiSp can cdc nguon khdc, nhdt la tir cdc td chdc tin dung Nhd cd vdn xa hgi, tidp can vdi ngudn vdn kinh td, nhidu ngudi nhap cu khdng cdn ddn tai sdn thd chdp, gidy td vay mugn hay vi?c phai tia lai theo tuan/thdng/ndm Vdn xd hdi khdng chi mang lai lgi ich cho ngudi nhap cu vay vdn ma chinh ngudi cho vay cimg dugc hudng lgi, lgi ich d day chu ydu la ydu td tinh thdn Thyc td hi?n nay, tiong vide tidp can ngudn vdn tii cac td chuc tin dung ndu cd vdn xa hdi, cu the la mdi quan he xa hdi, ldng tin giiia ngudi cin vay va nhan vidn ngan hang, thi viec vay vdn se dien thuan lgi, "trdi chay" hon Nguyin Thj Bich Thiiy, Vu Thj Thiiy Dung 39 3.3 Rao cdn tie von xS hpi hogt dgng vay von Tren ddy, mdi chi dd cdp den mat tich cue qua trinh vai trd cua von xa hgi doi vdi boat dgng vay v6n Ngoai ra, edn cd mat trdi hay cdn ggi la tieu cue sy vai trd ndy Qua tim hidu cd nhung trudng hgp ngudi nhdp cu khdng thd van dyng von xd hgi de vay vdn, ho£ic vide qua tin tudng, dat long tin vao ngudi khdc dan ddn nhimg hd qud khdng mong mudn vi?c cho vay vdn Nhu trdn dd phan tieh, tiong tdng sd ngudi dan nhap cu dugc hdi thi ed mdt ty Id nhiing ngudi mudn vay vdn khdng bidt vay d ddu (9,0%), cd nhiing ngudi dd vay ngudi than quen, hg hang, ban be nhung bi tir chdi (2,0%), cd nhiing ngudi thi ty bidt ban than khdng dap ling dii didu kidn dd dugc cho vay nen hg khdng dam vay (4,9%) Thuc td, khdng vay dugc vdn kinh td xuat phat tir nhieu nguyen nhdn khac Song nhin dudi gdc d0 ddnh gia vai trd cua vdn xa hgi thi 15,9% nhiing ngudi mudn tidp can ngudn vdn vay nhung khdng dugc mOt phdn cd thd vdn xa hgi cua hg chua du manh: "Thdi gian mdi vdo Vinh sinh sdng, gia dinh thieu thon du thii, nhung khdng cd ngudi quen d day nen eiing khdng dugc giiip dd gi, ciing khdng bidt vay tidn d dau " (Nam, 35 tudi, kinh doanh, phudng Trudng Thi) Ho^t dgng vay vdn ciia ngudi nhdp cu bi chi phdi bdi nhidu ydu td: nhu cau, kha ndng tra, tai sdn thd chap, h0 khau thudng tni, kha nang sir dung vdn Trong von xd hdi la mgt yeu td can nhic den Song nhidu trudng hgp vdn xa hgi khdng du m ^ , ho|c th$m chi vi "qua manh" ndn vide vay vdn trd nen khd khan Nhieu ngudi khdng mudn cho ngudi thdn quen vay vi khdng duge nhdn ldi, lai khd "ddi": "Cd cd tidn gOri ngan hang, nhung diia chau vay tidn cd khdng cho vay Vg chdng nha nd vay bidt d^n nao tia dugc Ma giii ngan hang minh cdn cd ldi, cho nd vay lai cdn chdng duge lai " (NQ, 50 tudi, budn ban, phudng Ben Thuy) De the hi$n cho vi?c vdn xa hdi tao rao can cho ngudi vay va ngudi cho vay hoat d0ng vay vdn, tac gia phdng vin sau va xay dung cau chuyen sau: H$p CSu chuydn v^ in$t h^n chi cua v6n x3 b$i ni6i quan h^ vdi v6n kinh t^ Chj T vdo thdnh Vinh sinh s6ng tir ndm 2001 Thdi gian ddu mdi chuyen vdo Vinh, ch) cdn tien dk md qudn bdn hdng dn Nhung khdng vay dugc d dau cd Ngan hdng khdng cho vay vi khong cd tdi sdn th€ chip, khong cd hg khdu d Vinh Gia dinh, b^n b^, hg hdng thi ngudi khdng c6 ti6n, ngudi cd tien th) khong muon cho vay Cuoi ciing chi phdi chdp nhdn bdn rau d chg mgt thdi gian ddi, de gom gdp vdn Sau mdy ndm 1dm d Vinh, chj mdi md dugc qudn dn Sau dd, chi ddnh dym, tiet ki^m dugc 20 trifu Cdch ddy ndm, ch) cho anh L - anh hg cua chj - vay so tien dd md khdng tdy Idi suat, de mua gS nguyen li^u vl anh 1dm thg m$c Khi chj can tien, hdi thi cii khat mdi Nen gid chi muon sua lai qudn dn cung khdng cd ti^n (Thdng tin tii phdng vdn chj T, ngdy 20/5/2013) Nguon: Ket qud khdo sdt cda de tdi 40 Vai tro cua vdn xd hgi vdi hogt dgng vay von Tdm lai, nhidu nguditirongnhdm ddn nh|ip cu tai thdnh Vinh da biet each van dung vdn xa hgi ma cu thd la cae td cua nd nhu: mgng ludi xd hgi, long tin xd hgi, su cd di-cd lgi dd huy dgng ngudn vdn kinh td, eu thd nhu tham gia cac hinh thirc gdp vdn nhu "phudng-hdi", vay vdn, cho vay Dang chu S, ngudn vay vdn chu ydu cita hg la tir ngudi thdn, hg hang - la nhdm so cdp, hg khd tidp c|in cdc ngudn khac, nhat Id tii cdc td chiic tin dung Ngodi vai trd ddi vdi ngudi vay thi ngudi cho vay eiing cd nhung lgi ich cho vay Dac bidt, bdn canh mat tich eye; it nhidu vdn xa hgi ciing cd nhiing tde ddng tidu cyc tinh hai mat ciia nd Vi^c tin tudng vao ngudi khac, khidn mdt sd ngudi cho vay v6n vd lam vao tinh trang khdng ddi dugc ng Cho nen, thay vi hd trg thi vdn xd hdi trudng hgp ndy lai can trd qua trinh sinh ke cua ngudi nhap cu Ket luan Tir trudc ddn cd kha nhidu nghidn ciiu vd v6n xa hgi d cip vT md, dudi gdc vi md, dac bidt la tim hiSu mdi quan hd giGa vdn xd hdi va hoEit dgng vay vdn kinh te thi cdn rdt It nghidn ciiu dd cdp ddn Phan tich vai trd cua vdn xa hgi ddi vdi hoat ddng vay vdn ciia ngudi dan nhap eu d thdnh phd Vinh, Nghd An cho thay, ngudi dan nhap cu dya vdo mdi quan he xa hgi, long tin dd huy ddng ngudn vdn tir ngudi thdn quen, ban be, ddng nghi?p Kd ca hg vay-cae td chiic tin dung thi vdn xd hgi ciing ddng vai trd quan trgng Trong cdc thdnh td cua vdn xd hdi, dang chii y la vai trd cua long tin cac ed nhdn thuc hidn cac boat ddng dd huy ddng vdn Ldng tin xa hdi cd tdc dung thay thS cho giay td thu tue, tai sdn thd chip cua ngudi vay Bdn canh vai trd tich cue thi vdn xa hdi ciing nhu nhiing mat trai nhu tidm an nguy eo rui ro cho ngudi vay vi khdng cd gidy td, tdi san the chap nen nhidu trudng hgp ngudi cho vay khdng ddi dugc ng Nhidu ngudi nhdp cu mudn vay vdn dd phdt tridn sinh kd Tuy nhidn, thyc te vay vdn tai cac td chiic ngan hang, tin dung hidn can kha nhidu thit tuc, giay td, d^c biet la can phdi cd tdi sdn the chap Trong do, khdng phdi ngudi nhap cu nao ciing cd the dap ling ddy du cac didu kidn Do dd, chinh quydn dia phuong, cac co quan chiic ndng can cd sy hd tig ngudi nhap cu viec tiep can vdi ngudn vdn vay bing cac hinh thiic khdc nhu vay tin chap, vay ldi suat thap, keo dai thdm thdi gian hoan tra dd t£io didu kidn cho ngudi nhap cu cd thd vay vdn phuc vu hoat d0ng san xudt, kinh doanh, gdp phan phat trien kinh te-xa hgi cua thi Nghidn ciiu ciia tac gid de cap den hudng mdi each nhin vd vai trd cua vdn xa hgi Tuy nhidn, chiing tdi mdi chi tien hanh khao sat, thu thap thdng tin d hai dia ban phudng ed ddng ngudi nhap cu tai phd Vinh Id phudng Bdn Thuy vd phudng Trudng Thi Hy vgng ring se cd co hdi tidn hanh md rdng nghidn ciiu khdp cac tinh thdnh cd ddng ngudi nhap cu d nudc ta, dd cd thd vin dd nghien ciiu sg dugc ban ludn sau sdc hon Nguyin Thj Bich Thiiy, VU Thi Thiiy Dung Tai li^u tham khao Coleman J.S 1988 Social Capital in the Creation of Human-Capital American Journal of Sociology, (94): 95-120 Fukuyama, Francis 2002 Social Capital and Development: The Coming Agenda SAIS review 22 (1): 23-38 Grootaert, C 1999 Social capital, household welfare and poverty in Indonesia Washington: The World Bank Social Development Department Khuc Th] Thanh Van 2011 Nhdn thic v^ ngu6n vdn xd hOi, siic manh tifim tdng cho phdt triln Tgp chiXS hgi hgc {A): %%-95 Lin Nan 1999 BuildingaNetworkTheory of Social Capital Connections {\):2'&-5\ Nguyin Nggc Bich 2006 Von xdhgi vd phdt trien Tgp chi Tia sdng (13): 13-22 Nguyin Quy Thanh, Cao Thi Hdi Bdc 2012 Quan he xd hdi vd v6n xd hgi: nghien ciiu so sanh VietNam vd Hdn Qu6c Tgp chiXd hgi hgc (3): 35-44 Nguyin Qu^ Thanh 2005 Sy giao thoa giCa v6n xd hgi vdi cdc giao dich kinh ti gia dinh: So sdnh gia dinh Vift Nam vd gia dinh Hdn Qu6c Tgp chi Xdhgi hgc (2): 108-121 Nguyen Thj Bich Thuy 2016 Vdn xd hgi vai sinh ki cua ngudi nhgp cu tai thdnh Vinh, Ngh? An (Nghien cuu trudng hg'p phucmg Bin Thuy, Tntang Thi, Thanh phd Vinh, Tinh Nghi An) Ludn d Tien sT Xd h§i hgc: D?ii hgc Qu6c gia Hd Ngi Nguyen Tudn Anh 2012 Vdn xd hdi vd sy cdn thiet nghien cihi vdn xd hgi a nong thdn Vi^t Nam hien Hgi thdo Qu6c xk Dong gop cua Khoa hgc Xd hgi Nhdn vdn phdt tnen kinh te-xd hgi Hd Ngi Tr 557-565 Phdng Thdng ke - Uy ban Nhdn ddn thdnh Vinh Bdo cdo ddn sd vd bien dgng ddn so ndm 2005, 2006, 2007,2008, 2009, 2010,2011, 2012, 2013 thdnh Vinh Portes, A 1998 Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modem Sociology Annual Review of Sociology, (24): 1-24 Putnam, Robert D 1995 Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital Journal of Democracy (6): 65-78 Tong cyc Thong ke, Quy Ddn so Lien Hgp Qudc 2006 Dieu tra di cu Vi4t Nam ndm 2004: Di cu nu&c vd moi lien h4 v&i cdc sy ki^n cua cuoc song Hd Ngi Tran H&u Dung 2003 V6n xd hgi vd kinh ti Tgp chi Thdi dgi (8): 82-102 Trdn Hihi Dung 2006 Von xd hgi vd phdt triln kinh te Tgp chi Tia sdng (13): 32-33 Vu Nggc Phan 1994 Tuc ngfi ca dao ddn ca VietNam- in ldn thit mudi Nxb Khoa hgc Xd hgi HdNgi Woolcock, M., & Narayan, D 2000 Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research, and Policy The World Bank Research Observer 15(2): 225-249 Woolcock Michael 1998 Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework Theory and Society (2): 151-208, ... vdn xa hdi vdi ngudi vay thi loai vdn cd vai tro gi tdi ngudi cho vay hay khdng? Ben eanh vai trd mang tfch chit hd trg thi vdn xa hgi co trd rao can ddi vdi vide vay va cho vay vdn cita nhdm ngudi... tudng, quan he xa hgi than thidt thi ngudi dan khdng thi xay dung va tri cdc td chiic phudng, hdi Ngudi dan nhap cu tim each vay mugn cua ban be, ngudi than khdng ldy ldi hoac lai thap: Anh lam... nhan, nhdm diln thudng xuydn, khdng gidn doan Trong ca dao - tuc ngu' xua cung cd nhieu cdu de cap den van dd nay: "Ao ndng may nang mdi, ngudi nang ndi nang than", rdi: "Ndng mua thi gidng nang