Khac biet sinh ke giua nguM Kinh va ngu*oi Ca-dong va mot s6 vSn d§ dat (truong hop thon 7, xa Tra Tan, huyen Bac Tra My, tinh Quang Nam)^ Lg Thi Th6a(*> Tom tat: Su co mat vd xen cu cua ngu&i Kinh Id nhdn to tich cue thdc day phdt triin sinh ki cua ngu&i Ca-dong a thdn 7, xd Trd Tdn, huyen Bdc Trd My, tinh Qudng Nam Tuy vgy, khdc biet dgc diem xd hpi, vdn hda tu thdn, dd vd dang ton tgi mpt so khdc biet sinh ke giaa hai bp phdn ddn cu,phdn dnh su chgm phdt trien, ddn den d&i song thdp kem hon cita ngu&i Ca-dong so v&i ngu&i Kinh nai day Thuc trgng, nguyen nhdn vd he qud eua khdc Met sinh ki noi trin doi hoi edn co cdc gidi phdp phit hgp khuyen nong, khuyen ldm, ndng cao tu kinh te thi truang, ndng cao chat luang nguon nhdn luc vd tdng cu&ng vai trd truyen bd ky thugt sdn xudt m&i cua ngudi Kinh Tu khda: Sinh ke, Ngudi Ca-dong, Quang Nam Abstract: The presence and alternation of the Kinh people plays a positive factor in promoting the livelihood diversity of the Ca-dong people in Village 7, Tra Tan commune, Bac Tra My district, Quang Nam province However, due to differences in social and cultural characteristics, there exist some differences in the livelihood between the two population groups, which reflects the stagnant economy and lower living standard of Ca-dong people compared to Kinh residents The reality, causes and consequences of the above-mentioned livelihood differences imply hands-on policies in agricultural and forestry extension, cultivation of market economy ideas and high-quality human resources, as well as the spread of new production techniques by the Kinh people Keywords: Livelihood, Ca-dong people, Quang Nam Md dau Quang Nam la tinh cd kidu dia hinh ddng bang ven bidn, trung du, midn niii, la dia ban cu tni lau ddi piia cac dan tdc thidu sd tai ehd, ttong cd ngudi Xo Dang (gdm cac nhdm Ca-dong, M o Nam, Xo Teng, cu tni chii yeu d huyen Nam Tra My, i viet la ket qua nghien ciju cua De tai Khoa ngoai cdn ca d huyen Bac Tra My) Tir hoc cong nghe cdp qufic gia "Mot s6 vdn dS co ban nam 1976 den nay, ket qua ciia qua trinh va cap bach cpng dSng cac dan toe thiiu s6 di dan, midn mii Quang Nam da ddn nhan CTDTI'^^RI?^ f^ T7tlr'rrt\7"^'^ ""V' '^ ^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^' '^ ^^^ '^^ ™ ^^^ ^^ tlDl.36.18/16-20, PSG.TS Bui Van Dao lam chu nhi?m, Vien Dan tpc hgc chii tri ' '•' ThS., Vien Dan tpc hpc, Vien Han lam Khoa hoc xa hpi VietNam; Email: lethoatq@gmail.com ^^ , ^^ ^, , ^ , ^ ^ ' Hoa, Tay, Nung, Thai, Tuy vay, ^° Miung nguyen nhan chu quan va khach quan, nhat la khae Met ve van hda va Thong Hn Khoa hoe xa hoi so 2.2020 trinh dp phat trien kinh te, xa hdi tu than, dii cimg didu kien ty nhien va cung cdng cu, xen cu ben nhieu thap nien, nhung giua ngudi Kinh va cac dan tdc thieu sd tai chd van tdn tai nhirng khoang each the hien tten nhieu ITnh vyc cua ddi sdng, dang chii y va rd net la khac biet boat ddng sinh ke Khac biet sinh kd giira ngudi Kinh va ngudi Ca-dong xen eu d thdn 7, xa Tra Tan, huyen Bie Tra My, tinh Quang Nam la mpt hirdng hgp nhu vay Qua dien da thyc dia vao thang 3/2019, vdi cae tai lieu thu thap chu yeu dya tren phuong phap quan sat, phdng van sau, thao Man nhdm', bai viet bude dau dua thyc trang va nguyen nhan dan den khac bidt sinh ke cung nhu chi mot sd van de nham gop phan phat trien ben viing sinh ke cua ngudi Ca-dong thdn 7, xa Tra Tan ndi rieng, cac tpc ngudi thieu sd mien niii duyen hai mien Trung ndi ehung bdi canh Men TSng quan dia ban khao sat Huyen Bac Tra My gdm 12 xa, thi ttan,ttongdo Tra Tan la xa mien niti nhung tuong ddi phat trien Co can kinh te ciia xa chu yeu ndng - lam nghiep 70%, cdng nghiep - tidu thu cdng nghiep 10% va thuong mai - dich vu 20% (CM cue Thdng ke huyen Bac Tra My, 2018) Thdn la mdtttongtam thdn ciia xa Tra Tan dugc lya chpn dd khao sat, ket qua thdng ke cita chimg tdi cho thay thdn cd 75 hd vdi 315 nhan khau (teong Ca-dong 43 hd vdi 173 khiu, Kinh 32 hd vdi 142 khiu) Van hda truyen thong cua ngudi Cadong thdn la hgp phan van hda truyen thdng cua ngudi Ca-dong Bie Tra My Trdng trpt la sinh kd chii dao, gdm canh tac ray, lam mdng nude, lam vudn, dac biet la nghe ttdng que thuong phirn, nhien nghd trdng qud da mit di tir dau the ky XX Vat nudi gdm ttau, bd, Ign, ga, de, chd Trao ddi cdn so khai, chii yeu van theo phuong thiic vat doi vat Nghd thu edng gdm dan lat, det vai va ren, san pham tinh xao nhung nang suit thip, gia khdng cao, hi mai mdt theo thdi gian Trude day, khai thac ngudn Igi ty nMen cd vai ttd quan ttpng vdi ngudi Ca-dong, ndi bat la san ban Nhin ehung, cac boat dpng sinh ke deu phuc vu nhu cau ty cap ty tuc Ngudi Kinh la bp phan cu dan den sau d thdn 7, vdn tit huyen Dien Ban, tinh Quang Nam di cu len xay dyng kinh td mdi theo chii truang cua tinh Quang Nam vao nam 1984 So sanh vdi ngudi Ca-dong, ngudi Kinh thdn cd trinh dp phatteienty than cao ban, kinh te, xa hdi, van hda deu dya tren co sd san xuat rupng nude Su khac biet sinh ke a) Trong sdn xudt nong nghiep Sinh ke ndng nghiep cua ngudi Kinh va ngudi Ca-dong thdn hidn gdm boat ddng chinh la trdng trpt, quan ly bao vd rirng va chan nudi Trong dd, ttdng trpt la sinh ke ndng nghiep chinh ydu, vdi sinh kd bd phan la canh tac rupng nude, ttdng keo, Hdn doanh cao su va lam vudn Rupng nude xuat hien d ngudi Cadong tir thdi khang chien chdng My, hpc hdi tix bp ddi va can bd each mang Ddn nay, theo tu lieu dien da cua Dd tai, dien tieh mdng nude eua ngudi Ca-dong thdn la 4,5ha/12ha dien tich toan thdn, binh quan 0,105ha/bd Trong klh, dien tich ' Thao luan nhom hon hpp (moi nhom 10 nguai) rupng nude ciia ngudi Kinh cao gap ddi vdi gom ngiroi Ca-dong va can bp quan ly thon 7; phong 7,5ha, binh quan 0,23ba/bp Qua qua trinh van sau ngau nhien hp gia dinh nguoi Kinh va 10 song xen cu vdi ngudi Kinh, trao ddi kinh ho gia dinh nguoi Ca-dong thon Khac bist sinh he nghiem eiing vdi lich thdi vu dja phuong, ngudi Ca-dong canh tac rupng nude hai vu Tuy nhien, kien thiic, ky thuat sii dung cdng cu canh tac han che, van chu yeu sit dung lao ddng thu cdng, gdm ea viec Mdt Ilia bang may dap chan dan den nang suat, hieu qua thap Ngugc lai, ngudi Kinh canh tac rupng nude vdi vdn Idn hon, nhieu kinh nghiem cung nhu ludn cap nhat hieu qua cae ky thuat canh tac cac khau lam dat, chpn gidng, sir dung thude bao ve thyc vat, phan bdn hiiu eo va vd eo, lam cd, sit dung cac loai may ndng co nhu may cay, bita, may Mdt liia, may gat De van chuyen liia vd nha, hau bet ngudi Kinh sii dyng cdng ndng, ngudi Ca-dong chii yeu dimg xe bd keo hoac giii bang site ngudi Nhiing khac biet dan den nang suat lua rupng ciia ngudi Kinh dat 4,5-5,0 tan/ha/vy, cao gap 1,5 lan cua ngudi Ca-dong (3,0-3,5 tan/ha/vu) Tu lieu dien da cua chiing tdi tai cac hd gia dinh eiing cho thay, thu nhap tii rupng nude cita ngudi Kinh la 2,5 t^n/ hd/nam, cao gap 2,5 den 2,7 lan cua ngudi Ca-dong (0,9 tan/hd/nam) Loai cay trdng quan trpng thu hai d thdn la cay keo, dugc dua vao trdng tix nam 2011, thay the cay luong thyc lua, ngd, san tren dat nuong ray da bae mau va kem hieu qua Cay keo dang la mdt nhimg cay chii luc ciia dia phuong Mdt dat trdng keo diing ky thuat (nam 2018) cho thu hoach khoang 12 trieu ddng/nam, \i miic thu nhap cao hon so vdi trdng cay luong thuc Den nay, dien tich trdng keo ciia ngudi Kinhttongthdn la 108 ha, ngudi Ca-dong la 64 Binh quan dien tich keo/hd ciia ngudi Kinh la 3,4 ba, eao gip hon 2,0 lin so vdi cua ngudi Ca-dong (1,5 ha), d day, cd mpt sd khac biet vd ky thuat trdng keo giiia hai nhdm cu dan Ngudi Kinh Man 39 thii dling quy each, kich thude, mat dp, chpn gidng, bdn phan, lam cd, eham sdc, cdn ngudi Ca-dong lam theo cam tinh, it kinh nghiem ndn thudng ttdng day hon hoac thua ban Trong ngudi Kinh da chuyen sang ttdng gidng keo mdi la keo tai tugng, dii ky thuat ttdng va eham sdc phiic tap hon nhung cho nang suat cao, thi da sd ngudi Ca-dong van ttdng gidng keo eham, ky thuat don gian ban nhung nang suat thap Tap quan xen canh van dugc ngudi Ca-dong ap dung ttong hai nam dau, hp ttdng xen cay mi vdi keo Vd each thiic tieu thu san pham, ngudi Kinh thudng ban keo pham da bdc vd, thu nhap cao ban, ngudi Ca-dong thudng ban keo eay dung theo dien tieh, thu nhap thap hem Ngudi Kinh thu hoach keo diing tuditeongkhoang 5-7 nam nen nang suat cao hon, ngudi Cadong hay ban keo non, khoang nam Mdi nen nang suat thap hon Tham chi, mdt sd bd ngheo ban keo non vdi gia chi bing 2/3 gia thi tiidng Sd di cd sy khac nhu vay la khac biet ve thdi quen, tam ly va phong Me ttong san xuat giiia hai bp phan dan cu ngudi Kinh, ttdng keo dem lai thu nhap (15-17 trieu ddng/ha/nam) cao gap gan 1,5 lan so vdi cua ngudi Ca-dong (9-11 trieu ddng/ha/nam) Ciing nhu the, d ngudi Kinh, binh quan thu nhap teong keo la 55 trieu ddng/hd/nam, cao hon lan so vdi binh quan thu nhapteongkeo cua ngudi Ca-dong (16teieuddng/hp/nam) Canh tac vudn giira hai bd phan cu dan ciing the hien sy khac Met rat rd ret Nhin vao dien tich thay rang, vudn cua hd gia dinh ngudi Kinh trung binh 1.200 m^/hd, cayteongda dang gdm cay an qua nhu bo, budi, chudi, xoai, du du; cay thyc pham cd cac loai rau theo mua nhu ca, mudp, dt, bau, bi, rau lang Ngoai tu cap ty Mc, mdt sd hd cd rau de ban Nhd dd, vudn dem lai 40 khoan thu nhap bao dam nhu ciu chan nudi va ty Mc hang eho hd gia dinh Ngugc lai, vudn ciia ngudi Ca-dong dien tich nhd hon, cay ttdng thua thdt, can coi khdng dau tu nude Mdi, chi ttdng vao nude mua Vi vay, vudn khdng dem lai thu nhap dang ke cho cac hd gia dinh Ca-dong Lien doanh cao su la Mnh thiic ttdng ttpt mdi xuat Men d thdn 7, chi cd cac hd ngudi Ca-dong tham gia Nam 2011, Cdng ty Cao su Quang Nam den van ddng ngudi dan cac xa Tra Nii, Tra Tan, Tra Code d huyen Bie Tra My M nguyen gdp dat ttdng cao su theo phuong thiic lien doanh, ngudi dSn gdp dat, cdng ty gdp gidng, phan bdn, cdng eham sdc va thu hoach San pham an chia la mu cao su thu hoach vao nam thir trd di Ty le an chia la 7/3, cdng ty phan, ngudi dan phan Tai thdn 7, cd 12 hd ngudi Ca-dong ky hgp ddng gdp dat trdng cao su lien doanh, vdi dien tich 22,5 ha' Den nam 2019, cay cao su da sang nam tbii 8, le da cd san pham (cho thu nhap) dugc bai nam, nhung cdng ty chua thu hoach mu cao su rdt gia, ddng nghia ngudi Ca-dong gdp dat van ehua dugc hudng Igi tix cao su Thieu dat san xuat, ngudi Ca-dong thdn va thdn dang mudn lay lai dat, nhung cdng ty cao su khdng ddng y chua het ban hgp ddng thue dat Lien doanh cao su dang la van de biic xiic can giai quyet eua ngudi Ca-dong xa Tra Tan hien Tit nam 2015, phdng Ndng nghiep va Phat trien Ndng thdn huyen Bac Tra My giao rimg cho nhdm bd thdn quan ly va bao ve, kinh phi lay tix ngan sach dich vu mdi trudng rimg Thuy dien Sdng Tranh chi tea Quan ly bao ve rimg trd hoat ddng sinh ke mdi d thdn Cd 15 hd ' Thon cung xa, nguoi Ca-dong cung gop dat lien doanli cao su vdi dien tich gan 30 Thong tin Khoa hoc xa hpi s6 2.2020 gia dinh ngudi Ca-dong thupc nhdm hp dugc giao quan ly bao ve rimg vdi dien tich 315 ha, each lang khoang gid di bd Trii chi phi quan ly cho xa va chi phi cdng ich cho cdng ddng, tien quan ly, bao ve dugc chia cho cac vien ttong nhdm hp theo cdng, mdi hd nhan dugc tten 2,5 trieu ddng/nam Hon 30 nam sdng cdng cu, xen eu nhung khoang each chan nudi giiia ngudi Kmh va ngudi Ca-dong tiidn cd sy each biet dang kd Vd co sd vat chat, cac hp ngudi Kinh diu M xay dyng chudng ttai khangteang,kien ed, sach se, thoang mat Gidng vat nudi da dang, gidng mdi dugc dua vao chan nudi nham tang nang suat va san lugng, cai thien sinh ke hd gia dinh Ky thuat chan nudi nhu tiem phdng dich benh, sii dung thirc an gia siic ludn dugc cap nhat va ap dung Trong do, ngudi Ca-dong it chii y den viec lam ehuong trai kien cd, da sd chudng trai la tam bg (chi la khung nha va hai mai tam) va it sir dung, hien van cdn 34/43 hd chua cd chudng teai Cac gidng vat nudi mdi nhu bd lai Sin, Ion cao san, ga cdng nghiep it dugc su dung d ngudi Cadong, phd bien van la gidng dia phuong, eham Idn nhung siic de khang cao Khau eham sdc va phdng dich benh khdng dugc quan tam, thien ve thich iing va dao thai ty nhien Qua khao sat ngau nhien hd ngudi Kinh va hd ngudi Ca-dong cho thay, quy md va so lugng vat nudi ciia ngudi Kinh nhidu hon so vdi ngudi Ca-dong (xem bang 1) Cu thd, tong sd gia siic, gia cim binh quan mdi hd d ngudi Kinh la 30 con, teong dd, trau/bd con, Ign con, ga 21 Tdng sd gia siic, gia cam ngudi Ca-dong binh quan mdi hd la con, do, trau/ bd 0,6 con, Ign 1,2 con, ga Nhu vay, tdng sd gia siic, gia cam/hd ciia ngudi Kinh Idn hem ciia ngudi Ca-dong lin, sd trau 41 Khac biet sinh he bd/hd Idn hon lan, sd Ign/hd va sd ga/hd Mat hang ban gom luong thyc, gia site, gia cam, lam san phi gd, nhieu nhat la keo Idn hon lan nguyen lieu Nhin vao nang lyc tieu thy Bang 1: So sanh so Iirong vat nu&i cua va san phim ban thi hirdng cho thay sy ho nguoi Kinh va ngirtri Ca dong thon khac biet vd miie dp tham gia dich vu trao Dan vi tinh: ddi giiia ngudi Kinh va Ca-dong Ve nang stt H9 va ten Dan tdc So lirgTig v i t nu6i lyc kinh doanh nam 2018, theo M lieu didn chu h9 G4 Bo Trau da cua chiing tdi, ngudi Kinh vugt ttdi hon 26 Kinh Nguyen nhidu (gap gan lan) so vdi ngudi Ca-dong, Tin Vinh binh quan gia tri ban lattdn40ttieuddng/ 17 Kinh Nguyen hd/nam, binh quan gia tri mua vao latten30 Dinh Thach ttieu ddng/hd/nam Trong kM d ngudi Ca4 Kinh 15 Bui Minh dong, cac chi sd Mong duong chi la 15 trieu Toan ddng/hd/nam va 10 trieu ddng/hd/nam Ve 34 Kinh 4 NguySn mite dp tham gia trao ddi, 32 bd ngudi Dinh Toa Kinh cd hd ban dich vu tap hda tai nha, 12 Kinh Nguyen Thi Chau hd ban hang di dpng bang xe may, hp ban Ca-dong Dinh Van hang tai chg huyen, edn vdi 43 hd ngudi Thi Ca-dong, cM cd hd nhat ban tap hda Ca-dong Dinh Van nhd tai nha Banh S Dinh Van San Ca-dong 7 Dinh Viet Thong Ca-dong Dinh Viin Diem Ca-dong 10 Ngudn: Khao sat thirc dia cua De tai b) Trong hogt dpng phi nong nghiep Gan day, tac dpng cua kinh te thi trudng, cac nghe thu cdng truyen thong eua ngudi Kinh va Ca-dong thdn da mai mpt Sinh ke phi ndng nghidp hien gdm dich vuteaoddi, khai thac ngudn loi ty nhien va lam thud Giao thdng thuan Igi va sy lan tda cua kinh te thi trudng la co sd thiic day dich vu teao ddi hang hda phat trien hon trudc Mat hang cang phong phii, bao gdm thyc pham, tap hda va hang cdng nghe phim dap ling nhu ciu tieu dung cua hiu hdt bp phan cu dan Kinh va Ca-dong thdn Nhin ehung, hoat dpng tham gia khai thac ngudn Igi ty nhien giira ngudi Kinh va ngudi Ca-dong thdn khdng gidng Miic dp khai thac ngudn Igi M nhien ttong rimg cua ngudi Kinh khdng nhidu va khdng da dang bing ngudi Ca-dong Trong ngudi Ca-dong khai thac san pham phi gd phong phit hon nhu san bat edn tning, chim, chudt, danh bat ca va thuy san tten sdng sudi, hai lugm rau, mang, nam, cii qua, thi ngudi Kinh chii ydu sir dung thyc pham t\x canh tac vudn Lam thue la boat dpng sinh ke xuat hien d thdn chua lau, kinh te tbi trudng va sy suy giam dat san xuat/bd Cdng viec lam thue kha da dang, gdm thg ne, phu ne, thg mde, edng nhan hgp ddng, xuat khau lao ddng , phd bien nhat la lam thud tai dja phuang nhu tham gia trdng keo Hinh thiie lam thue eo thd la lam edng nhat hoac lam khoan Neu lam cdng nhat, thu nhap M 150 den 180 nghin ddng/ngay/ngudi, cd sy 42 ThOng tin Khoa hoc xa h