Nguồn gốc và ý nghĩa các tộc danh ở việt nam

I '^ -, ; Sir PHAM T P H O CHi MINH HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION « r ^ n rxnOA HOC JOURNAL OF SCIENCE ISSN KHOA HOC XA HQl VA NHAN VAN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES 1859-3100 T^p 16, 56 5(2019): 173-185 Vol 16, No (2019): 173-185 Email: tapchikhoahoc@hcmue.edu vn; Website- http-/Ackh.hcmue.edu.vn NGUON GOC VA Y NGHIA CAC TOG DANH d VIET NAM Ly Tiing Hiiu Trudng Dgi hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi vd Nlidn vdn - DHQG TPHCM Tdc gid lien hi: Ly Tung Hieu - Email: lytunghieu@gmad.com Ngay nh$n bii: 19-02-2019; nhan bai su-a: 20-3-2019; duyet dang: 20-4-2019 T O M TAT Ciing vdi ngdn ngu tgc ngudi, tdc danh la ddu chi trudc tien giup mgt tdc ngudi tu phdn biit vdi nhicng tgc ngudi khdc, vd phdn biet nhirng tgc ngudi khdc vdi tgc ngudi md minh sd thudc Ngudn gdc cua cdc tdc danh cd thi la nhung danh xicng tu ggi, nhung thuang xudt phdt tu cdch ggi de phdn biet cua cdc cdng ddng lan can Cdc cdng ddng ngudi thudng dua vdo nai cu trd hodc mdt diim ddc trung, ddc thit ve vdn hda cua cdc cdng ddng lang giing di ddt tin cho hg Do do, cdc tgc danh a Viet Nam thudng phdn dnh xudt xu vd phdn dnh cdi nhin ciia cdc cdng ddng ngudi ddi vdi Tif khda: tgc danh, qudc danh, dia danh, Viet Nam Dat van fle Tgc danh (ethnic name) la tgn ggi mdt tde ngudi Cimg vdi ngdn ngu tgc ngudi, tdc danh la dau chi tmdc tign giiip cho radt tdc ngudi tu phan biet vdi nhirng tdc ngudi khac, va phan biet nhiing tgc ngudi khac vdi tde ngudi ma minh sd thudc Ngudn gdc true tigp ciia tgc danh cd thg la mdt danh xung ty ggi, nhung thudng la xuat phat tir each ggi dg phan biet ciia cac tdc ngudi lan can Cac tdc ngudi thudng dya vao noi cu tni hoae mdt digm dae tnmg, dac thii ve van hda ciia cac tgc ngudi lang gieng de dat ten cho hg Do dd, cac tgc danh deu ham chiia nhiing y nghTa van hda - lich su nhat dinh Viet Nam, nhirng tdc danh cd thg nhan dien dugc y nghia cd thg dugc chia bdn loai: tdc danh bigu thi tu each ngudi; tde danh bieu thi dia vyc cir tni hoac xuat xii ciia tgc ngudi; tgc danh bigu thi dac trung van hda eiia tgc ngudi; tdc danh mang sac thai ki thi Ben canh dd, cd nhiing tdc danh cd ngudn gdc qua xa xua, khdng cdn rd nghTa, chang ban tdc danh Tay ciia ngudi Tay, Tay ngudi Thai, Yay ciia ngudi Giay, Tau, Ba Tau cua ngudi Hoa' Nhin chung, cac tdc danh thudng phan anh xuat xir va phan anh cai nhin cita cac tdc ngudi ddi vdi Tdc danh la ddi tugng nghign ciiu cita dan tdc hgc, ngdn ngii hgc, dan tdc-ngdn ngir hgc Van dg tgc danh ciia eac tdc ngudi Viet Nam da dugc ban ddn cac nghien ciiu Co y kien giai thich rang Thai Tay Tay, Yay co nghTa la "tu do", Tau Ra Tan la each dpc trai "Tao quan" la quan lai ngiroi Han, hoac von diing d6 chi "Tau" la phirong tien van chuyin duimg thiiy ina ngiroi Han da diing lihi den Vict Nam Tuy nhien, chiing toi khong cho rang nhiing giai thich ky co can cur chic chSn, nen chi ghi nhan chcr ki£n giai TAP CHi KHOA HOC •- Trirdng DHSP TPHCM ciia Dang Nghigm Van (Vien Dan tgc hgc, 1984, tr.l9; 1986), A Ju Efimov (1985, b-.8081), Nguyen Van Lgi (1993b, tr.35-44), Mac Dudng (1997) Tuy nhign, ngudn gdc va ngi dung van hda cac tdc danh d Viet Nara vin cSn dugc nghien ciiu sau ban Trong bai, van dyng cae phuong phap khao sat dien da va phuang phap phan tich - tdng hop tu lieu, chiing tdi se cd gSng lara sang td ndi hara van hda - lich su cac tdc danh o Viet Nam Van hda tgc danh ngu'di Viet Trade tign, chung ta hay xem xet ngudn gdc va ngi dung van hda tdc danh ngudi Viet La mdt tgc ngudi da sd va la chii thg ehinh cua van hda Viet Nara, nhung ngudi Viet hau nhu khdng cd tdc danh tu ggi Tdc danh Vigt ( ^ ) nghTa den la "vugt qua , bat ngudn tir each ngudi Han ggi cac nhdm cu dan tic luu vyc sdng Duong Tu dd vd nam vao thdi cd dai: Duang Viet, Ngd Viet, Mdn Viet, Diin Viet, Au Viet, Lac Viet, v.v., ggi chung la Bach Viet Cach ggi tdn tai xuyen sudt lieh sii Trang Hoa Va Vigt da trd qudc danh tir rat sdra lich su Trang Hoa Tir thdi Ha, Thuang, Chu, da tdn tai mdt nude Viet trgn dia ban Trigt Giang va Thugng Hai Dgn thdi Viet vuong Cau Tign thi nude Viet tigu diet nude Ngd va lam ba ehii ehu hau tir nam 473 trade Cdng nguygn DSn nam 334 trade Cdng nguygn, nude Viet bi nude Sd thdn hnh Cimg nara iy, vuong qudc Mdn Viet da ddi trdn dia ban tinh Phiic Kign nay, tdn tai den nam 110 tm'dc Cdng nguyen thi bi sap nhap vao dat Han, Nam 204 trude Cdng nguygn, sau thong nhit cac bd lac va nha nude cita ngudi Au Viet va Lac Viet d phia nam Bach Viet, Trieu Da, mdt ngudi gdc Han, da dat tgn eho vuong quoc cua minh la Nam Viet (^ M) Den nam 111 tmdc Cdng nguyen Nam Viet cdng bi sap nhap vao dat Han Ddn thdi Ngii Dai Thap Qude, nude Ngo Viet (907-978) da ddi hgn dia ban Trigt Giang, Thugng Hai va mgt phan Giang Td, Phuc Kign Nam 917, tudng nha Dudng la Luu Nghigm ciing nhan liic Trung Nguyen loan lac, da chigm cir vimg LTnh Nam lap nude Dai Viet, sang nam 918 radi ddi Dai Han, sir ggi la Nam Han Hien nay, tinh Quang Ddng cdn dugc ggi la dat Viet, vdi mdt tu dang khac (•^) Sdng Tay Giang chay qua tinh Quang Ddng cdn dugc ggi la Viet Giang Tigng Quang Ddng (Cantonese) cdn dugc ggi la Viet ngif, va la mgt "bat dai phuang ngdn" cita tigng Han Bdi canh lich sii ay ro rang cd lien quan dgn sy hinh tdc danh va qudc danh cua ngudi Viet sau hg tach khdi khdi Viet - Mudng va gianh dgc lap tir tay ngirdi Han nam 939 Nam 968, sau dep loan thap nhi sir quan, Dinh Tien Hoang da dat tgn cho vuong qudc eiia minh la Dai Cd Viit (i\ H M) Dd la lan thir hai tren lanh thd Viet Nam kg tir thdi nha Trieu, tdc danh Vigt trd qudc danh, chirng minh sau ban 1000 nara Bac thugc, ngudi Viet da nhan tgc danh ay vg rainh, va mudn khang dinh quyen lam chu cua minh trgn vuong qudc mdi Den nam 1054, vua Ly Thanh Tdng ddi qudc hieu Bai Tru'dng DHSP TPHCM Ly Tiing Hiiu Viet 0K M) Nam 1802, sau thdng nhit dit nude, vua Gia Long muon ddi lai qudc danh Nam Viet, nhung theo y nha Thanh mdi ggi la Viet Nam (M 1^) tir nam 1804 Kg tir thdi B5c thudc vg sau, qudc danh Viet chi bi bd qua mgt vai thdi doan ngan, vdi qudc hieu Van Xuan (544-602) ciia nha Tign Ly, qudc hieu Dai Ngu (1400-1407) ciia nha Hd, qudc hieu Dai Nam (1839-1945) cua riha Nguygn Tir nam 1945 den nay, Viet Nam lai trd qudc danh chinh thiic ciia dat nude Viet Nam Ngay nay, ngudi Viet ty ggi minh la Viet, vi danh xung bat ngudn tir each ggi ciia td tign ngudi Han, nhung da trd tdc danh cita ngudi Viet va qudc danh cita Viet Nam tir lau, va no giiip ngudi Viet ty phan biet minh vdi Han tdc, vdi ngudi Hoa^ Trong do, cac •vuong trieu Tmng Hoa lan lugt ggi lanh thd Viet Nam la Giao Chi Bg, Giao Chau, An Nam Dd Hg Phu, TTnh Hai Quan, Giao Chi Quan, An Nam Qudc, Viet Nam Qudc Trong An Nam ( ^ |%) la each ggi lau dai nhat cita cac trieu dai Tmng Hoa Tgn ggi xuat hien lan dau tign dudi thdi nha Ngd (sii ggi la Ddng Ngd, 220-280), trd dia danh ngoai sinh chi dat nude Viet Nam dudi thdi nha Dudng (618-907), va trd mdt qudc danh ngoai sinh keo dai tir thdi nha Tdng (960-1279) ddn thdi nha Thanh (I644-I9I2) Nam 248, trudc su tan ac cua quan lai nha Ngd, Ba Trieu (Trieu Thi Trinh, 225-248) eung anh la Trieu Qudc Dat khdi nghia d Ciiu Chan, giet Thii' sii nha Ngd d Giao Chau Hay tin, vua Ngd la Tdn Quyen lien sai Luc Dan lam Thu sir Giao Chau, An Nam Hiiu uy, dan 8000 quan sang dan ap Sau nam sau thang duong cy, Ba Trieu thua tran, tuan tiet trgn niii Timg (xa Trieu Lgc, huyen Hau Lgc, Thanh Hda), liic 23 tuoi Sau tan sat quan khdi nghTa, nha Ngd cho Tdn Tu lam Thai thit Giao Chi Tdn Tu ciing la mdt ke khet tigng tham lam, bao ngugc Nam 263, mdt vign lai d quan Giao Chi la La Hung gigt Tdn Tu, dem Giao Chi theo vg nha Nguy Nha Ngyy cho La Hung lam An Nam Tudng qudn, sai Hoac Giac lam Thii sic Giao Chau, Thoan Cdc lam Thai thii Giao Chi Nam 264, La Hung va Thoan Cdc bi thu sat hai Nam 265, nha Tan thay nha Nguy, cir Ma Dung rdi Duong Tac lam Thai thii Giao Chi Sau hai lan Nam xam bat (268, 269), vao nam 271 nha Ngd sai Dao Hoang di theo dudng bidn, tien vao Giao Chau, pha dugc va bat Duong Tac Nha Ngd lay lai Giao Chau va tigp tuc cai trj cho den bi nha Tan thay the vao nam 280 Sau thdng nhat Trung Hoa, vao nam 622, nha Dudng (618-907) lap Giao ChSu hg phii dg cai quan vimg dat phia Nam Sau dd, nha Dudng lien tiep dua quan xam luge cac vuong qudc va bd lac xung quanh, lan lugt lap cac co quan quan li cac khu vuc chigm ddng: An Ddng hg phit An Bac dd hd phu Nam 679, nha Co gia thuyet cho rang toe danh Viet co nguon goc la chij tugng hinh ciia ngircri Han mo phong InOi riu ciia nguoi Bach Viet [Binh Nguyen Loc, 1971, p 154-157, 784-787; Tran Ngpc Them, 2004, p.57-58], Xin ghi nhan de chd cao kien cua cac nha nghien ciru 175 TAP CHi KHOA HOC - Tnrdng DHSP TPHCM Dudng ddi Giao Chau dd hg phu ^o Nam ho phii Tir dd An Nam trd dia danh chi dit nude Viet Nam, cho ddn nam 866 radi dugc nha Dudng thay the bing danh xung mdi la TTnh Hai Quan Nam 939, nhan thdi ca Trang Hoa dai loan dudi thdi Ngu Dai Thap Qudc, ngudi Viet cung vdi cac tgc ngudi anh em da gianh lai ddc lap cong Nhung cac vuong tridu Trung Hoa van chua thira nhan thyc tg Nam 973, sii nha Tdng da sang phong cho Dinh Tign Hoang lara Giao Chi Quan Vuong, phong cho Dinh Lign lam Kigm hieu Thai su TTnh Hai Quan Tigt sii An Nam dd hd Nam 986, su nha Tdng lai sang phong eho Lg Hoan lam Kim tir Quang lgc Dai phu, Kigm hieu Thai iiy An Nam dd bd TTnh Hai Quan Tigt su, Kinh trieu Khai Quoc Hiu Danh xung An Nam ho, rdi Giao Chi Qudn Vuang da dugc cac ddi vua Tdng sir dyng Cho dgn nam 1164, vua Tdng Hign Tdng mdi sai sir sang phong eho vua Ly Anh Tdng lam An Nam Qudc Vuang, ddi Giao Chi Quan An Nam Qudc, cdng nhan nude ta la mdt vuong qudc rieng biet (Dd Diic Himg & Nguygn Dire Nhue , 2001, tr.24-27, 38, 46, 53, 56, 115) Tir do, ten ggi An Nam Qudc da dugc cac trigu dai Tmng Hoa sii dung lien tuc cho dgn nam 1804, hoang de nha Thanh chap nhan Viet Nam Qudc la qudc danh mdi cua nude ta Do do, ngudi Tnmg Hoa va ngudi Hoa di cu sang Viet Nam thudng ggi ngudi Viet la ngudi An Nam Theo dd, tir tlie ki XIX den dau thd ki XX, thyc dan Phap cung ggi Viet Nam la Annum, va ggi ngudi Viet bang mdt danh xung khinh miet la Annamite Nhiing each ggi thg hien cai nhin kl thi ciia ngoai nhan qua ro nen khdng dugc ngudi Viet chuong dimg Tuy nhien, no van cd anh hudng, khign cho mgt sd ngudi Viet trudc day ciing ty ggi minh la ngudi An Nam Cdn cac tgc danh khac ciia ngudi Viet, xuat phat tic cac tgc ngudi cdng cu tren dat nude Viet Nam, lai phan anh nhiing cai nhin khac ban Trade hgt la each ggi ciia ngudi Mudng, mdt cdng ddng cu tni d vimg nui Phii Thg, Hda Binh, San La, Thanh Hda , chia tach khdi khdi Viet - Mudng tir khoang thg ki VIII dgn thg ki X Chiing ta dgu bigt sd tradng van hda cua ngudi Viet trgn ddng bing Bic Bg - Bic Trang Bd sudt thdi tu chu la lam ndng nghiep Ida nude va thu cdng nghiep Dd la nhung tign dg dg ngudi Viet phat trien thuong nghiep va chg hua, va noi chg biia phat trign nhit la dit Kinh Ky Ke Chg (tmng tam Ha Ngi nay) Tir noi day, hang hoa tap kgt tir cae lang que va tir nude ngoai dugc thuong nhan phan phdi dgn khap ndng thdn va dua len mign niii dd ddi liy go rimg, gia siic Chinh vi vay, hgp xiic vdi ngudi Viet tir mign xudi den, ngudi Mudng chi toan thay cac thirong nhan va cac dac trang van hda cua ehdn Kinh Ky Kg Chg Trong mit ngudi Mudng, thucmg nhan va cac dac tmng van hda Kinh Ky Ke Chg da trd sii gia cua tgc Viet, dai dien cho tdc Viet Tir dd, Chd "ngirdi Kinh", Chd "ngudi Kinh", Ke Chd "ngudi Ke Chg", radi Kinh "ngudi Kinh", Kinh Kv Ke Chd "Kinh Ky Ke Chg" da trd nhung tdc danh ma ngudi Mudng dimg dd ggi ngudi Viet d mien xudi (Nguyen Van Khang cb, 2002) 176 Tru'dng DHSP TPHCM Ly Tung Hieu Nhan dien va dat tdn cho tgc Viet qua tang Idp thuong nhan Viet cung la each cua ngudi Ngudn, mdt cdng ddng cu tni d viing niii Quang Binh, chia tach khdi tgc Viet tir khoang thg ki X den thg ki XIV Ngudi Ngudn ggi ngudi Viet la ngai Pudn nghia la "ngudi di budn" (Vo Xuan Trang cb, 2008) Tuang tu, ngudi Tay, ngudi Nimg, ngudi Han ggi ngudi Viet la Kinh, am chi ngudn gdc va dac trung van hda Kinh Ky cua hg Cdng ddng ngu'di Viet cu tni d tinh Quang Tay, cung dugc ngudi Trang Qudc d ggi la ngudi Kinh Cdn ngudi Thai ggi Viet la Keg Do ca ngudi Mudng, ngudi Tay, ngudi Niing, ngudi Han deu ggi Viet la Kinh, tdc danh ciing da trd mdt tdc danh ma ngudi Viet dimg dg ty ggi minh Trong do, cac tdc ngudi ndi tigng Nam A va Nam Dao d phia nam ggi ngudi Viet bang mdt danh xung hoan toan khac Ngudi Brii trade day ggi ngudi Viet la Yuan Cac tdc ngudi khae d Trudng Son - Tay Nguyen, va ngudi Cham, ngudi Khmer ggi Viet la Yuon Yuan hay Yudn deu cd sac thai miet thi, the hien cai nhin phan biet ddi vdi mdt cdng ddng cu tni can ke nhung lai cd nhimg dac trung van hda khac xa vdi eac tdc ngudi ban dia^ Ngay nay, mdt bd phan cu dan cac tgc ngudi da chuygn sang diing danh xung Viet hoac Kinh vdi sac thai trung hda, dg ggi ngudi Viet Van hda tgc danh cac toe ngirdi thieu so Ngirdi Mwdng quan cu don vi td chiic cdng ddng co sd ggi la xdm (con ggi la chdm, qugl, qugn) hoac lang (d Thanh Hda) Cac don vi quan cu tap hgp cac gia dinh theo quan he lang gigng Chiu anh hudng van hda Thai, ngudi Mudng da tap hgp cac xdm lai va lap td chiic mudng Mdi mudng cd khoang trgn dudi mgt chuc xdm Tmdc day, trgn dia ban cita ngudi Mudng cd mudng Idn nhat la Pi, Vang, Thang, Ddgng va mgt so mudng khac Nhiing mudng Idn nhu mudng Pi, mudng Vang d Hda Binh cd trdn 20 xdm Va dd chinh la xuat phat digm cita tdc danh Mudng ma ngudi Thai, ngudi Viet diing dg ggi ngudi Mudng; ngudi Mudng van cd tdc danh ty ggi la Mgi, Muan cd nghTa la "ngudi" (Nguygn Van Khang eb, 2002) Ngudi Bru ed tdc danh ty ggi chung la Bra Tgn ggi phan anh tinh cdng ddng cita ngudi Bru hien tai va dugc khoa hgc cdng nhan (Khdng Dign, 1978, tr.l27; Vuong Him hi, 1993, tr.5; Vuong Hun Ll, 1997, tr.I3; Mac Dudng, 1997, tr.96; Ly Tiing Higu, 2007) Theo Gerard Diffloth (1980-1981, tr.65), tdc danh Bru ddi vdi cac nhdm Kuy, Souei va Ngeq deu cd nghTa la "ngudi viing mii" (montagne) Theo kidm cua chung tdi, nhan thirc cua ngudi Bru, Brii nguygn nghTa ciing la "ngirdi d viing cao", nen ngoai viec diing lam ten ty ggi, ddng bao cung dimg nd dg chi cac tgc ngudi viing cao khac nhu Brii Edg, Brii Jrai, Brii Sedang Tdc danh dugc ghi lai dudi nhigu dang khac nhau: ^C6 y kiin giai thich rang toe danh Yuan hay Yuon co lien he vdi "Yueh" la each doc lpc danh Viet dieo licng Han Tuy nhien, chiing toi khong cho rang giai thich ay co can ci> chac chan, nen chi xin ghi nhan ngoai le de chi/ cao kien ciia cac nha nghien ciiii TAP CHl KHOA HOC - Tru'dng DHSP TPHCM _ Bra, Brouou Bum Baro Bro, Brou, Brau Bin, Bara, Bra , nhung Bru (td hgp phu am br di vdi nguygn am u cang) la each ghi chinh xac nhit va hgp li nhit vi dd chinh la each ghi bang chir vidt Bru dugc xay dyng nam 1967 va cai tien nam 1986 Ci Lao, ngudi Bru dugc ngu'di Lao ggi la ngudi So, nghTa la "ngudi d nui" (Mac Dudng, 1997, tr.96) O Viet Nam, ngudi Brii cd tdc danh khac la Van Kigu hoac Bm - Van Kieu Ngudn gdc dau tien Ciia danh xung Van Kidu cd le la ten budn "vii Sakieu", mdt budn hinh tir rat lau ddi va nam d trang tam dia ban cu tni ciia ngudi Brii d Viet Nara, tii'c la xa Hudng Hiep, huyen Da Krdng, tinh Quang Tri Do vi thg do, tgn budn "vii Sakieu" da dugc diing dg ggi ddng sdng va hai mil lan can va dugc ghi lai bang chii Han la ngudn "Vien Kieu , nui "Vign Kieu" Tren ea sd ten ngudn sdng va tgn niii, tir dau ddi Gia Long (I802-I819), "Vien Kieu" da trd tgn mgt nguyen sach nop thue cho nha Nguyen, va dgn nam 1827 tht dugc nang Ign tdng "Vign Kieu", thudc chau Hudng Hda, dao Cam Lg, tran Quang Tri Va cudi ciing la sy hinh tdc danh "Van Kigu" ma luc ban dau diing dg ehi dan cu cita tdng Vign Kieu Con vg ngudn gdc ciia danh xung Bra - Van Kigu, theo Tran Tri Doi (1999, tr.86), "hi nam 1979, ten ggi Bra - Van Kidu dugc sii dung dg thay the ten ggi Bra, nhdm Van Kigu khdng mudn ggi minh la Bru va cac nhdm cdn lai ciing khdng mudn minh hi coi la Van Kigu" Nhung theo Luong Vii (1993, tr.l57), danh xung Bm Van Kigu theo danh muc eiia Nha nude dg chi chung cac nhdm Brii d Viet Nam trgn thyc te chua dn, ddng bao thudc dan tdc chua ddng y, Phan Hiru Dat (1994, tr.l8) ndi ro: "Ddng bao Bm - Van Kidu mudn dugc ggi la Van Kigu" Con cac danh tir Kalg, Ca La Caller, Kalg, Calg, Kaleu duge Vien Ngdn ngii hgc (1984, tr.35) Dang Nghiem Van (2003, tr.211) va Barbara F Grimes (1988, tr.543-547, 611-613) nhic ddn nhu mdt "tgn ggi khac" ciia ngudi Brii thi chi la mgt su hieu lam, d ngudi Brii cd tuc ket ban ggi la ka lo; nhigu ngudi nghe hg ggi nhu vay da tudng lam rang ka lo la tgn ty ggi ciia ddng bao Ngoai nhdm Van Kieu den Viet Nam sdm nhat, ngudi Brii cdn ed ba nhdm dia phuong khac: Tri (hay Tri, Tn, Tia Ri Cha Ly Trui); Ma Coong (hay Mang Coong Mong Khong, Mudng Kong Mang Cong): Khiia Theo Mac Dudng (1997, y.96-97), Khiia la tdn ggi tir Kha, cd nghia la ngudi d rimg, cdn TrT ciing nhu Mang Coong dgu la tgn cae dia phuong nam vimg Nhom-ma-rat va Ba-na-phiu d Lao Ngiroi Cham cd tgc danh ty ggi chung la Cham, bit ngudn hi qudc danh Champa Cdn ngudi Viet thudng ggi ngirdi Cham la ngudi Hdi, ngirdi Loi, ngudi Chigm Tbanb, ngudi Cham Cach ggi ngudi Hdi va ngudi Ldi cd xua hon, cd the bit ngudn tir tdc danh Hroi cita ngudi Cham trade tdc danh Chara ddi Cach ggi ngudi Chigm Tharih trudc day thi bit ngudn tir qudc danh Chigm Thanh, phien dich tir qudc danh Champa Cdn each ggi ngudi Cham cd thg bat ngudn tir each dgc trai qudc danh Charapa Qude danh Champa ciia ngudi Cham tmdc day cd thg bat ngudn tir dia danh Charapa, mgt bang ddi d Bic An Do vao thdi cd dai Dya theo dia ban cu trii, cac nha nghign ciiu thudng chia ngudi Cham ba nhdm vdi ba tgn ggi khac Tgn ggi cua nhdm Cham_Pangdurangga d 178 Tncdng DHSP TPHCM Ly Tiing Hiiu Ninh Thuan va Binh Thuan bit ngudn tir dia danh Pangdurangga la ten mgt hgu qude Cham hinh trgn dia ban Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan vao the ki thir I Nhiing ngudi Cham Pangdurangga theo Hdi giao ban dia hda dugc ggi bing tigng A Rap la Cham Awal "phan dau" (dgc la Cham Aval, chi nhung ngudi Cham theo dao Ba Ni), hoac bang tigng Cham la Cham Bani hay Cham Bini Nhiing ngudi Cham Pangdurangga theo An Do giao ban dia hda dugc ggi bang tigng A Rap la Chara Abler "phan sau" (dgc la Chara Ahign chi nhirng ngudi Cham khdng theo dao Ba Ni), hoac bang heng Cham la Ba Cham "Chara theo Ba La Mdn giao", hay Cham Cub "Cham thigu" (vi ngudi Cham Ahier theo tuc boa tang), hay Cham J at "Cham gdc" Tgn ggi cita nhdm thii hai la Cham Hroi hay Haroi dugc cho la bat ngudn tir tieng Cham ia harei "mat trdi", chi xuat xii ciia hg la hi ddng bang ven bien phia ddng di tni dgn Tay Nguygn Sau nhieu the ki cdng cu vdi ngudi Bahnar d viing nui Phil Ygn, Binh Dinh, Gia Lai, nhdm Cham Hroi da chiu anh hudng cua van hda Bahnar sau sac, ngn cdn dugc ggi la ngudi Bahnar Cham Nhdra thu ba dugc ggi la Cham Nam Bd vi cu tni trgn dia ban Nam Bg Ngoai cd each ggi theo tdn giao la nhdm Cham Islam, chi nhirng ngudi Cham d Nam Bg va Ninh Thuan theo dao Hdi Islam Ngiroi M'nong thi chi cd mdt tgc danh chung, nhung lai dugc gidi nghien ciiu viet bang nhieu each khac nhau: M'ndng Mnong, Mondng, Mo Ndng Pa Ndng (tieng Viet), Mnong, Pnong Budong (tieng Anh) Nhung theo mdt sd tri thiic M'ndng ma chiing tdi tigp xiic tai thi xa Gia NghTa (thang 7/2004), toe danh ciia hg phai vigt la Bu Nong (bing chu' M'ndng) hoac Bu Noong (bang ehii' Qudc ngii) mdi diing, va phai dgc vdi nguygn am d dai (Bu Nddng) Tu dien M'ndng - Viet Bin Khanh Thg va Dinh Le Thu chu bien (1994, h.I36) cung ghi nhan Bu Ndng la tgc danh ciia ngudi M'ndng Tuy vay, ban than ngudi M'ndng lai khdng giai thich dugc ngudn gdc va y nghTa ciia tdc danh Trong tigng M'ndng, bu cd nghTa la "ngudi", eon nong cd nghTa la "(trai) bau" - mdt y nghTa khd diing dg giai thich tgc danh Bu Nong Bu Noong hoac Bu Ndng Cdn ngu ghep hai ygu td dd lara mdt thi Bu Nong Bu Noong hoac Bu Ndng deu khdng cd y nghTa gi tieng M'Ndng Ngudi Cham ggi ngudi M'ndng la Binaung, ngudi Viet ggi la Mo Ndng; nhung tieng Cham va tieng Viet, nhirng danh xung cung khdng cd nghTa Trong eac tdc ngudi lang gigng cua ngudi M'ndng, danh tir Bu Nong Bu Noong hoac Bu Ndng chi cd ngii am tuong ty vdi khai niem vonom "niii" tieng Koho va phnum hoac phnom "nui" tigng Khmer Vay ngudn gdc cita Bu Nong, Bu Noong hoac Bu Ndng phai chang co lign quan dgn cac tgc ngudi lang gieng nay? Theo nha sii hgc Luong Ninh (1984, tr.68), "thdi tien sir, mdt bd phan eu dan cd Ddng Nam A da sinh sdng trgn dat nude Campuchia va theo dau vet van hda, cdn lan rdng trdn ca cao nguyen Co-rat va trang luu sdng Mekong Hau due cua bd phan la ragt tdc it ngudi sinh sdng d mien niii Campuchia va ca d Tracmg Son (Viet Nam) - ngudi Pnong Hien nay, ngudi Khmer chigm sd ddng tuyet ddi dan cu, nhung ngudi Khmer rat gan gui ngudi Pnong vg mat nhan hgc, ndi theo nghia rgng Cho ngn tac gia cho rang dan cu tign sir la ngudi Pnong, TAP CHi KHOA HOC - TriHdng DHSP TPHCM ngudi Khmer hinh raudn, qua trinh xuit bien nha nude, va ggi ngudi Khmer la 'ngudi Pnong An Do hda"\ Dya theo gia thuygt cua Luong Ninh, chiing tdi phdng doan M'ndng Mnong, Mondng Mo Ndng, Po Ndng Mnong Pnong Budong, BuJ^Jong, Bu Noong Bu Ndng ddu la tdc danh bit ngudn tii' danh hi Phnom "mii" la each ggi ciia ngu'di Khmer de chi cae tdc ngudi cu tni d vimg mii, dd cd ngudi M'ndng, phan biet vdi ngudi Khmer cu tni d bdn dia Bign Hd Tonle Sap Digu dd giai thich tai mac dii la tdc danh phd bign nhung tat ca cac each ggi tgc danh ciia ngudi M'ndng dgu khdng phai la tir ngir M'ndng, khien cho ngudi M'ndng hoan toan khdng higu y nghia eua chung va dan tdi nhigu each dgc trai khac Ngn-di Hoa d Viet Nam tren thuc tg cd rat nhigu ten ggi Xua kia, ngudi Viet ggi ngudi Hoa la ngudi Ngd, mgt danh xung ac cam hinh tir thdi trigu dai nha Ngd xam luge va dan ap eu dan Giao Chau - Quang Chau (210-280), va dugc sir dung den tan the kl XIX, vdi chiing tich la ban tuyen ngdn "Binh Ngd dai cao" Nguygn Trai phyng menh Lg Lgi soan thao sau danh dudi giac Minh (1428), va cac muc tir Ngd nude Ngd thang Ngd cac tir dien cita Alexandre de Rhodes (1991, tr.I64), Pierre Pigneaux de Behaine (1999, tr.33, 324), Huinh Tinh Paulus Ciia (1998, h.5I, 710) Nhimg ngudi Hoa "phan Thanh phuc Minh" den Nam Bg vao thd ki XVII-XVIII thi duge ggi la ngudi Minh Huong, tiic "huong hda nha Minh" Ngay nay, chau cita hg phan nhigu da trd ngudi Viet Cdn nhiing ngu'di Hoa ma thdi nha Nguygn ggi la Dudng nhan "ngudi Dudng" va hien van cdn giii nguyen ngdn ngii, van hda, y thirc tdc ngudi, thi cbii yeu la chau ciia di dan ngudi Hoa den Nam Bg vao the ki XIX-XX Hg khdng tu ggi minh la ngudi Trang Qudc, ngudi Han, ngudi Hoa, ma la Thoong Danh (tieng Quang Ddng) hoac Timg Nan (tieng Trieu Chau), tiic la "Dudng nhan", "ngudi Dudng" Ngudn goc cua danh xung ay la vao thdi nha Dudng (618-907), ngudi Han da lan tran khap LTnh Nara, ddng hda cu dan d dd, rdi tir dd hg mdi di dan dgn Viet Nam, mang theo y thiic tdc ngudi va tgn ggi "Dudng nhan" Khdng chi vay, qug quan khae va nhap cu vao nhiing thdi diem khac nhau, ngudi Hoa d Viet Nam rat khdng thuan nhat vg van hda va ngdn ngir Tir dd, hg eon cd nhiing danh xung ty ggi can cir vao xuat xii la cac dia phuang d duyen hai Giang Nam, Trang Qudc: Quang/ Ouang Ddng Tieu/ Trieu Chau Phudc Kign/ Phuc Kign Hai Nam, He Ngudi Viet thi ggi nhihig ngudi Hoa egng cu la ngudi Tau, CJc Chii "Khach Tni", Quang "Quang Ddng", Tigu "Trigu Chau", He "Hakka, Khach Gia" Hien nay, nha nude va gidi khoa hgc Viet Nam ggi chung tat ca ngudi Han dinh cu d Viet Nam la ngirdi Hoa, phan biet vdi Hoa kigu la nhiing ngudi Trang Qudc ed mat d Viet Nam nhung khdng nhap tich Viet Nara Ngu'di Khmer co tdc danh ty ggi la Khemara, Khmer, dugc cho la bat ngudn tir ten ggi cua ngudi lap qudc Theo truygn thuygt dia phuang, mgt an sT An Dd tgn la Kambu da dgn Chan Lap kit hdn vdi nir than Mera, ngn chau cua hg dugc ggi la Kambuja nghTa la "con chau cua Kambu", va tgn ghep cita hai vg chdng trd ten ggi tdc ngudi la Trudng DHSP TPHCM Ly Tung Hieu Kambu-Mera, Khgmara, Khmer Ngudi Khmer d Nam Bd cdng dugc ggi la Khemara Krdm, Khmer Krdm nghTa la "Khmer Dudi", bidu thi vimg cu tni ciia hg la vimg dat thip d luu sdng Bassac (Cim Long) Ngudi Cham va cac tgc ngudi ban dia Ddng Nam Bg thi ggi ngudi Khmer la Kur, cd thg bat ngudn tu tdc danh Khgmara, Khmer Ngudi Viet Nam Bd thi ggi nhiing ngudi Khmer cdng cu la ngudi Thd ngudi Mien Cach ggi ngudi Thd "thd dan" bat ngudn tir each ggi chung cita ngudi Viet ddi vdi nhiing cu dan ban dia hgn nhiing dia ban ma ngudi Viet den muu sinh Do dd, ngudi Tay d vimg niii Viet Bac - Ddng Bac, ngudi Thd d vung mii Thanh Hda - Nghe An, ngudi Stieng d Binh Phudc, ngudi Khmer d Nam Bg dgu dugc ngu'di Viet ggi la ngudi Thd Cdn tde danh ngudi Mign bit ngudn tir qudc danh Cao Mien ma nha Nguygn dung de ggi Chan Lap, bit ngudn tir tdc danh br ggi Khemara, Khmer cua ngudi Khmer Qudc danh Cao Mien vg sau ki buy vua Thieu Tri (Nguygn Phitc Mign Tdng), ngn ddi ggi la Cao Man hoac Cao Mgn Trade dd, ngudi Viet ggi dat nude cita ngudi Khmer la Chan Lap, bat ngudn tir qudc danh Cbdn-la; hoac Gian Phd Trai, Ddng Phd, la nhiing hinh thiic phidn am sang Han Viet ciia qudc danh Kambuja Ngoai nhiing tdc danh khdng ro nghia, cac tdc danh cdn lai cua eae tdc ngudi thigu sd Viet Nam cd the ehia bdn loai: (1) NhuTig toe danh bieu thi tir each ngudi: Monui "ngudi" - tgn hi ggi ciia ngudi Kam (Vien Dan tgc hgc, 1984, tr.I53); Kdn cau "con-ngudi" - tdc danh ty xung ciia ngudi Koho, ngudi Ma (Ta Van Thdng, 1993, tr.23, 24) Thdng diep van hda cua nhung tgc danh loai la sy khang dinh tu each ngudi ciia tdc ngudi ay, phan biet vdi gidi ty nhien, vdi cae loai ddng vat Dieu cung tuong ty tdc danh ty ggi Moi, Muan cua ngudi Mudng (2) Nh&ng toe danh bleu thj dia virc cir tru hoac xuat xu- ciia tgc ngirdi: Xinh Mun "ngudi d mii" (Vien Dan tgc hgc, 1978, tr.ll8); Chirt "mii da" (Nguyen Van Lgi, 1993a, tr.IO); Ngudn "ngudn Ca Sa, ngudn Kim Linh" (Vd Xuan Trang cb, 2008); Pa koh "phia mii" (Vien Dan tdc hgc, 1984, h.I63); Lac "rirng thua" (Ta Van Thdng, 1993, tr.23, 24) Tdc danh cua ngudi Jrai (hoac Jarai) dugc eho la bat ngudn tir danh tir drai "thac" tieng Jrai, bigu thi dia hinh dia vat dac tnmg cila viing cu tni ciia ngirdi Jrai Tdc danh cua ngudi Hroi (hoac Haroi) dugc cho la bat ngudn tir danh tir ia harei "mat trdi", bigu thi xuat xii tir phia Ddng va vimg cu tni d phia Ddng cua ngirdi Hroi Ta'ioh la tdc danh ggi ngudi Ta'ioh, Pakdh, Pahi, bidu thi xuat xii cua hg la cao nguyen Ta'ioh d Lao Ciing cd thg xgp vao loai la tdc danh ngudi Thd "thd dan" ma ngudi Viet dimg de chi nhirng eu dan ban dia trgn nhirng dia ban ma ngudi Viet dgn mim sinh: ngudi Tay d viing mii Viet Bac - Ddng Bac, ngudi Thd d vimg nui Thanh Hda - Nghe An, ngudi Stieng d Binh Phudc, ngudi Kbraer d Nam Bd Thdng diep van hda ciia nhiing tdc danh loai la su khang dinh dia vyc cu tni hoac xuat xii cua tgc ngudi iy, phan biet vdi dia vuc cu trii hoae xuit xii cua cac tdc ngudi can cu Digu dd ciing tuong tu cac tde danh Bru So, Khiia, 181 TAP CHi KHOA HOC - Tru-dng DHSP TPHCM Van Kigu Tn, Mang Coong cua ngudi Bra; cac tgc danh Cham, Chigm Thanli Cham cua ngudi Cham; cac tdc danh Minh Huang Thoong Danh Timg Nan Quang, Quang^oQg' lieu, Trigu Chau Phudc Kidn Phiic Kidn Hai Nam He, Hakka, Khach Gia ciia ngudi Hoa; cae tdc danh Khemara Khmer cua ngudi Khmer (3) Nhung toe danh bilu thi dac trimg van hda cua toe ngudi: Tgc danh Sre "radng nude" dg ggi nhdm Kaho bigt lara mdng nude la ngudi Koho Sre (Ta Van Thdng, 1993, tr.23, 24); tdc danh Pu Na "ngudi lam mdng" (Nguygn Van Lgi, 1993a, tr.IO) Thdng diep van hda cita nhiing tgc danh loai la sy khing dinh dac trang van hda khac biet cua tdc ngudi ay, phan biet vdi van hda cua cac tdc ngudi can cu Dieu dd ciing tuong tu cac tdc danh Chd, Chd Ke Chd moi Kinh Kinh Kv Ke Chd ma ngudi Mudng ggi ngudi Viet; tdc danh ngai Pudn ma ngudi Ngudn ggi ngudi Viet; tdc danh Kinh ma ngudi Tay, ngudi Niing, ngudi Han ggi ngudi Viet; tgc danh Mudng ma ngudi Thai, ngudi Viet ggi ngudi Mudng; tgc danh Bahnar Cham cita nhdm Cham Hroi (4) Nhirng tgc danh mang sic thai ki thi: Tdc danh Xa cua ngudi Thai d viing Tay Bac - Bac Trang Bg ggi cac tgc ngudi Mon-Khmer lam liia ray va san cau lugm hai; tdc danh Kha Toong Lugng "Xa la vang" cua ngudi Thai d Lao ggi ngudi Rye san cau lugm hai rirng; tdc danh Moi ciia ngudi Viet ggi cac tdc ngudi Mon-Khmer va MalayoPolynesian d Trudng Son - Tay Nguyen Day thudng la nhiing tde danh phidm chi, khdng nham vao mgt tgc ngudi cu the nao, nhung bieu thi nhiing cai nhin ki thi, khinh miet ddi vdi nhiing tdc ngudi bi xem la lac hau, ban khai Dieu cUng tuong ty cac tdc danh Yuan, Yudn ma cac tdc ngudi Trudng Son - Tay Nguygn va Cham, Khmer trade day diing dg ggi ngudi Viet can cu Nguyen nhan hinh nhung cai nhin ky thi ay la sy tuong phan vg ddi sdng van hda vat chat, sy di biet vg ddi sdng van hda tinh than, va anh hudng cua cac ngn van minh ngoai lai: ngudi Viet chiu anh hudng ciia van minh Tmng Hoa; ngudi Thai, ngudi Chara va ngudi Khmer chiu anh hudng ciia van minh An Do Ngay nay, eac tdc danh phigm chi cd sac thai khinh miet ay khdng eon dugc diing phd bign, va dugc thay the dan bang nhiing danh xung true chi va trang tinh ban Ket luan Ciing vdi ngdn ngir tdc ngudi, tdc danh la dau chi trade tien giup cho mdt tdc ngudi tu phan biet vdi nhiing tdc ngudi khac va phan biet nhiing tdc ngudi khae vdi toe ngudi ma minh sd thugc Ngudn gdc tnrc tiep cua tgc danh cd thd la mgt danh xung ty ggi, nhung thudng la xuit phat tir each ggi dg phan biet ciia cac tdc ngudi lan can Cae tgc ngudi thudng dya vao nai cu tru hoac mdt digm dac trung, dac thii yg van hda ciia cac tgc ngudi lang gigng de dat tgn cho hg Do dd, tgc danh thudng phan anh xuit xir va phan anh cai nhin cua cac tgc ngudi ddi vdi Viet Nam la mgt qudc gia da tdc ngudi, va dong vai trd trang tam suot tign trinh lich sii Viet Nam ehinh la tdc Viet Tir nhiing nhdm td tidn cu tni tren miln niii Bic Bg va Bic Trung Bd, tgc Viet da md rdng dia ban tir mign nui xudng ddng bing, hai dao 182 Tru'dng DHSP TPHCM Ly Tiing Hiiu va md rdng lanh thd tdc ngudi xudng phuong Nara, cdng cu va tigp bign van hda vdi cac tdc ngudi thigu so anh em dg lam giau ndi luc van hda cita minh va ciia qudc gia dan tgc Viet Nam raa minh la radng cgt Trong qua trinh dd, su hda hgp vdi cac tdc ngudi cdng cu thudng xen ke vdi nhiing va cham ve khdng gian sinh tdn va van hda, dan tdi sy hinh nhung tgc danh mang nghTa xau ca tir hai phia Nhung nay, tgc Viet da trd lyc lugng doan kgt eac tdc ngudi Viet Nam sy nghiep dung nude va giii nude Chinh nhd vai trd ciia tdc Viet, qudc gia dan tgc Viet Nara mdi cd thg duong diu vdi bigt bao thien tai dich hga ma van tra'dng tdn va phat trign Va bdi canh ddi mdi, hdi nhap, cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda hdm nay, tdc Viet vdi vai trd chii thg van hda chinh cita van hda Viet Nam dang phat huy anh hudng den tat ca cac vimg mign tu ddng bang den midn mii, cao nguyen Anh hudng cang sau rgng cita van hda Viet dang thu hep nhiing khae biet va md rdng sy ddng nhat vg van hda giiia cac viing mign, dan den sy hinh va phd bign cua nhung tdc danh trang tinh, tdn trgng lan giiia cac tgc ngudi dang chung sdng tren lanh thd Viet Nam Tuyen b6 vi quyin Igi: T^c gia xdc nh$n hodn todn khdng c6 xung ddt vi quyin Iqfi TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Behaine, Pierre Pigneaux de (1999) Dictionarium Anamitico Latinum (Tu vi Annum Latinh), 1772-1773, Hong Nhue Nguygn Khic Xuygn dich va giai thieu TPHCM: NXB Tre Huinh Tinh Paulus Ciia (1998) Dgi Nam qudc dm tu vi, Sai Gon: Imprimerie Rey, Curiol & Cie, 1895-1896 NXB Tre in lai Khong Dien (1978) Dan tgc Bra Trong Cdc ddn tgc it ngudi a Viit Nam (cdc tinh phia Bdc) Ha Ngi: NXB Khoa hgc Xa hgi Phan Hiru Dat (1994) Tro lai ten ggi mgt sd dan tgc nude ta hien Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc, I Tran Tri Doi (1999) Nghiin cicu ngdn ngU cdc ddn tgc thieu sd Viet Nam Ha Ngi: NXB Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ngi Diffloth, Gerard (1980-1981) Registres, Devoisement, Timbres Vocahques: leur histoire en Katouique Mon-Khmer Studies IX-X Hawaii: The University Press of Hawaii Mac Dudng (1997) Ddn tgc hgc vd vdn de xdc dinh thdnh phdn ddn tgc Ha Ngi: NXB Khoa hgc xa hgi Efimov, A Ju (1985) Xung quanh van de ve tir nguyen ten ggi ciia mgt sd dan tgc d Dong Nam A Tgp chi Ngdn ngu; Grimes, Barbara F., editor (1988) Ethnologue: Languages of the world, U"^ edition Dallas Summer Instimte of Liiiguisdcs, Inc., Dallas, Texas, 748 p, Ly Tiing Hieu (2007) Dgc diim ve cdu tgo tu vd vi vdn hda Bru vd Viet qua su so sdnh tic vung cua hai ngon ngu ndy Luan an tign sT ngir van chuyen nganh ngon ngir hgc so sanh - ddi chigu TP H6 Chi Minh: Vien Khoa hgc Xa hgi vimg Nam Bg, 6/10/2007 183 TAP CHi KHOA HOC - Tru'dng DHSP TPHCM Do Diic Hiing, Nguygn Dire Nhuc, Trin Thi Vinh, Tnrong Thi Ygn (2001) Viet Nam nhimg sir kiin lich sir (Tic khdi thiiy den 1858) NXB Giao due Nguyen Van Khang (chu bien) (2002) Tir diin Mudng - Viet Ha Ngi: NXB Van hda Dan tgc Vuang Hiru Le (1993) Ngu- dm vd tu vung tieng Bru Dc tai nghien cim khoa hgc cap Bo, Tru'dng Dai hgc Tong hgp Huc.Hue Vuang Hu-u Ll (1997) TUdiin Bru - Viet-Anh Hue: NXB Thuan Hoa, Nguyin Van Lgi (1993a) Tiing Rue Ha Ndi: NXB Khoa hgc Xa hgi Nguyen Van Lgi (1993b) Tgc danh ciia mgt s6 dan tgc Nam Trung Quoc va Dong Nam A Van de ten ggi Giao Chi Trong Viet Nam — nhung vdn de ngdn ngic vd van hda Ha Ngi: Hgi Ngon ngir hgc Vict Nam va Tmdng Dai hgc Ngoai ngir Ha Ngi Luang Ninh (1984) Ljch su trung dgi thi gidi, Phdn phuang Dong, quyin II Ha Ngi: NXB Dai hgc va Trung hgc Chuyen nghiep Rhodes, Alexandre de (1991) Dictionarium Annamiticum - Lusitanum - Latinum (Tic diin Annum - Lusitan - Latinh), 1651, Thanh Lang, Hoang Xuan Viet, Dd Quang Chinh phien dich Ha Ngi: NXB Khoa hgc xa hgi Ta Van Thong (1993) Ten rieng tigng Koho Tgp chi Ngdn ngu, Tran Nggc Them (2004) Tim vi bdn sdc vdn hda Viet Nam Cdi nhin he thdng - logi hinh, in lan thit TPHCM NXB Thanh H6 Chi Minh Bill Khanh Thg, Dinh Lg Thu (ddng chii bien) (1994) Tic dim M'ndng - Viet Dik Lik: UBND tinh Dak Lak, Sd Giao due va Dao tao tinh Dak Lak va Trudng Dai hgc Tdng hgp Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh Vo Xuan Trang (Chu bien), Dinh Thanh Du, va Ly Tiing Hieu (2008) Vdn hda ddn gian cua ngudi Ngudn d Viet Nam Ha Ngi: NXB Khoa hgc Xa hgi Luang Vu (1993) Mgt so van de xung quanh viec day hgc va bien bg chir cac dan tgc thieu so d mgt sd tinh mien Trung Trong Gido due ngdn ngu vd su phdt triin vdn hda cdc ddn tgc thiiu sd phia Nam Ha Ngi: NXB Khoa hgc xa hgi Vien Dan tgc hgc (1978) Cdc ddn tgc it ngudi a Viet Nam (cdc tinh phia Bdc) Ha Ngi: NXB Khoa hgc xa hgi Vien Dan tgc hgc (1984) Cdc ddn tgc it ngudi a Viit Nam (cdc tinh phia Nam) Ha Ngi: NXB Khoa hoc xa hgi Vien Ngon ngii hgc (1984) Ngdn ngic cdc ddn tgc thiiu so a Viet Nam vd chinh sdch ngdn ngU Ha Ngi: NXB Khoa hgc xa hgi Dang Nghiem Van (1986) Ten ggi cac tgc ngudi d Viet Nam - mpt phan anh xa hgi Trong Nhimg vdn de ngon ngu ligc ve cdc ngon ngir phuong Dong Ha Ngi: Vien Ngon ngir hoc Dang Nghiem Van (2003) Cong dong quoc gia ddn loc Viet Nam TPHCM: NXB Dai hgc Qudc gia TPHCM • TriPdng DHSP TPHCM Ly Tiing Hieu ORIGINS AND MEANINGS OF ETHNIC NAMES IN VIETNAM Ly Tung Hieu University of Social Sciences and Humanities - Vietnam National Umversily Ho Chi Mmh City Corresponding author: Ly Tung Hieu - Email: lylunghieii@gmail com Received: 19/02/2019, Revised: 20/3/2019; Accepted- 20/4/2019 ABSTRACT Along with ethnic language, the name of ethnic group is the first sign to help an ethnic group distinguish themselves from others, and distinguish other ethnic groups from the one they belong to The origins of the name of ethnic groups can be self-designations, hut often comes from the differentiated callings of the neighboring communities The communities often base on the habitator a cultural characteristic of their neighbors to name them Therefore, the the name of ethnic groups in Vietnam often reflect the origin and the perspective of the ethnic groups towards each other Keywords: name of ethnic group, nation name, place name, Vietnam 185 ... ddi Giao Chau dd hg phu ^o Nam ho phii Tir dd An Nam trd dia danh chi dit nude Viet Nam, cho ddn nam 866 radi dugc nha Dudng thay the bing danh xung mdi la TTnh Hai Quan Nam 939, nhan thdi ca Trang... Hd, qudc hieu Dai Nam (1839-1945) cua riha Nguygn Tir nam 1945 den nay, Viet Nam lai trd qudc danh chinh thiic ciia dat nude Viet Nam Ngay nay, ngudi Viet ty ggi minh la Viet, vi danh xung bat ngudn... ggi Viet la Kinh, tdc danh ciing da trd mdt tdc danh ma ngudi Viet dimg dg ty ggi minh Trong do, cac tdc ngudi ndi tigng Nam A va Nam Dao d phia nam ggi ngudi Viet bang mdt danh xung hoan toan