Từ rất và cấu trúc {rất + danh từ}, {tính từ + rất} trong một số văn bản nôm thế kỷ XV XIX

Ttr rk VA CAU TRUC {r&t^ danhtir},{tinhtir+r&t] TRONG MOT SO VAN BAN NOM THE KY XV- XIX VUDlfCNGHIEU'*' TRAN TRQNG DU-ONG'**' Tom tdt: Bai thdo lugn vdn dl ghi am Nom tir rdt, rdt va vifc phien am Qudc ngU chfi Nom $ Uong cac van ban Nom tfi thl ki XV din nfia ddu thl ki XIX la rdt Sy khong thong nhdt cac each ghi va phien am chfi Nom da dan den nhirng kho khan khdng giai thich dugc cho viec phdn tich va hilu cac cau triic cii phap {rdt + danh tir} va{tinh tirf rat] (rat dinh niii, thdm rdt ) Phan tich tfi nguyen, ciia ro/va rdt qua nhirng luu tich ciia chung cac cdu triic nhu sau rdt, rdt, rdt c^c; phan tich cdc cdu tnic {rdt + danh tur}, {tinh tu+ rat); thay thl rat cac cdu tnic bang rdt, ddi chieu nghta cua cac cau true vdi cau true Han van tuong fing mft sfi van ban Han van gfic dirge dich sang van ban Nom, chiing tdi thdy rat cac cdu tnic {rdt + Noun}, {adj + r^] chinh la rot, vdi y nghta "cue dieni, tft cung, lam, qua, suit, cufii, chdt" Vi vay, chfi Nfim ^ cac van ban Nom tfi nfia dau the ki XIX trd ve tnrde nen dugc phien la ROT Tfi ROT dong vai tro lam phd tfi cac cau tnic cii phap hfiu quan (vi du: thdm rdt=tham den mfic cyc diem) ra- khda: Phien am, tfi nguyen, cdu triic cii phap, chfi ndm, tai lifu (van ban) Nom Abstract: Abstract: This paper deals witii the transcription of rdt and rdt into Nom characters and how Nom characters M in the Nom texts fom 15th century up to the first half of 19fli century were transcribed into Quoc ngu version as rdi The inconsistency of transcriptions hardly provides a resolution for analysis and understanding the ^^itatic structures {rat + Noun} and (adj + rat}, eg rat dinh niii, thdm rdt, etc Considering the e^ona and the remains of rat and rot (in structures such as: sau rot [final], rdt [the last - bom child], rot cue [final]), the analysis ofthe structures {raT+ Noun}, {adj + rat}, replacing rdt in these witii rot, as compared with the corresponding Chinese ones in some orginal texts that were translated into Nom characters, reveals a fact that rat in {rat + Noun}, {adj + rat} is really rdt, meaning "extreme/ maximum/ utmost" That is why in Chu Nom materials before the second half of the 19fli century,flieNom word M should be transcribed into Quoc ngu as rdt Itftinctionsas an adverb which means "extreme" in the related syntactic stmctures Key words: transcription, etymon/elyma, syntactic stmcture, Nom character, Nom material DSn nhfp Trong tdc phdm Ndm Cung odn ngdm khiic cua Nguyen (jia Thilu [4], cau sd 285 -286vd311 -312 dugc phien am sang chu Qudc ngft nhu sau: 285-286 Tilng thiiy difn cudi gia ^^ 6^t, C NGHIEU -TRAN TRt?NG Dif ONG da dugc phien am rat nhiing trudng hgp neu trfin'' Trong chft phifin am Qufic ngft r&t dugc ghi bang chu Nfim nhu vdy thi chft phien dm rdt lai dugc ghi bdng chu Ndm ^ [am Han Viet dgc lot] Am tilng Hdn thugng cfi cua -^ (tdt) Id */stut/ (theo W.H Baxter, 1992); cdn dm Hdn Viet cua nd lai la tudi va am dgc hdu Han Viet cua nd mdi Id lot Tuy nhifin, cdeh dgc ldt lai dugc hieu Id cdeh dgc am Han Vift ciia tfi Chft -^ da dugc dimg de ghi tfi Nfim doc rdt (khdng phai ghi rot vi sy "nhdm tudng" do) Sd dt chft Ndm dfing -^ (tfit) ghi rdt Id vi dm ddu / - / vd / r- /trong Viet ngft cd lien quan ngudn gdc lich sfi vdi Cdc tuong ling giiia tfi phuang ngfi khu Bon vdi tfi todn ddn: (con) tit - (con) ret, (con) tdn - (con) rdn, (con) lay - (con) rdi , cimg vdi cdc tucmg fing Vift Hdn Viet nhu: rdu - tu, (di) rua - (di) Id, rugu - tuu gdp phdn ro rft chiing td dilu dd Can nguyen ddng sau cac ngft lieu tren day Id qud trinh biln dfii ngft dm Ijch sfi cua * /s-/ ProtoVietic Khi dm dimg bdi cdnh ngft am sau tien dm tiet hay sau nhihig vlt tich cua tiln am tilt thi quy ludt vd qua Uinh xdt hda da dan nd dfin /r- /; cdn trudng hgp binh thudng thi dan din It- I (Nguyen Tai Cdn, 1995; M.Ferlus, 1982) Cau hdi quan trgng dat Id: nhftng chft Nfim doc rat cac cdu trfic "di thudng" neu tren cd thl dpe la rdt dugc khfing? Cac ngft lifu khdo sdt dugc da cho chung ta cdu ti-d ldi: cd thl Ta dd thay chft ^ Han Viet (cd dm dgc ludt) dugc Viet hda, dgc tdt vd dfing dk ghi tft Tif rit VA CAU T R O C {rdt + danh tir}, {t(nh tir cd dm dpe Ndm rdt thi cdc chft trdt, sdt, trdt, that, Igt, chdt dk ghi tft cd dm dgc Nfim rdt (Nguyin Quang Hdng, 2014) hoan toan cd the dgc rot Mat khdc each ghi chft Nfim !^ Qudc dm thi tap cho thdy "rfit" cd kha ndng dd dugc Vift hda de trd mfit dm doc co thfiy am kep Id/*krotV (Trdn Trgng Duong 2014: 299) Qud trinh chuyen bien ngu am tu Han sang Viet la: tfit >*krot^ '"'''^V rdt '^ xvir-xix-^ i tkXViH-xx Tu vi Annam Latinh cua P.J Pigneau de Behaine 1772 - 1773 ghi rdt vdi cdc muc tfi he thugc: rdt hen, rot day, ghi rdt vdi cdc muc tfi he thugc: rat xi, r&t phdn, rdtcao, rdtyiu, rdthen, ratsang Vdy, trd lai vai hai cdu can gidi quyet Cung odn ngdm khiic, chiing tfii thdy cd the dgc: Tieng thuy dien cudi gid gdt Mill quyen mdn thdm rot nen phai (dugc hifiu Id: miii quyen mfin da thdm dfin tuyft dinh rdi thi ti-d nen phai tdn); vd: Sinh ly ddi rdt thdi ngdu , Mgt ndm cdn thdy mgt mgt ldn, (dugc hieu Id: [cai sy] sinh ly nd deo dudi den het, sufit thdi gian [mua] ngau, md mgt ndm cung cdn dugc thdy [gap] mat mft ldn) Hon bdn chuc van bdn thu tft, td trinh viet bang chfi Qufic ngft nhiing nam chdt thl ki XVII, vd sudt thl ky XVIII[l]dlu dfing rat nhiing ket hgp ngft phdp dien hinh nhu: rat trgng, rdt ngng, rdt hen mgn, rdt trdi, rdt xdu, rat khd, rdt thdnh, rdt cdng bdng, rdt nhdn due, rdt cao, rat yiu dudi, rdt lg liing, rdt thicang, rdt khoan, rat mgnh, rat hiem ngheo, ldt tdt, rdt cao lan, rdt mgnh bgo Trong dd, vdn ban Truyen ky mgn lyc gidi dm ddi truac Tu dien Annam - Lusitan - Latinh mft chfit, Cung odn ngdm khiic ddi ciing the ki XVIII vdi Tu vi Annam Latinh cua P de Behaine; cho nen ta khdng the ndi rdng thdi gian huu quan, Viet ngft chua cd, ho^c cd md van cdn ldn lgn rat vdi rot Kiem tra ngft lieu Dgi Nam qudc dm tu vf cudi thl ki XIX (1895-1896) cfia Hmnh Tinh Paulus Cua, chiing tdi thdy bg ty vi nayghi rdt ranh rg: rdt voi cdc muc tu hf thugc rdt hen, rdt day, d dudi rdt, d ddng sau rdt, sau rdt, rdt ndm; rdtvai cac muc tix he thufc: rdt ddi, rdt phdm, rdt muc, rdt cao, rdt hay, rdt yeu, rdt hen, rdt sang.Vk d doan khdc, Paulus Cua cd ghi: "rdt: d dang sau het, d sau chdt, Cf dudi chdt Rfit day: d dudi chdt, d dudi day Rfit nam: cufii nam, cung nam." [Paulus Cua 1895: 883] Kiim tra sdu thfim cdc nguon ngft lifu till ki XVm, XVU, chung tdi thdy: Tu dien Annam - Lusitan - Latinh an hdnh nam 1651 da ghi vd phan bift: Rot: "cufii cimg"; va cho mpt muc tft hf thupe: din rdt hit Rat (ghi riit): Ddu chi cao cap nhdt; va cho cdc muc tii hf thufc: rut thdnh, rut lot, rid mge, rid khdn) Ket luan Cac ngu lifu khdo sat va phan tich tirinh bdy tren day cho thdy mdt sfi n h ^ xet kit Iudn nhu sau: Tfi dugc phien am ro( tai hai can 286 (Mui quyen mdn thdm rdt nin phai = mui phu quy thdm din cung cyc rfii thi cung se trd nen phai lett) va 311 (Sinh ly ddi rdt thdi ngdu= chuyen tu bift sinh Iy TAP CHi HAN NOM SO (143) - 2017 cfi deo dang sufit den mfia mua ngdu) Cung odn ngdm khiic cd the va can dugc phien dm (dgc) rdt vdi nghia "cue dilm, tft ciing, Idm, qua, sufit" Vdi y nghta nay, rdt hoan todn tuong thich ve ngft nghta, ngft phdp tai vi tri md nd dam nhiem ngft doan Y nghta cua rdt da tdn tai, hoat dpng tfi Idu; vd den vdn dang tfin tai, boat dfng tieng Vift hifn d^i nhu cac ket hgp: dua rdt, di sau rdt, rot bdng (Tfi dien tilng Vift, 1994) cdn cdi duoi di sau rdt; loi xin ke ndt; cdu chuyen voi (Bdi dong dao ndi ve eon voi) Rot dam nhiem vai trd cua mot phd tfi chlnh danh nhu rat cac ngft doan hiiu quan VU Ddc NGHI$U -TRAN TRONG DUONG Nhu vdy, nguyen nhan gdy nen su "di thudng" ket hgp cfia ngft doan thdm rdt vd r&t thdi ngdu Cung odn ngdm khiic chlnh Id d viec phien dm, doc chft Ndm, hodn toan khfing phai Id vdn de ngft phdp vd/hoac ngu nghta Sy "di thudng" cfia thdm rdt va r&t thai ngdu cd the ndi la da dugc gidi Trong Truyin ky mgn lyc, 15 trudng hgp phien dm rdt md chfing tfii neu gid thiet Id cd thfi phien dm rdt, thi den day, cd thl khdng dinh: phien am rdt thi phai ban; vd phien nhu the Id hgp Iy vi nd bao dam tuong thich cd ve ngft nghta Ian ngft phdp ngft doan gidu sang tudng da rdt thud binh sinh, 54a = = het muc yeu ducmg giau sang tudng da tuyet dinh ddi dcri a rot dinh nui Phugng Hoang, 25a = ddi den d tren d chdt dinh niii Phirgng Hoang qudn de ehdn rdt nhd ben Tdy, 32b = = = = = = quan de d chd tan cung nha ben Tay = = la cai chi tinh ciia cha m? = = vui den t^n ciing ma thuong = = ddi sac mdt vd ciing cam on rot thda vui ldn, 36a nui Phugng Hodng rot dinh, 35b rot mgt dng mdy do, 75a d nggn trite rot dinh nui, 18a rdng long dye, rot sgxa, 21b ngdn ddi rdt bdng mot thU, 59b dy cha m? chung long rot 72b noi cao li rdt, ldi bdng suoi chdy, 67a vui rdt md thuang, 32a tude ngfii cang cao, tfin tay day cang rot 18a doi mgt mui rot tg, 68a rot ldm cha me thua doc yeu, 34aT 34 (tren) chot dinh niii Phugng Hoang d circ chinh gifia mdt ang may d ngon triic tren chdt dinh niii mac ldng ham muon, cue ky xa hoa ngan ddi, rit cue lai/cufii ciing thi vdn vdy noi li li tuyet cao ldi bdng (nhu) suoi chdy chfic vj cang cao, cdng phai cue khiem nhudng dugc cha me yeu chieu het mirc TlTrar VA CAU TRUC {rit+ danb tfr}, {tinh tfr Tft thyc te Cung odn ngdm khiic dugc Iam sang td nhu thl, chft Nfim Quoc dm thi lap cfia Nguyen Trai timg dugc phien dm rat (rdt nhdn sinh bdy tdm muai - QATT bdi sd 76, cau 8), timg dugc phien dm chgt (chdt yin bdn dy cd li - QATT bai 88 cdu 6), hoac phifin am ldm (ldm nhdn sinh bay tdm muai - QATT bai 138, cdu 8) cdn dugc phien nhdt loat Id rdt nhu chung tfii da tiinh bdy (Vu Dfic Nghifu 2015; Trdn Trgng Duong 2014, Nguyin Quang Hdng 2008), ciing nhu hai ldn phien dm rdt Chi Nam nggc dm gidi nghta (ngodi rdt dau mdu - tr.l06, nude rdt cang ngon - tr.ll4) cua Trdn Xudn Nggc Lan (1987) Id tiuch hgp Theo hudng tiep can vd xfi ly nhu tren day, ehung tfii thdy hoan todn cd thl gidi quyet dugc nhiing trudng hgp nhu: - Rdtbentrdimgckhddtlinh(iS)QATY), - Lgi them rdt bdc tdi tinh hdo hoa (Luc Vdn Tiin, cau UBS) - Rot binh dudng dy, rdt ngdi dudng ngy (Thien Nam ngu luc, cdu 2212) va nhiing trudng hgp khdc tuong ty Rifing tfi dugc phien rdt Cu trdn lgc dgo phd, cd the dgc rot, nhung nghia cua nd cd phdn bien chuyen: rdt = sudt din cudi, den het Sy bien chuyfin, phdn cfing vd diap ddi vdiTihau ve ngu nghta, ngft phdp gjiia rdt vdi rdt qua tiinh phat trien Ijch sfi ciia tieng Vift cdn cd nhiing nghien cfiu, phan tich rieng Ben canh dd, ta cung cd the nght toi ngufin gfic cua ngft d o ^ rdt muc (mgt tfi hgp cd djnh Vift ngft nay) Id rot muc (vi du: nhdn sinh rat myc hda gidu hda sang - Truyen Trinh Thu; Dfic Chfia Jesu lo budn sdu ndo rat myc Phep gidng tdm ngdy , tr.l55; phong luu rdt myc hdng quan - Truyen Kiiu, cdu 35) nhung vdn de ndy, chiing tdi xin trinh bdy vdo mot djp khac*./ V.D.N - T.T.D Chii thich Theo Nguyen Quang Hong Tg dien chir Nom ddn gidi (2014) Dao Duy Anh (1975) phien "lat thfia co quan ma cdn dS tam hai Igt loc" va chii thich: "I4t thiia co quan: Ldt cai then may de thay dugc cho kin nhiem, vi nhu thay dugc tam hoi d chd kin" 2.http://vi.wikisource.org/vi'/index.php? titIe=Chuyln_di Bdc_Ky_nam_At_Hgi_l 76&oldid=29918 http://vnthuquan.nel/truyen/truyen.asp x?tid=2qtqv3m3237nqn4n31 n343tq83a3q3 m3237nvn Vifn Nghien cim Han Nfim hifn luu trir mpt ban Nom Cung odn ngdm khuc, ki hieu AB 392, do, cau 286 d trang 16 ddng ghi chu iZ khiln ta phdi dpe la dt, cau 311 d trang 18 ddng ghi chfi % [trdt] khiln ta thudng dpe la rdt Nhfing hien tugng nhir the, rat hay gap cac van ban Nfim, vi ngudi ghi chep nhiiu nhdm !Sn chfi, ho9c suy doan nghta cua cau, cua tfi theo each hieu ciia minh roi ghi bdng chfi phii hgp "cua minh" Huinh Tinh Paulus Ciia; " : ^ r $ j ^ ^ ^ ^ "'Dgi Nam qudc dm tg vj, SalGon Imprimerie REY, CURIOL & Cie, 4, rue d'Adran, 4.; tb 1974, (theo dn ban 18951896) Sai Gdn: Nhd in Vdn Hftu T2: tr.266,251 Ti^P CHl HAN NOM SO (143) - 2017 P.J Pigneau de Behaine Dictionarium Anamitico Latinum Archives des Missions Etran^res de Paris Paris 2001 ; A de Rhodes Td diin Annam Lusitan - Latinh Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hpi, 1991 8.*Bai vilt thufc de tai mang md sfi 2014 - VII2.4 -2013.01 Quy NAFOSTED tai trg Nguon ngv lieu dugc khao sat B6n muoi hai thu tir vilt bdng chfi quoc ngir thl ki XVII- XVIII, sach Chif qudc ngir thi ky XVIII, Doan Thien Thuat suu tdm va chu biSn, Nxb Giao due Ha Npi, 2008 Chi Nam nggc dm gidi nghia, Tran Xuan Ngpc Lan phien am, chii giai, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi Ha Npi, 1985 Chinh phy ngdm khuc, sach Tdng tgp vdn hgc Viet Nam, tap 138; Nxb Khoa hpc xahpi, Ha Npi, 1997 Nguyen Gia Thieu, Cung odn ngdm khac, Nguygn Lfc khao dinh, gioi thieu, Nxb van hpc Ha Npi, 1986 Cu trdn lgc dgo phd, Dac thit ldm tuyin thdnh dgo ca, Hoa yen ty phU, sach: Chd Nom (ngudn goc - cdu tgo - dien biin), Dao Duy Anh, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi, Ha Ngi, 1975 Hdng Dire qudc dm thi tap, Pham Trpng Dilm - Bui Van Nguyen phien dm, chli giai, gidi thifu, Nxb Van hoa, 1962, Nxb van hgc, 1982 Ljch sd nu&c An nam, Thu cua Bento Thiingui G.F de Marini thu cua Igesico Vdn Tingid Marini, sach Lich su chd qudc ngic, Dfi Quang Chinh phien chuyen, Tu sdeh Ra khoi, Sai gdn, 1972; Nxb Tfin giao, 2008 VO Ddc NGHIEU -TRAN TRQNG DlfCfNG Phdt thuyet phu mdu dgi bdo dn trgng kinh, Hoang Thj Ngp phien am, chii giai; sach Chic Nom vd tiing Viii qua bdn gidi dm Phgt thuyit phu mdu dgi bdo dn trgng kinh, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hfi, Ha Npi, 2002 Phep gidng tdm ngdy cho ke mudn chiu phep riia tgi md vdo dgo thdnh due chua bidi, A de Rhodes, Tu sach D^ii kit, 1993 10 Nguyin Trai, Qudc dm thi tap, sach Nguyin Trdi todn tap, Dao Duy Anh phiSn am, khao chii, Nxb Khoa hgc xd hgi Ha Nfi, 1976 Ban phien mdi sach Nguyin Trdi quoc dm tu dien TLTK so 22 U.Philiphe Binh, Sach sd sang chip cdc viec, Vifn Dai hpc Da Lat xuat ban, 1968 12 Thien Nam ngir luc, Nguyen Thi Lam khao cfiu, smi tam va bien so^n, Nxb van hpc Ha Ndi, 2001 13 Tran Thai Tfing, Thien long khod he ngii: lyc, Tuf Tinh gidi nghta, Trdn Trpng Duong khao cfiu, phiSn chii, Nxb Vdn hgc Ha Npi, 2009 14 Truyin ky mgn luc gidi dm Nguyin Quang Hong phien dm, chu giai, Nxb Khoa hpc xahgi, HdNdi, 2001 \5 Truyin Kiiu, sdeh: Tu lieu Truyen Kieu: Thd tim hiiu bdn sa thdo Dogn trudng tdn Nguyen Tai Can, Nxb Giao Dye, 2008 Tai lifu tham khao 16 Dao Duy Anh (1975), Chic Nom (nguon goc - cdu tgo - diin bien), Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi Ha Ngi 17 Difp Quang Ban (2005), Ngd phdp tiing Viet, Nxb Giao dye Ha Npi Tiy rit VA CAU TRUC {rit + danh tfr}, {t(nh tfr 18 W.H Baxter (1992), A handbook of diin cha Nom ddn gidi, Nxb Khoa hgc xa Old Chinese Phonology, Mouton de Gmyter, hfi Ha Npi Berlin - New York 27 Nguyin Thj Lam (2006), Nghien 19 Nguyin Tai Cdn (1979), NguSn gdc cdu cha Nom vd tieng Viet qua Thien Nam vd qud trinh hinh thdnh each dgc Hdn Viet, ngM-/j^c, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hpi, HdNfi Nxb Khoa hpc xa hgi Ha Npi 28 Vu Dfic Nghifu (2011), Luge khdo 20 Nguyin Tai Cdn (1995), Gido trinh Hch sd td vimg tieng Viet, Nxb Giao dye lich su ngic dm tiing Viit, Nxb Giao duc, Ha Npi Ha Nfi 21 Tran Trpng Duong (2012), "Mpt so tfi gdc Han cd cdu true CCVC qua ngft lieu tho Nfim Qudc am thi tap", sach: Nhtmg vdn de ngon ngit vd van hoa, Nxb Thfing tin va Truyin thfing Ha Ngi 22 Trdn Trgng Ducmg (2014), Nguyin Trdi qudc dm td diin, Nxb Tfi Diln Bach Khoa, Ha Nfi 29 Vu Dfic Nghieu (2015), Tiing Viet lich sd tncdc thi ki XX: nhUng vdn di quan yiu, Dinh Van Dfic chu bi8n, vcs, Nxb DHQG Ha Npi 30 Hoang Thj Ngp (2002), Cha Nom vd tieng Viet qua bdn gidi dm Phgt thuyit phy mdu dgi bdo dn trgng kinh, Nxb Khoa hgc xahoi Ha Nfi 23 Ferlus M, Sg biin hoa eda cdc dm tdc 31 Nguyen Ngpc San (2003), Ly thuyit gaiatrongtiingViet,^^ni\^2-\9Z\,tr I -22 chu Nom vdn Ndm, Nxb Dai hpc Su pham, 24 Hodng Xudn Han (1998), Vdn Ndm HdNpi vd chu Ndm ddi Trdn - Li, sach: La 32 Shimizu Masaaki (1998), Khdo sdt San Yen Ho Hodng Xudn Hdn, Nxb Gido due Ha Npi sa luge ve cdu true dm Hit tiing Viit vdo 25 Nguyin Quang Hfing (2008), Khdi thi ky XIV - XV qua hai cd liiu chu Nom, ludn vdn ty hgc chU Nom, Nxb Giao due, Ky y6u Hpi thao qufic te lan thfi nhdt vl Ha Nfi Vift Nam hpc ldn thfi nhdt Ha Nfi, Tr 26 Nguyen Quang Hfing (2014), Tg 252-265 37 ... muai - Trong Chinh phu ngdm: Idn - Trong Lich su nude An Nam, thu eua B Thiin, thu eda L Vdn tin: - Tror^ Phep gidng ldm ngdy: 198 Ian - Trong 42 van bdn thu tfi the ki XVII: 38 ldn - Trong 277... tdi, nhu se trinh bdy diem e) dudi ddy] - 01 cdu tnic {tinh t«r + rdt) vui r&t md thuang (q.2, tr.32a) - 09 can tnic {rdt + danh tir /danh ngii-}: rdt thda vui ldn (q.l, tr.36a) gidu sang ludng dd... thu dugc Id: - Trong Cu trdn lgc dgo phd, tu rat xudt hifn 01 ldn: Rat [^ ldt] thua ca quan, mua cdn de ldm hai dot Idc (Hgi 8)' Trong Ddc thu ldm tuyin va Vinh Hoa Yin tuphu: Ian - Trong Qudc dm