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CHUYEN D I N I E M TIN, TANG QUYEN VA NGirdfl PHU Ntr H'MONG THEO DAO TIN LANH d VUNG CAO BIEN GIQil MIEN NUI PHIA BAC VIET NAM**' Le Tran Quyen Tom tdt: Bdi viit tiep can vdn di chuyin ddi mim Hn vd nguoi phu nit ngudi H'mdng theo dao Tin Lanh vung cao bien gidi Viet Nam Qua co so ludn vi quyin luc vd gidi cdu true, bdi viet nhan dinh Tin Lanh dd trao cho nguoi phu nii mot ca hdi, thuc ddy hg van ddng vd dat duoc nhung ket qud tich cicc cugc sdng gia dinh Tien trinh trao quyen cho nguoi phu nit H'mdng thdng qua tdn gido tro thdnh nhdn td loi thay ddi dien mao ddi sdng tdn giao tin nguong vung cao bien gioi mien nui phia Bdc Viet Nam Bdi viit ggi md' vi triin vgng sic dung khungphdn tich quyin luc khd dung, irng dung cua nghiin cuu nhdn hoc ve chuyin ddi mim tin trin nhieu binh dien hgc thuat, ciing nhu cd tren phuang dien nghiin cuu phdt triin, quan tnxahdi, hoach dinh vd thuc hien chinh sach, gidi quyit xung dot ton gido vung ddn tdc thiiu sd, vung tdc nguai theo dao Tin Ldnh a Viet Nam Tie khda: Chuyin ddi niem tin; Tin Ldnh; H'mdng; giai; tdng quyen; vitng cao miin nui iv) thiet che tdn giao theo chuan muc cua Tin Lanh va anh hudng ciia chiing den cac thiSt chi truygn Lieu dao Tin Laiih cd trao quyen cho ngudi thdng; v) su bien ddi phong tuc, tap quan; vi) xay phu nii H'mdng thieu sd vimg cao mign phia, va hg dung nhung gia tri, chuan muc dao diic mdi; vii) trd nhan td thay ddi dien mao ddi sdng tdn nhiing xung dot tdc ngudi tdn giao va bien phap giao tin nguong viing cao mien niii phia Bac giai trir xung dot (Tran Thi Hdng Yen, 2016) Tdn (Rumsby, 2019) Cau hdi ciia Rumsby xoay vao giao, gidi va quyen luc da dugc ghi nhan nhu mdt mot van de cdn bd ngd, chiing ta chua cd dii thdng hien tugng phd bign nhieu nghien ciiu, mieu tin nghign ciru ve viec chuyen ddi niem tin ta nhiing thay ddi tich cue ve binh dien binh dang theo Tin Lanh tai Viet Nam Trong ba thap ky gan gidi, ngudi phu nii dugc giai phdng Gan day, day, mdi quan tam nghien ciiu vg dao Tin Lanh d nghien ciiu dao Mau, dg cap phu nii-tin dao viing dan tdc thieu sd d Viet Nam tang len rd ret ve mau dugc trao mdt thir quyen lire mem, gan vdi so lugng, mang tinh chuyen biet hoac lign nganh, mdt tign trinh the tuc hda va tinh giai tri ddi tap trung vao cac nhdm van de chinh nhu: i) su sdng tdn giao tin nguong dang chuyen ddi d Viet thay ddi vg the gidi quan tir da than sang dgc than Nam (Vu Thi Tu Anh, 2006, 2011; Vu Thi Tu thd Chiia ciia cdng ddng Tin Lanh; ii) nhan thiic Anh, 2012) Lieu cd mau thirc quyen luc nao khac ciia tin dd; iii) mdi quan he vdi Due Chiia Trdi va lign quan den niem tin va thuc hanh tin nguong tdn cac mdi quan he van hda xa hgi chuyen ddi; giao tai Viet Nam? Trao quyen dugc sii dung nghien ciiu gidi nhu la trgng tam hanh ddng nham can thiep hd trg phat trien nhung nhung ly luan '"'Bai viet la ket qua ciia de tai khoa hoc cap Co so; hiem lign quan den cac nghien ciiu ddi sdng tin "Mot so vdn di ve dao Tin Ldnh a vitng ddn tdc thieu ngudng tdn giao d Viet Nam Bai vigt tiep can so mien niti phia Bdc Viet Nam " Phong nghien ciiu chuygn ddi niem tin d phu nir H'mdng dudi gdc ton giao, tin nguong tpc ngudi, Vien Dan toe hgc, nhin quyen luc, trao quyen Cd sd dii lieu ciia 2019 Mddiu PHAT T R I E N B ^ N V O N G V U N G Q U Y E N 9, S6 (9/2019) 41 LY LUAN-TRAO D | nghien ciiu dua tren viec nghign ciiu dien da tai diem nhdm dao Tin Lanh ciia ngudi H'mdng tai huyen Nam Pd va Mudng Nhe, tinh Dien Bien, nam 2015 Khai liTtfc mot sd quan diem ly luan ve quyen luc Quyen lire la mot khai niem da chieu, phd quat, the hien tat ca cac mdi quan he xa hdi nhung khdng cd mdt khai niem chung thdng nhat Cac nha nghien cim can cii vao cac chieu kich nhu CO cau va thuc lire, mdi quan he, lgi ich hay vi tri hgp thiic ciia quyen lire ma hieu khac Theo Le Minh Tien (2009), khai niem quyen luc (dugc trich dan thudng xuygn nhat la cua Max Weber) la kha nang ma mot chu thg hanh ddng - mdt mdi quan he nhat dinh - cd the dat dugc mue dich nhu y mudn cua minh bat chap su phan khang cd thg cd tir ngudi khac cung nhu nhiing nen tang cua kha nang dd (tr 67) Quyen luc gan hen vdi su thdng tri", dugc hieu la toan bd eac mdi quan he xa hdi ma d quyen lire dugc thuc thi theo nhiing nguyen tac da dugc thira nhan, tiic la su thdng tri chi dien d nai ma quyen luc da dugc xac lap va van hanh tren nhiing nen tang va nguyen tac cdng khai hoac an ngam dugc su thira nhan bdi mdt phan hoac tat ca mgi ngudi (tr 67) Giddens (1984) coi quyen luc gan chat vdi hai pham trii thuc luc va ca cau^ Chiing ta ed the hinh dung viec ngudi phu nii' thudng bi giam ham cac khudn khd van hda, d dd hg cho viec hg bi tudc ' Weber djnh mo thiic ba ioai, gom: kieu truyen thong, uy tin ca nhan va sir hgp phap Mo thiic truyen thong dua tren kieu niem tin vao tinh hop thiic ciia cac truyen thong, su ton va quy phuc cac khuon mau van hoa ^ Thuc luc la kha nang thuc hien nhiing lira chon co muc dich ciia mot ngudi hay mot nhom ngudi Khi mot ngudi CO nang luc lira chpn nhung ho (c6 the) khong dii kha nang de sir dung thuc luc mot each hihi hieu thi la ho bi han chet bdi ca cau xa hoi No la cac khia canh boi canh the che, ngudi dang hoat dong gay anh hudng tdi klia nang chuyen doi thuc luc cua hg hanh dong He qua la boi canh cua the che se it nhieu quyet dinh den tinh hieu qua cua thuc luc 42 quygn la diing din va thich dang (Kabeer, 1999) Day la ca che de nhan lam thg nao ma nhiing ngudi phu nii, cac nhdm thieu sd bi rai vao tinh trang thua thiet, bat binh dang Becker (1993) nhan dinh phu nii, nhdm dan tdc thieu sd thudng dugc nudi day theo each tin rang hg khdng the lam dugc mdt sd viec nao dd ma ngudi khac cd the lam dugc Vi vay, phu nir hay nhdm xa hgi da tiep thu vi tri thii cip cua minh theo each khien hg tri mai tinh trang bi tudc quyen cua minh (Nussbaum, 2001) Gidi nghien ciiu dua tren cac yeu td can ban cua quyen luc nhu ca eau va thuc lire; mdi quan he xa hdi; lgi ich, va vi tri hgp thirc de xuat nen cac quan digm ly luan khac nhau, chang ban nhu: quan digm mac xit ve quyen luc, thuyet uu tuyen, nhan quan da the hay dudi gdc nii quyen He thong cac y tudng ly luan lai dugc phan chia cac ddng chu luu theo cac each khac vi du nhu hai dang md hinh: i) chii thuyet thdng nhat; chu thuyet man thuan; cac thuyet hai hoa tmng dung giua hai ddng tren, ii) quyen lire ben trong; quygn luc vdi va quygn luc cho; quygn luc tir ben Do each tiep can va van dg nghign ciiu ciia cac tac gia khdng chi khudn khd nhan hgc nen d bai viet nay, chung tdi khdng trinh bay chi tigt timg dang thiic Dang ehii y va gan giii vdi van de ciia bai viet dat la quan diem nir quyen'' ve quyen lire Nhiing hgc gia ung hg ly luan cho rang: i) quyen luc xuat phat hi cap ca nhan (trong mdi quan he nam - nii gia dinh, xa hdi); ii) md thirc phd bien nam thdng tri, nii gidi d vi tri bi thdng tri Ngudn gdc cita su thdng hi ke tren, la nguyen ciia su bat binh dang gidi gdm: ^ Theo quan diem nir quyen, quyen luc mang dang thiic hai chieu: quyen luc cho va quyen lire vdi, khac vdi dang thiic quyen luc thong tn mgt chieu, mang tinh ap dat dugc ggi la quyen lire ben Uen De thiic day viec binh dang gidi, ung ho cho nhirng ngudi yeu the ben le xa hgi, mot so nha nghien ciiu chu truong thiic day cac nguon iuc ben cua chii the hanh dong, CO viec tang cudng thuc luc nhan thiic va cac nguon luc bo trg dS tu hg tien len gianh lay sir binh dang Nhiing quan diem theo hudng dugc nhom vao dang thiic quyen luc ben theo khung phan loai noi tren PHAT T R | £ N B ^ N V Q N G V O N G QUYtN 9, SO (9/2019) ChuySn doi niem tin Le Tran Quyen lao ddng dc tra luong; viec nha; van hda, tinh due, bao lue, nha nude (vi du nhu Syl^via Walby) Trao quyen la nang luc cua mdt ca nhan hay nhdm dg thuc hien nhiing lira chgn hfru hieu, nghTa la thuc hien cac lua chgn va sau dd, chuyen ddi nhung hanh ddng va kit qua mong mudn (Alsop, Bertelsen va Hollano, 2006, Xv 12-13) Pham Quynh Phuang bd sung quygn dugc hieu khdng mang y nghTa quyen hgp phap cdng dan cd, ma mang ndi ham vi the xa hgi, quyen lire va nang lire thuc thi cua ngudi phu nu bdi canh cua van hda tdc ngudi, dugc nhin nhan va phan tich dudi gdc cua tinh chii thg tu quyet ciia ngudi phu nii (2012, tr 21) Tiep can img hg quan diem cua Mosedale (2005) xem sir tang quyen cua ngudi phu niia la mdt qua trinh va dd hg tu xac dinh va ndi rdng nhiing gi khien hg la chinh minh va dieu bg cd the lam tirih hudng ma so vdi dan dng, hg bi ban che Tir thap nien 1990s din nay, trao quyen trd van de trung tam cac nghien cuu phat trign Ngudi ta tin rang viec ngudi phu nii dugc tham gia nhigu ban hg se cd kha nang tiep can tdt han, thdng qua dd se giam dugc bat binh dang va ganh nang se dugc giam bdt De nhin nhan va danh gia hoat ddng trao quyen cac nghien cuu phat trien, ngudi ta quan tam nhieu den nam khia canh sau: i) trao quyen qua tham gia; ii trao quyen qua dan chii; iii) trao quyen viec xay dung nang luc; iv) trao quyen qua tang thu nhap; v) trao quyen ca nhan (Oakley P., 2001; Pham Quynh Phuang, 2012) Tir nhirng ylu td tren, Sara H Longwe da de xuat khung phan tich mire WEP (Women's Empowerment Framework) de dat dugc su binh dang viec: i) quygt dinh ddi vdi cac yeu td san xuit; ii) tham gia vao qua trinh quyet dinh lien quan dgn quan ly, len ke hoach va chinh sach; iii) nhan thuc vg vai trd gidi va phan chia lao ddng theo gdi; iv) ve tigp can ddi vdi cac yeu td san xuat; v) tiep can vdi cac ngudn phuc Igi (Pham Quynh Phuang, 2012, h- 19) Nang lire trao quyen phu thugc vao bai yeu td se tuang tac vdi nhau: thuc luc va ca cau xa hgi Miic tac ddng lan ciia chiing se anh hudng den mire trao quygn ma cd the truy van, theo doi tren ba phuong dien sau: i) tdn tai su lua chgn; ii) sir dung sir lira chgn; iii) dat dugc muc dich vdi ket qua mong mudn (tldd, tr 13-14) Bdn dac tnmg phd quat cua quyen luc, gdm: i) quyen lire la mdi quan he; ii) ca nhan cd quyen lire tiem nang (sd hiiu ngudn luc) va quyen luc thuc hien (sir dung cac ngudn luc cac hanh ddng xa hdi); iii) mang tinh dinh hudng hoac ngan ngira hanh ddng cua ngudi khac, iv) mang tinh can bang hoac khdng can bing (Le Mmh Tien, 2009) Nguoi phu nir, tinh nam va xa hgi H'mdng truygn thdng Xa hdi H'mdng truyen thdng tao mgt khudn mau van hda cd tinh trgng nam dign hinh, ma ngudi phu nii cd vi tri thap kem ban ngudi dan dng va hg ddng thuan vdi nd Phu nii nhu the chinh la ngudi thiet thdi, "diing cudi sd bac thang gia tri va quyen lgi cua tgc ngudi phu he" (Nguyen Manh Tien, 2013, tr 944) Tinh trgng nam the hien tren nhieu phuong dien cugc sdng, qua bieu tugng van hda, thuc baiih ddi sdng thudng nhat Be trai cd tinh bilu tugng cao, xem la mdt tai san, tru cdt gia dinh sau nay, se sdng lau dai vdi cha me, thuc hien bach nhiem thd cimg td tien Vi tbi ngudi Hmdng chdn cudng thai be trai d chan cdt chinh, ham y nd se lam tru edt gia dinh Ngugc lai, thai cua be gai, dem chdn d xd budng vdi y quan xuyen viec bep niic nha ciia (Vuong Duy Quang, 2005; Trin Hiiu San, 1996) Vi thi, vai trd ciia trai mau thiic van hda truygn thdng dac biet quan trgng O gia dinh H'mdng, neu ngudi vg sinh gai mdt bl toan thi hoac phai chap nhan, hoac ggi y ehdng lay them vg be, de cd dugc trai Viec chdng lay them vg, sinh trai, la mgt viec lam hgp dao diic Be trai dugc quygn uu tign nhieu ban cugc sdng, cung nhu giao due hgc hanh, cham sdc y te hoac hoach dinh tuang lai nghe nghiep Neu mdt gia dinh khd khan ve kinh te, gia dinh ngudi H'mdng thudng de dat ddng thuan viee be gai budc phai nghi hgc dl uu tien cho em hoac anh trai tiep tuc di hgc Trong quan he hdn nhan va gia dinh, gai thudng it cd quyen chu ddng lua chgn ban ddi nhu cac chang trai Trong hdn nhan truyen thdng, nha trai se tra cho nha gai mgt khoan tiln thach cudi de P H A T T R I ^ N BEN V O N G VCJNG Q U Y S N 9, s o (9/2019) LV LUAN-TRAO Ddi rude cd dau ve va sau dd, cd dau duge xem la mdt tai san ben nha chdng Cach thiic tien hanh nghi lg truygn thdng dl lam cac gia dinh can kien cac ngudn luc tai chinh He luy la cugc sdng cua ngudi phu them thiet thdi, vat va hon sau hdn nhan Hg chi sdng dugc nhd vao dat dai cua nha chdng, la lao ddng phu gia dinh, mac du hg phai lam viec vat va hon va lam nhieu gid dai ban so vdi nam gidi Trong quan he hon nhan, neu chdng chet, ngudi vg cd thg lay em chdng hoac d vay Trong hoan canh nao thi hg de cd cam giac cugc sdng be tac, chan chudng va dau khd Ngudi vg it cd CO hdi gdp tiing ndi hoac dugc boi y kiln cac cdng viec gia dinh va d ddng hg Ngudi chdng nam giii kinh te, tien bac, de quyet dinh sir dung, muc dich su dung Ngudi vg ddng vai trd phu thugc khiem tdn mac du hg ciing ddng gdp vao hoat ddng kinh tg chung va tao thu nhap khdng nhd cho gia dinh Chi d mdt sd it hd gia dinh, ngudi vg se quan ly tien nhung ngudi chdng cd tigng ndi quyet dinh cac quyet dinh chi tieu Idn Tinh trang ngudi dan dng thudng nam giii tai chinh, tien bac xa hdi H'mdng dugc giai thich vi hg thong thao tinh toan, cd hgc van cao hon, ranh tieng phd thdng hon, gidi giao dich ban phu nir Dan dng trudc day la ngudi diing tgn chii sd hiiu tai san cd gia tri Idn nhu giay chiing nhan quyen sir dung dat d, dat ndng nghiep, dat rimg hoac cac tai san khac cd gia tri nhu xe may Thudng nam gidi se dung ten vay vdn ngan bang uu dai hoac su dung nd de the chap vay vdn, tiep can vdi cac ngudn luc tai chinh Trong vin dl lao ddng san xuat, nam gidi va phu nu dugc phan chia tuong ddi theo khdng gian va gidi Dan dng dam nhan khong gian ngoai xa hdi, phu nii thi ganh vac cdng viee gia dinh Trong lao ddng san xuat, thudng ngudi phu nii phai lao ddng nhieu gid ban, di nuang ve cdn phai lo cho cai va gia dinh Hg it cd thdi gian cham sdc ban than, it tham gia tiep can va hgc hdi, trao ddi kign thiic tang gia san xuat hay ngudn lire cai thien chat lugng cugc sdng Mo thiic xa hdi truyin thdng trdng dgi nhieu d phu nii, hg cd it quygn lira chgn hem nhung dugc mong chd dam nhan nhieu viee ban tir ndi trg, lao ddng san xuat, tir gia dinh den rirng Trai lai, ngudi dan dng co nhigu khdng gian cho ban than minh ddi song thudng nhat Viec cua dan dng dugc xem la viec nang nhgc nhu viec xay dung nha cua, ddn gd, di san thu hoac di budn ban gia siic Tuy vay nhung khdng phai nao hg ciing cd viec de lam, va dd dan dng nhan rdi va udng rugu trd thii vui ranh, giiip cugc sdng cua ngudi dan dng dd te nhat Viec say rugu thudng lign quan dgn bao luc gia dinh ma ngudi phu nii chiu nhieu ton hai ca ve the chat va tinh than Neu bi chdng danh, hg thudng chiu dung Hdi phu nii, td hda giai lam viec Cling ngudi chdng nhieu lan nhung neu chdng nghien rugu thi tinh trang dd lai tai dien Ngudi phu nir H'mdng da tham gia hau nhu hgt minh va lien tuc vi lgi ich cua nliiing ngudi ma phu thugc vao Hg sdng vi eon cai, gia dinh va vi chdng, hg it quan tam va ddi hdi ve quyin lgi hoac mac dinh phd thac ludn cho chdng quyet dinh Mau thirc van hda truyen thdng trgng nam khien phu nir d vi the thap kem han nam gidi Ho chap nhan su sap dat cd tinh xa hgi ddi vdi ban than theo mgt tien trinli xa hdi hda tu' tham than cac gia tri van hda tgc ngudi trd mdt phan tam thg ling xir ea nhan Bourdieu (1990) dien giai la habitus, mdt toan the thdi quen va tam the hanh vi cua mdt van hda hoac cua mdt mdi trudng xa hdi tham than vao ca nhan qua trinh xa hoi hda Ca nhan cd xu hudng tai tao cac tam the hanh vi ay bang each kich boat cac khung hanh vi va thich ling chiing vdi cac digu kien hay hoan canh ma hg sdng (xin xem them Trinh Anh Tung, 2009) Chiing ta thay khudn man van hoa truyen thdng, mac dii dang van ddng va thay doi cimg vdi tien trinh phat trign cua tdc ngudi nhung tu' than nd da ngam dinh tinh chat trgng nam - len Idi, cd huu d nhieu chiiu canh cua cugc sdng Dii nhan thirc hay vd thiie, can tinh trgng nam dinh vi tam the ngudi phu nii nhu mdt he luy tham thau qua viec hge hgc mdt each cdng khai hoac ngam ngam, trd nhiing chuan gia tri cho phu nii, tao ngn cac chuan md thiic hanh ddng (md thirc hanh vi) ma d dd phu nii chap nhan viec minh thua thiet so vdi nam gidi vi dcm gian hg la phu nix Day ia can nguyen tao mdt dang dinh tbiic van hda phu thugc, yem the cita ngudi phu nii H'mong khudn mau truygn thdng, cai dc ggi la PHAT T R I E N BSN VCTNG V U N G Q U Y £ N 9, SO (9/2019) L£ Tran Quyen habitus ca nhan ciia chinh hg Tien trinh mang tinh cau tnic nhu chiing ta thiy, habitus tap thi hrong tac trd lai ca nhan khien hg tiep nhan, tham thiu nhiing gia tri dd mdt each vd tbiic Nd la vd sd cac kieu hanh vi dugc gai vao san, chd de hanh ddng cac bdi canh van hda hgp thirc theo mgt qua trinh dugc ggi dd la qua trinh ndi hda nhung dac tinh bgn ngoai Mgt tam thi hanh vi da hoan thien va dat dugc miie can dii, chung se giiip sinh cac hanh ddng tuang ddng, vi du nhu phu nii mac nhign thiy viec ylu the, mit quyin luc trudc nam gidi cugc sdng la dieu hoan toan hien nhien, chip nhan dugc mdt each de dang Chuyen d6i niem tin theo Tin Lanh, sur tang quyen cho ngudi phu nir Viec chuygn ddi niem tin theo dao Tin Lanh d •vung cao mign nui Viet Nam cua ngudi H'mdng thuc chit la mdt ca duyen tinh cd qua he sdng ngin hen radio (Ngo Tbi Thanh Tam, 2009) da tao nhiing ddi thay sau sac ddi sdng kinh te van hda xa hdi tdc ngudi Thdng qua do, mdt tbilt chg van hda xa hdi mdi da dugc hinh thanh, cdn ggi la cai ly mdi cua ngu'di H'mdng (Nguyen Van Thang, 2009), gay sir chia re sau sac ben cdng ddng, dat hang loat cac van de khac Mac du vay, ngudi ta cung khdng the phu nhan rang viec theo dao Tin Lanh da dem den nhiing tac ddng va ddi thay sau sac tren nhilu phuang dien ddi sdng van hda kinh tl xa hdi cua tdc ngudi Bai viet nhan dinh viec chuyen ddi nilm tin theo Tin Lanh cung cap va trao cho ngudi phu nii H'mdng mdt bdi canh, sir lira chgn; bang each ngudi phu nii thdng qua tdn giao, dugc giup siic, gianh dugc nhieu lgi ich cho ban than minh, gia dinh, dat cam giac hanh phuc Chieu ngugc lai, phu nii trd nen mgn md viec thuc hanh niem tin va nep sdng dao nhu la mdt he qua tat yeu Nhiing ddi thay dac biet cd y nghia quan trgng ddi vdi ngudi phu nii, dien chii ygu d pham vi hd gia dinh nhung nd da va dang gdp phan thay ddi dien mao •vung cao mign niii phia bae Viet Nam Trong phuang dien tinh cam, cac mdi quan he gia dinh dugc tdn giao cung cd va that chat Chuyen doi theo Tin Lanh, tin dd phai thue hien triet de nguyen tac hdn nhan mdt vg mdt chdng du Chuyen doi niem tin ngudi vg cd trai hay khdng Ddi vdi ngudi phu nii, chdng la ngudi hg mudn la ngudi nhat va trgn ven hg gan bd, khdng chia se vi bat cir ly gi Ngudi phu nu dugc bao ve quyen Igi theo Tin Lanh, ngudi chdng se khdng dugc cdng ddng tin huu chap thuan cd quan he hdn nhan khac hay tinh due ngoai hdn nhan de tim kiem dira trai Viec khdng ed trai gid day "khdng phai ldi cua phu nii" dd, hg se khdng chap thuan va chiu thiet thdi phai chia se ehdng vdi mdt ngudi dan ba khac Khac vdi quan niem truyen thdng, ngudi theo dao Tin Lanh khdng cdn lo lang vg viec thd ma sau minh theo td tien, hg tin rang gid day, chet la trd ve vdi Chiia, dugc cham sdc an nhien vui sdng su yeu thuong va an sung cua Ngudi nen viec cd bay khdng cd trai khdng cdn la ndi ban tam, khdng cdn la bieu tugng nhu nd da timg mdt xa hdi trgng nam truygn thdng Han the, dan dng khdng chi bi bat budc tiet giam quan he tinh cam ngoai hdn nhan, phai cd trach nhiem hon cugc sdng gia dinh Viec khuyin khich dan dng bd rugu, thuoc la hay nhiing thdi hu tat xiu khac bao gdm ca viec danh bac, but thudc phien, da cho nam gidi nhiing lgi ich ve siic khde, tinh than sdng lac quan hon Hg dugc khuyen khich viec cd trach nhiem vdi viec nha, giiip dd ngudi phu nu thay vi y lai hay giao phd toan bd viec nha Ign vai ngudi phu nii nhigu cap vg chdng tre, budi chieu sau gid di nuong ve, ngudi chdng trdng nhd, vui diia ciing chiing, dgn dep nha hoac lam nhiing viec nhu nghi thu cdng, vg nau ccmi Sau gid an, chong dam nhan giup cham sdc nhiing diia tre, giiip chiing di ngii Thay vi chiu cam giac phai lam vd sd viec khdng ten mdt minh, gid day phu nix cam giac hg hanh phuc dugc chia se cugc sdng ciing chdng Hg ed nhieu thdi gian danh cho minh nhu viec tap hat ca, hgc kinh hoac tu lam dep bang viec khau va nhiing vay ao mdi Ngudi chdng thudng dugc nhac nhd vl viec ngudi phu nu ciing la ngudi tham gia lao ddng san xuat, ddng gdp vao tai san chung Do dd, hai ben phai tt-an tt-gng sir nd luc cua nhau, ciing cham chi lam an Ngudi vg budc dau dugc giao quan ly tai PHAT T R I S N B E N V C N G VCJNG Q U Y E N 9, SO (9/2019) LV LUAN-TRAO DQI chinh gia dinh va lam viec tdt hem nam gidi Tuy khdng phai tat ca mgi ngudi dan dng deu ban giao cho vg minh quan ly tay hdm chia khda ' nhmig ho ngae nhien, bd quan niem quan ly tai chinh tdt ban phii nii Ngudi phu nu H'mdng theo dao Tin Lanh dugc hdi y kien nhigu hon cac quygt dinh quan trgng phai sir dung ngudn luc tai chinh Phu nir ndi rang dii khdng di dugc xe may, nhung van thay •vui hai vg chdng cimg ban bac viec sir dung mgt phin tien thu hoach vu ngd de mua chiec xe may mdi, phu nii thich duge di chgn mau xe du khdng bigt lai Viec bao hanh danh dap vg hay tham chi la ming chiri vg cua gidi dan dng cung bi phe phan la sai trai va yeu cau giam thieu tien din tir bd Ngudi chdng dugc khuygn khich thi hien sir yeu thuang ngudi vg thdng qua hanh ddng va ldi ndi Neu vi pham cac tin digu cac ldi ran ciia Chiia, thi ban than se chiu ap luc tir trudng nhdm dao va cdng ddng Nhirng dac quyen dugc xem la duong nhien dan dng ddi vdi vg trudc day, gid day hg se thay ddi cimg each sdng ygu thuong, chiu trach nhiem hon Viec chuyen ddi niem tin theo Tin Lanh dimg viec thuc hanh cac nghi ll truyin thdng tdn kha tdn kem tiln bac, bg danh dum va tich liiy dugc ngudn Igc tai chinh gia dinh Thdng thudng mdt gia dinh phai chi 10 trieu ddng cho td chirc dam ma (thay vi 40-50 trieu) va ca 15 trieu ddng cho mdt dam cudi (thay VI 70-80 trieu nhu each thiic td chiic truyen thdng) (Nguyen Quynh Tram, 2016) Vdi tu each ngudi me, gid day, ngudi phu nu cd the nghT dgn viec img hd va nudi dudng nhiing diia minh an hgc tdt hem, lau dai va ben viing ban klii co mgt ngudn du trii tai chinh san sang cho tuong lai Trong van hda truyen thdng, phu nir nhudng vi the ddi ngoai cho chdng, it tu tin giao tigp vi vdn kign thdc xa hdi ban che va kha nang ngdn ngu it di thi da sd da tu bgc, tu dgc dugc tieng H'mdng la-tinh hg da dgc dugc kinh va hat ca Hg cam thay •vui vi gid day chinh hg tir day dugc minh bgc chu Hg tham chi chat vin can bd iiy ban nhan xa hd sa giay khai sinh cho lau hon quy dinh 14 cua nha nude Khi can bd td thai khdng vui vg viec ngudi H'mdng theo dao Tin Lanh thi hg hdi lai "sao can bg lai ndi theo Chiia la klidng tdt, nha nude cho chiing tdi 46 quyen duge theo, nha nude khdng cim thi can bd lai ndi vay?" (Tu heu dien da tai Dien Bien ciia tac gia, 2015) Thieu nu H'mdng theo dao Tm Lanh gid day chii ddng va cd dinh hudng ro rang viec tim kiem ngudi ban ddi ciia minh Thay vi bi ddng chd dgi sir xep dat cua gia dmh ket hgp vdi viec tim hieu lan nhau, gid day cac thieu nii H'mdng m^nh dan lua chgn, khoanh •vimg ddi tugng ban ddi dua trgn cac tieu chi nhu hg nen la ngudi H'mdng theo Tin Lanh de cd thg de chia se niem tin va thirc hanh ldi sdng dao, hieu va tran trgng gia tri cua vg va gia dinh ban Bang mdt each nao dd, cac em thudng km tam nhieu hon cac khia canh cam xiic cua minh nhu la mdt yeu td dam bao rang cugc hdn nhan se duge hanh phuc, Viec mdt cd gai thich hat ca chon lua mdt chang trai se khdng phai bdi vi cd gi ma don gian la vi dd la mdt chang trai tdt, thien lanh va bigt chai dan Cd ke rang co mudn budi tdi ed mudn ngdi hat va anh choi dan ca hai Cling chia se cugc sdng theo each nhu vay dugc hieu la hanh phiic Mdt khia canh khac, mgt so era ciing khdng loai trir viec yeu hay ket hon vdi cac chang trai thudc tdc ngudi khac, theo tin ngudng truyen thdng Dieu ea ban hg gid day mong muon d ban ddi la bdn nhan dam bao dugc cugc sdng sau se hanh phuc, theo each higu binh di nhat ciia ngudi thiiu sd vimg cao Ddi vdi trudng hgp ngu'di gia, hg la ddi tugng Cling cd muu cau chuyen ddi niem tin manh me Mgt tnrdng hgp gda chdng vi dng udng rugu roi hi benh gan qua ddi, nha chdng muon ba kit hon cung em ehdng ngudi ma ba cho rang ciing kha hem, mdi udng rugu, tinh ban ciia dng ta se lam khd ba Trudc day, ba khdng thi cay vao vi khdng cd trai May man, ba dugc gai d Nam Fd, Dien Bien ddn vl hi que cii Ha Giang Con gai va re vui ve giiip ba cd thg on dinh cugc sdng, ba cd cam giac nhu tim lai dugc chinh minh sau tit ca Tin Lanh la mdt su giai thoat cho phan ddi tam tdi trudc day theo cam nhan ciia ba Trudng hgp cho thay viec chuyen ddi niem tin khdng chi dien vdi nlidm phu nir cu the ma nd cd hieu luc thay ddi da sd neu khdng mudn ndi toan bd nhirng ngudi phu nii H'mdng PHAT TRltN BtN VLfNG VUNG QUY£N 9, SO (9/2019) L£ TrSn Quyen Gia nhap dao, hg hang hai ban viec nhdm dao, hgc hat ca va cac cdng viec khac Ngudi ta thay phu nii ciing tu tin viec xin di dao tao cac khda hgc Hdi Tin Lanh td chiic Mac dii ca cau nu cac diem nhdm dao cdn ban che nhung rd rang ngudi phu nii nhan thirc dugc ca bdi ciia minh, bat dau tan dung ea hdi de dugc lam digu minh mong mudn Cd mdt thuc tg dang lim y la phu nii, cung hg the niem nilm tin vao Chiia, da gay mdt hieu img cd tinh ap dat trd lai ngudi dan dng viec khien hg phai ddng thuan vdi viec theo dao Tin Lanh va ddi vdi nhirng ngudi H'mdng chua theo dao khac, dac biet la phu nii h-e tuoi Chung tdi thay nha nguyen mgt sd thieu nii hat ca, ben ngoai cd sir tap trung ddng dan ciia nhieu thieu nii va tre em Hg la nhung ngudi theo tin ngudng tmyen thdng cu tni d nhiing khu vuc lan can gan dd nhung bg din vi siic hap din cua cac sinh boat chu nhat va thii hang tuin Hg khdng budc vao nha thd vi chua gia nhap dao Tin Lanh nhung ciing da bat diu tim higu va nhan thirc dugc dieu trudc het khien hg cam nhan cugc sdng cua hg cd y nghTa ban, loai bd cam giac budn chan Nhung chac chan hg cung se nhan dugc siic hap dan Idn lao cua viee dang thiic tdn giao da va dang giai phdng nhiing ngudi phu nii ddng tdc vdi minh nhu the nao Trai vdi sir phan nhat dinh cua phu nii, mdt sd trudng hgp, dan dng dugc phdng van cho rang hg cam giac minh bi mat di rat nhigu thii nhu mgt phan cugc sdng trudc theo dao Mdt trudng nhdm dao tai Mudng Nhe giai thich viec thudng xuyen it dan dng den du cac budi le ban phu nir vi dan dng hi huge phai dimg dieu minh thich trudc day Theo Chua la khdng dugc udng rugu, hg udng lau quen, gid khd ndi bd la bd dugc Ngoai viec phai bd di thdi quen nhu it phai lo lang hay chia se trach nhiem vdi vg dieu ma trudc day hg khdng bi phe phan, gidng nhu mdt mac dinh cugc sdng hg dugc quyen nhu vay, nhung den nha nguyen thi bi mgi ngudi ndi nen xau hd khdng thich di Nhieu ngudi da cam giac mudn trd lai cugc sdng dd dii hien tai da theo Chua Digu la ca sd giiip de higu them vi Chuyen doi niem tin dan dng thudng de nhat dao, bd dao, cdn phu nu thi khd ban The nhung nhiing ba vg la ngudi ludn cd each de budc cac dng chdng phai tai nhap dao bang nhigu bien phap tao ap iuc nhu tuyen bd dimg cham sdc, phuc vu cam nude, giat giu quan ao Phu nii bat dan dng mudn dung theo Chua phai tu cham sdc ban than hoac giao phd trach nhiem cdng viec lao ddng, dgn dep nha cira cho dan dng Nhiing viec khign nhieu ngudi dan dng liing tiing va hg biet minh ciing phu thudc vao ngudi phu nii nhu thg nao cugc sdng Bgn canh do, ngudi phu nii mem mong giai thich va lien tuc nhac lai nhiing y ngbta tdt dep theo chua da cd nhung lgi ich nhu the nao dg chinh ban than ngudi chdng mudn •vugt len cam giac nhat dao, tim ddng lire dg phat trien ban than, la mdt ngudi chdng, mdt dng bd tdt Do dd, thay vi lam mdt ca nhan hoac thigu sd lac long, hg chap nhan lai tiep tuc theo Chiia mac dii tham tam, ddi liic hg van hoai niem ve nhiing phiit giay thoai mai udng say mgm rdi vit tren lung ngua, tim dudng ve nha Nhu vay, dao Tm Lanh da cd mgt tac ddng hit siic sau sac den nhdm ddi tugng la phu nir H'mdng d vung cao bien gidi Viet Nam Viec chuyen ddi nigm tin theo dao Tin Lanh mdt mat cung cap cho phu nii mgt ca bdi lua chgn va bdi canh hgp thirc, bao dam rang phu nu dugc lira chgn va da cd ket qua tich cue tren nhigu phuang dien cugc sdng ea nhan va gia dinh Dieu ea chien sy va can bd bien phdng d Mudng Nhe, Dien Bign ciing phai thira nhan rang, minh van ddng ddng bao tir bd hu tuc, thdn ban theo nip sdng ve sinh bao nam ma hg chuygn ddi kha cham, nhung Tin Lanh vao, nhanh chdng tao nhung thay ddi tich cue, bugc minh phai thira nhan hg lam tdt ban viec van ddng ba nang cao nhan thiic Dd la mgt qua trinh ma qua dd dao Tin Lanh trao quyen cho phu nii va nang cao vi the eiia hg bdi canh hien Tien trinh xay tai nhiing dia ban heo lanh nhat, nhung hoan toan rd rang Nd se dac biet rd rang va ndi bat hon d nhiing •vimg cd su tang cudng quan he budn ban giao thuong hoac cd ylu td phu nu tham gia chudi gia tri toan ciu phuc vu du lich nai ma ngudi phu nii tham gia vao tiln trinh budn ban trao ddi hang hda va ddng chay tien PHAT TRIEN BEN VCfNG VUNG QUY^N 9, SO (9/2019) 47 L t LUAN-TRAO DOI chinh gia dinh va lam viec tot han nam gidi Tuy khdng phai tat ca mgi ngudi dan dng deu ban giao cho vg minh quan ly tay hdm chia khda nhung hg ngac nhien, bd quan niem quan ly tai chinh tdt ban phu nii Ngudi phu nii H'mdng theo dao Tin Lanh duge hdi y kien nhieu ban cac quygt dinh quan trgng phai sir dung ngudn lue tai chinh Phu nii ndi rang dii khdng di dugc xe may, nhung van thay vui hai vg chdng ciing ban bae viec su dung mdt phin tiln thu hoach vu ngd de mua chiec xe may mdi, phu nii thich dugc di chgn mau xe dii khdng biet lai Viec bao hanh danli dap vg hay tham chi la mang chiii vg ciia gidi dan dng ciing bi phe phan la sai trai va yeu cau giam thieu tien den tir bd Ngudi ehdng dugc khuyen khich thg hien su ygu thuang ngudi vg thdng qua hanh ddng va Idi ndi Neu vi pham cac tin dieu cae Idi ran ciia Chiia, thi ban than se chiu ap luc tir trudng nhdm dao va cdng ddng Nhung dac quygn dugc xem la duong nhien dan dng ddi vdi vg trudc day, gid day hg se thay ddi cimg each sdng yeu thuang, chiu trach nhiem hon Viec chuygn ddi niem tin theo Tin Lanh dimg viec thuc hanh cac nghi ll truyin thdng tdn kha tdn kem tien bac, bg danh dum va tich luy dugc ngudn lire tai chinh gia dinh Thdng thudng mdt gia dinh phai chi 10 trieu ddng cho td chire dam ma (thay vi 40-50 trieu) va cd 15 trieu ddng cho mgt dam cudi (thay vi 70-80 trieu nhu each thirc td chirc truyen thdng) (Nguyen Quynh Tram, 2016) Vdi tu each ngudi me, gid day, ngudi phu nii ed the nghT dgn viec ung hd va nudi dudng nhung diia minh an hgc tdt hon, lau dai va ben virng hon klii co mgt ngudn du trii tai chinh s5n sang cho tuong lai Trong van hda truyen thdng, phu nii nhudng vi the ddi ngoai cho chdng, it tu tin giao tiep vi vdn kign thirc xa hdi ban chg va kha nang ngdn ngii it di thi da sd da tu hge, tu dgc duge tieng H'mdng la-tinh hg da dgc dugc kinh va hat ca Hg cam thay vui vi gid day chinh hg tu day dugc minh hgc chii Hg tham chi chat van can bd iiy ban nhan xa hd sa giay khai sinh cho lau han quy dinh 14 cua nha nude Khi can bd td thai khdng vui ve viec ngudi H'mdng theo dao Tin Lanh thi hg hdi lai "sao can bd lai ndi theo Chua la khdng tdt, nha nude cho chung tdi quyen dugc theo, nha nude khdng cim thi can bd lai ndi vay?" (Tu lieu dien da tai Dien Bien ciia tac gia, 2015) Thieu nir H'mdng theo dao Tin Lanh gid day chu ddng va cd dinh hudng rd rang viec tim kiem ngudi ban ddi ciia minh Thay vi bi ddng chd dgi sir xgp dat cua gia dinh ket hgp vdi viec tim hieu lan nhau, gid day cac thieu nil H'mdng manh dan lua chgn, khoanh •vung ddi tugng ban ddi dua tren cac tieu chi nhu hg nen la ngudi H'mdng theo Tin Lanh dg cd the de chia se niem tin va thuc hanh Idi sdng dao, hieu va tran trgng gia tri ciia vg va gia dinh hem Bang mdt each nao dd, cac era thudng luu tam nhieu hon eac khia canh cam xiic cua minh nhu la mgt ygu td dam bao rang cugc hon nhan se dugc hanli phuc Viec mdt cd gai thich hat ca chgn lua mdt chang trai se khdng phai bdi vi ed gi ma don gian la vi dd la mdt chang trai tdt, thien lanh va biet chai dan Cd ke rang co mudn budi tdi cd mudn ngdi hat va anh chai dan ca hai Cling chia se cugc sdng theo each nhu vay dugc higu la hanh phiic Mdt khia canh khac, mdt sd em ciing khdng loai tru viec yeu hay kgt hdn vdi cac chang trai thudc tdc ngudi khac, theo tin ngudng truyen thdng Dieu ca ban hg gid day mong muon d ban ddi dd la hdn nhan dam bao dugc cugc s6ng sau se hanh phuc, theo each higu binh di nhat cua ngudi thieu sd •vimg cao Ddi vdi trudng hgp ngu'di gia, hg la ddi tugng ciing cd muu cau chuyen ddi nigm tin manh me Mdt trudng hgp gda chdng vi dng udng rugu rli bi benh gan qua ddi, nha chdng mudn ba kgt hon cimg em chdng ngudi ma ba cho rang cung kha hon, mdi udng rugu, tinh ban cua dng ta se lam khd ba Trudc day, ba khdng thg cay vao vi khdng ed eon trai May man, ba dugc eon gai d Nam Pd, Dien Bien ddn ve tit que cu Ha Giang Con gai va re vui ve giup ba cd the on dinh cugc sdng, ba cd cam giac nhu tim lai dugc chinh minh sau tit ca Tin Lanh la mdt sir giai thoat cho phan ddi tam tdi trudc day theo cam nhan eiia ba Trudng hgp cho thay viec chuygn ddi mgm tin khdng chi dien vdi nhdm phu nii cu the ma nd cd hieu lire thay ddi da sd nlu khong mudn ndi toan bd nhiing ngudi phu nir H'mong PHAT TRISN B £ N VCKNG VCJNG Q U Y E N 9, SO (9/2019) Le Tran Quyen Gia nhap dao, hg hang bai hon viec nhdm dao, hgc hat ca va cac cdng viee kliac Ngudi ta thay phu nii ciing tu tin viec xin di dao tao cac khda hgc Hdi Tin Lanh td chuc Mac du CO cau nii cac diem nhdm dao cdn ban chg nhung rd rang ngudi phu nu nhan thiic dugc ca hgi ciia minh, bat dau tan dung ca hdi de dugc lara dieu minh mong mudn Cd mdt thuc te dang luu y la phii nii', cimg hg the niem niem tin vao Chua, da gay mdt hieu img cd tinh ap dat trd lai ngudi dan dng viec khien hg phai ddng thuan vdi viec theo dao Tin Lanh va ddi vdi nhiing ngudi H'mdng chua theo dao khac, dac biet la phu nii tre tudi Chung tdi thay kbi nha nguyen mdt sd thigu nii hat ca, ben ngoai cd su tap trung ddng dan cua nhieu thigu nu va tre em Hg la nhung ngudi theo tin ngudng truygn thdng cu tni d nhiing khu vuc lan can gan dd nhung hg den vi sire hap dan cua cae sinh boat chu nhat va thii hang tuan Hg khdng budc vao nha thd vi chua gia nhap dao Tin Lanh nhimg ciing da bat dau tim hieu va nhan thiic duge dieu trudc hgt khien hg cam nhan cugc sdng cua hg cd y nghTa ban, loai bo cam giac budn chan Nhung chac chan hg cung se nhan dugc su-c hap dan Idn lao cua viec dang thiic tdn giao da va dang giai phdng nhiing ngudi phu nii ddng tgc vdi minh nhu thg nao Trai vdi su phan nhat dinh cua phu nir, mdt sd trudng hgp, dan dng dugc phdng van cho rang hg cam giac minh bi mat di rat nhieu thii nhu mdt phan cugc sdng trudc theo dao Mdt trudng nhdm dao tai Mudng Nhe giai thich viec thudng xuyen it dan ong den du cac budi le ban phu nii vi dan dng bi bugc phai diing dieu minh thich trudc day Theo Chua la khdng dugc udng rugu, hg udng lau quen, gid khd ndi bd la bd duge Ngoai viec phai bd di thdi quen nhu it phai lo lang bay chia se trach nhiem vdi vg dieu ma trudc day hg khdng bi phg phan, gidng nhu mgt mac dinh cugc sdng hg dugc quyen nhu vay, nhung den nha nguyen thi bi mgi ngudi ndi nen xau hd khdng thich di Nhieu ngudi da cam giac mudn trd lai cugc sdng dd dii hien tai da theo Chiia Dieu la ca sd giiip de bieu them vi dan dng thudng de nhat dao, bd dao, cdn phu nii thi khd ban The nhimg nhirng ba vg la ngudi ludn cd each dg bugc cac dng chdng phai tai nhap dao bang nhigu bien phap tao ap luc nhu tuygn bd dimg cham sdc, phuc vu ccmi nude, giat giii quan ao Phu nii bat dan dng mudn dimg theo Chiia phai tu cham sdc ban than hoac giao phd trach nhiem cdng viec lao ddng, dgn dep nha cira cho dan dng Nhiing viec khien nhieu ngudi dan dng liing tung va hg biet minh ciing phu thudc vao ngudi phu nii- nhu the nao cugc song Ben canh dd, ngudi phu nii mem mdng giai thich va lien tuc nhac lai nhiing y nghTa tdt dep theo chiia da cd nhiing lgi ich nhu thg nao de chinh ban than ngudi chdng mudn vugt len cam giac nhat dao, tim ddng luc de phat trien ban than, la mdt ngu'di chdng, mdt dng bd tdt Do dd, thay vi lam mdt ca nhan hoac thieu sd lac long, hg chap nhan lai tilp tuc theo Chiia mac du tham tam, ddi liic hg van hoai niem ve nhiing phiit giay thoai mai udng say raem rdi vat trgn lung ngua, tim dudng ve nha l^ibir vay, dao Tin Lanh da cd mgt tac ddng bet sue sau sac den nhdm ddi tugng la phu nir H'mdng d •viing cao bign gidi Viet Nam Viec chuyen ddi niem tin theo dao Tin Lanh mdt mat cung cap cho phu nii mdt ca hgi lua chgn va bdi canh hgp thiic, bao dam rang phu nii dugc lira chgn va da cd ket qua tich cue hgn nhieu phuang dien cudc sdng ca nhan va gia dinh Dieu ca chien sy va can bg bien phdng d Mudng Nhe, Dien Bien ciing phai thira nhan rang, minh van ddng ddng bao tir bd hii tuc, thdn ban theo nep sdng ve sinh bao nam ma hg chuygn ddi kha cham, nhung Tin Lanh vao, nhanh chdng tao nhiing thay doi dch cue, budc minh phai thira nhan hg lam tdt ban viec van ddng ba nang cao nhan thiic Dd la mdt qua trinh ma qua dd dao Tin Lanh trao quygn cho phu nii va nang cao vi the cua hg bdi canh hien Tign trinh xay tai nhiing dia ban heo lanh nhat, nhung hoan toan ro rang Nd se dac biet rd rang va ndi bat hon d nhiing •viing cd sir tang cudng quan he budn ban giao thuang hoac cd yeu td phu nii tham gia chudi gia tri toan cau phuc vu du lich noi ma ngudi phu nii tham gia vao tiln trinh budn ban trao ddi hang hda va ddng chay tiln PHAT T R I E N BEN VLJNG VONG Q U Y E N 9, SO (9/2019) 47 LY LUAN-TRAO DOI te mdt each true tiep hem Phu nii la mdt nhan td loi can ban, da gdp phan lam thay ddi dien mao thuc hanh niem tin va ddi sdng tdn giao tin ngudng d viing cao mien niii phia Bae Viet Nam eiia ngudi H'mdng Hg trudc hgt nhan rd viec dugc hudng lgi tir trao quygn kbi chuyen ddi niem tin theo Tin Lanh Trao quyen ciing kich hoat, tang cudng tinh cam tdn giao ciia ngudi phu nii tao bieu ung tren dien rdng nhung sau sac va co ban nhat la tii' chinh gia dinh hat nhan ciia mdi ca the tin bihi Chinh hg, nhiing ngudi phu nii da tao sire anh hudng va ap luc nhat dinh khien phin cdn lai cua cdng ddng, nhiing ngudi dan dng, thieu nien timg budc chap nhan, nhan thirc day du hem vg mdt thiet che van hda xa bdi mdi ma ngn tang la dao Tin Lanh Kit luan Viec giai cau tnic va md thirc truygn thdng van hda truyen thdng, xac lap nen md tbiic Tin Lanh la mdt qua trinh da va dang dien d •viing cao mien niii Viet Nam Tuy nhien, tien trinh nay, ngudi phu nii' H'mdng va nhiing gia tri hg dugc hudng nhu viec dugc trao quygn lam nen nhiing ddi thay cdt ldi Viec mdt sd nghien ciiu quan ngai vg viec sir ran niit giiia cdng ddng ngudi H'mdng khien hg nhu the phan ly ve hai hudng ly cii ly mdi dan den cac tu van dua tren viec cimg cd va tang cudng sire de khang cua tin ngudng truygn thdng hoac gia dinh phat huy mgt tdn giao nao khac d khu vuc viing cao mign nui phia Bac lam ddi trgng vdi Tin Lanh Nhiing de xuat dudng nliu da bo qua tam quan trgng ciia sir tham gia cua nhiing ngudi phu nir va tdn giao, cung nhu viec hg dugc trao quyen, tang quygn mdi lien he dugc gia tang tinh cam tdn giao ca nhan Trai vdi hg la nhiing ngudi dan dng va mdt xa hgi trgng nam truyen thdng da td kem siie hap dan Viec ciing cd tang cudng siic dg khang hay thiic day cae gia tri truyen thdng mdt each thieu chien luge va cd tinh toan, bo qua viec Tin Lanh da trao quyen cho ngudi phu nir se it mang lai bieu qua canh tranh nliu mong muln ciia cac nha tu van, ngu khdng mudn ndi la dem an nguy CO thit bai trudc md rdng anh hudng ciia dao Tin Lanh Va chimg nao mgt tdn giao khac khdng cung cap ca hdi lua chgn, bdi canh ciing nhimg dieu kien trao quyen hap dan cho ngudi phu nii H'mdng nhu Tin Lanh tbi chimg dd se khd long gianh dugc sir anh hudng tren tiing manh dat reo cao mien nui phia Bac Tin Lanh da lam dugc mgt digu quan trgng, bg cd dugc su nhiet yen Chua tir trai tim cua ngudi phu nii thdng qua viec trao quyen Diem han che la nghien cuu chi mdi dugc tien hanh nghien cihi dinh tinh tren mgt dien hep d vimg cao bign gidi tinh Dien Bign, ddi chigu vdi Ha Giang thdng qua nghien ciiu cua ban ddng nghiep, nhung nd md ca hgi cho chung ta biet ve kha nang tdn giao cd the thuc hien qua trinh trao quyen cho ngudi phu nii ngudi H'mdng thiiu sd nhu thi nao Thay ldi kit luan, bai viet muon cung cap ggi y ve viec xem xet tiep can nghien cii'u mang tinh vT md, hem toan dien hon ve tam anh hudng ciia viec chuygn ddi nigm tin theo dao Tin Lanh mdi lien be vdi cac van de gidi va trao quygn Cac quan diem ly luan ve quyen lire, h-ao quyen, tang quyen md mgt trign vgng mot khung phan tich kha dung, chi tiem nang ling dung cua nghien ciiu nhan hgc tren nhieu binh dien ve nhan hgc tdn giao ma cdn ca tren phuang dien phat trign, quan tri xa hdi, hoach dinh va thuc hien chinh sach, giai quyet xung dot tdn giao vimg dan tgc thieu so, viing tdc ngudi theo dao Tin Lanh d Viet Nam Tai lieu tham khao Alsop, R., Berielsen, M F , and Hollano, J (2006) Trao quyen thuc ti: tic phdn tich din thuc hien Nxb Van hda - Thdng tin Ha Ngi Alsop, R., Bertelsen, M F,, and Hollano, J (2006) Trao quyin thuc ti: tir phdn tich din thuc hien Nxb Van hda - Thdng tin Ha Ndi, 48 PHAT TRISN B £ N V O N G V U N G Q U Y E N 9, s o (9/2019) Le Tran Quyen Chuyen doi niem tin Becker, G S (1993) The economic way of looking at behavior Political Economy, No 101, pp 385409 Becker, Gary S (1993), The eeonomie way of looking at behavior Political Economy, No 101, pp 385-409 Bourdieu, P (1990) "Struchires, habitus, practices", in: The Logic of Practice, Polity, Cambridge Bourdieu, Pierre (1990) "Structures, habitus, practices", in: The Logic of Practice, Polity, Cambridge Giddens, A (1984) The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration, Univ of California Press Giddens, A (1984) The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration, Univ of California Press Kabeer, N (1999) Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women's empowerment Development and Change, No 30, pp 435-464 10 Kabeer, N (1999) Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women's empowerment Development and Change, No 30, pp 435-464 11 Lg Minh Tien (2009) Ban ve khai niem quygn luc Tap chi Khoa hoc trudng Dai hgc ma TP Hd Chi Minh, Sd 2, tr 67-74 12 Le Minh Tien (2009) Ban vg khai niem quygn luc Tap chi Khoa hgc trucmg Dai hgc mo TP Hd Chi Minh Sd 2, tr 67-74 13 Mosedale, S (2005) Assessing women's empowerment: towards a conceptual framework Journal of international development, No 17, pp 243-257 14 Mosedale, S (2005), Assessing women's empowerment: towards a conceptual framework Journal of international development No 17, pp 243-257 15 Ngo Tbi Thanh Tam (2009) The "short-waved" faith: Christian broadcasting and Protestant conversion of the Hmong in Vietnam, in: Mediating piety Technology religion in contemporary Asia, Brill, Leiden, Boston 16 Nguyen Manh Tiln (2013) Tieng hat lam dau - ap che bay tu do? Tir vi the ciia ngudi phu nii H'mdng thii nhin ve nhiing gia tri dan chu, ben viing cau tnic xa hdi tdc ngudi, trong: Ky yeu Hgi thao Quoc te Viet Nam hoc lan thir IV, Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi 17 Nguyen Quynh Tram (2016) Van hda ciia nguai Hmdng theo dao Tin ldnh o Tinh Lao Cai, Hgc vien Khoa hoc xa hdi Viet Nam, Ha Ndi 18 Nguyen Van Thang (2009) Giii ly cu hay theo ly moi - Bdn chdt cua nhiing cdch phdn irng khde cita nguai H'mdng Viet Nam duai dnh huong cita dao Tin Ldnh Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi Ha Ndi 19 Nussbaum, M C (2001), Women and human development: The capabilities approach (Vol 3), Cambridge University Press 20 Nussbaum, M C (2001) Women and human development: The capabilities approach (Vol 3), Cambridge University Press 21 Oakley P (2001) Evaluating Empowerment Reviewing the Concept and Practice In NGO Management and Policy Series 13 Oxford, UK: INTRAC 22 Oakley P (2001) Evaluating Empowerment Reviewing the Concept and Practice In NGO Management and Policy Series 13 Oxford, UK: INTRAC 23 PhamQuyrib Phuang (2012) Gidi, tang quyen vd phdt triin: Quan he giai tir gdc nhin ciia nguai ddn tgc thieu sd a Viet Nam Nxb Thg gidi, Ha Ndi 24 Rumsby, S (2019) Phu nir H'mong lam bien ddi tdn giao viing cao Viet Nam, BBC Tiing Viet PHAT T R I ^ N BEN V O N G VUNG Q U Y E N 9, SO (9/2019) LY LUAN-TRAO DOI 25 Tran Hiiu San (1996) Van hda Hmdng Van hda Dan tdc Ha Ndi 26 Tran Tbi Hdng Yen (2016) Biin ddi vdn hda xd hgi ciia cdng ddng cu ddn theo dao Tin Ldnh a mien nui phia Bdc (tu 2005 din nay) De tai nghien ciiu khoa hgc cap Bd, Vien Dan tgc hgc, Ha Ndi 27 Trinh Anh Tung (2009) PIERRE BOURDIEU: Thuat ngir "HabiUis" va kha nang ling dung de phan tich mdt vai vande ciia xa hgi Viet Nam hien Tap chi Xd hdi hoc Sd 1, h 87-93 28 Vu Thi Tu Anh (2006) Worshipping the Mother Goddess The Dao Mao movement in Northern Vietnam Explorations in Southeast Asia Studies, No 6, pp 27-44 29 Vu Thi Tu Anh (2006) Worshipping the Mother Goddess The Dao Mao movement in Northern Vietnam Explorations in Southeast Asia Studies, No 6, pp 27-44 30 Vu Thi Tu Anh (2011) Dao Mau religious practices: the soft power and eveiyday lives of women in contemporary Vietnam, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu 31 Vu Thi Tu Anh (2011) Dao Mau religious practices: the soft power and everyday lives of women in contemporary Vietnam, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu 32 Vu Thi Tu Anh (2012) Tinh the tuc vdi vai trd la mdt nguon quygn luc mgm: Ygu td khdi hai nghi leva mdi quan he ciia nhiing tin dao Mau Tap chi Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A, Sd 10, tr 57-63 33 Vii Tbi Tii Anh (2012) Tinh thg tuc vdi vai trd la mdt ngudn quyen lire mgm: Vlu td khdi hai nghi leva mdi quan he cua nhirng tin dd dao Mau Tap chi Nghien cini Ddng Nam A, Sd 10, tr 57-63 34 Vuong Duy Quang (2005), Vdn hoa tdm linh ciia nguai H'mdng a Viet Nam: Truyen thdng vd hien tgi Nxb Van hda Thdng tin Ha Ndi Thdng tin tac gia: , - T • r^ - Tuo Le Tran Quyen, Th.S - Dan vi cdng tac: Vien Dan tdc hgc, Vien Han lam Khoa bgc xa hdi Viet Nam - Dia chi email: letranquyen.dth@gmail.eom 50 Ng^y "^^n bai: 12/8/2019 ^^^^ ^ ^ " "^^^ ^*^- ^ 6/9/2019 Ngay duyet dang: 22/9/2019 PHAT TRIEN BEN V O N G V U N G Q U Y ^ N 9, s o (9/2019) ... trudc nam gidi cugc sdng la dieu hoan toan hien nhien, chip nhan dugc mdt each de dang Chuyen d6i niem tin theo Tin Lanh, sur tang quyen cho ngudi phu nir Viec chuygn ddi niem tin theo dao Tin. .. hanh niem tin va ddi sdng tdn giao tin ngudng d viing cao mien niii phia Bae Viet Nam eiia ngudi H'mdng Hg trudc hgt nhan rd viec dugc hudng lgi tir trao quygn kbi chuyen ddi niem tin theo Tin Lanh... thay ddi dien mao •vung cao mign niii phia bae Viet Nam Trong phuang dien tinh cam, cac mdi quan he gia dinh dugc tdn giao cung cd va that chat Chuyen doi theo Tin Lanh, tin dd phai thue hien triet
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