Mạng lưới xã hội và sinh kế của người cơ tu ở khu tái định cư thủy điện a vương và người ca dong ở khu tái định cư thủy điện sông tranh 2, tỉnh quảng nam

Tgp chi Ddn idc hgc sd'3 - 2020 MANG Ll/Ofl XA HOI VA SINH KE CUA NGlTOfl CO-TU KHU TAI DINH CU THUY DIEN A VU^ONG VA NGU'CXI CA DONG KHU TAI DINH CU" THUY DIEN SONG TRANH 2, TINH QUANG NAM^ ThS Pham Thj Thu Ha Vien Dan tQC hgc Tom tat: Dua tren kit qud nghien cihi tgi xd Md Cooih (huyin Ddng Giang) vd xa Trd Bui (huyen Bdc Trd My), bdi viit tap trung ldm rd nhihig tdc dong cua mgng lu&i xa hgi tcri sinh ki ciia ngudi Ca-tu vd Ca dong nai ddy Qud trinh tdi dinh cu thuy dien A Vuang vd Song Tranh khien ngudi ddn bi mdt tu lieu sdn xudl vd nghi nghiip truyen thdng song v&i su ndng dgng, linh hogt ho da nhanh chong thich nghi vd van dung tot ngudn vdn xa hgi cua minh nhu quan he gia dinh, ddng hg, cgng ddng di ddm bdo sinh ki, vu0 qua nhung kho khdn ban ddu di chuyen ve nai d mdi cung nhu thai gian ve sau Nhung tdc dgng sau tdi dinh cu thuy dien tgo nen nhiiu thay ddi ve ca cdu td chuc xd hgi a hai tgc ngu&i vd ddt nhieu vdn de cdn gidi quyil nhu: gidm tinh cd kit, mdu thudn cgng ddng a mdt bd phdn ddn cu ngdy cdng tdng Tif khda: Mgng lu&i xd hgi sinh ki, thuy diin tdi dinh cu ngudi Ca-tu, ngu&i Ca dong Qudng Nam Ngdynhdn bdi: 25/2/2020; ngdy gui phdn biin: 28/4/2020; ngdy duyit ddng: 30/5/2020 Mddau Trong qua trinh phit trien, kinh le v i xa hpi ludn cd mdi quan he hiru co va tac dpng qua lai vdi Tuy nhien, ldi cac thap ky gin day, van de phat trien kinh te dua tren nen tang ciia vin hda - x i hgi mdi bat diu dat va dugc khing djnh la mgt quy luat lit yeu khich quan Tren binh dien xa hgi hpc, khii niem "mang ludi xa hdi" li mdt tip hgp lien ket gitra cic c i nlian hay gitra cac nhdm din cu nhat djnh Thdng qua su tiem an nhtrng mdi quan he, ciing nhu quyen lgi va frich nhiem chi phdi cic mdi lien he dd, mang ludi xa hgi dupc sii dung nhim dat dugc muc dich nhat dinh (Dang Nguyen Anh, 1998) Mpt nghien ciiu khic lai cho ring, mang ludi xa hgi la mgt tip hgp cic mdi quan he giiia nhti-ng thuc the \a hpi Nhiing thye the niy khdng nhat thiet chi li cic c i nhan m i cdn la cac nhdm xa hdi, td chirc, thiel ehe , dya tren su tuong frg, trao ddi thdng tin (Le Minh Tien, 2006) C6 the ndi Bai viet la ket qua cua de tai khoa hoc cap Bo "Sinh ke ciia ngirdi Ca-tu viing tdi dinh cu tliuy dien A Vucnig vd ngirdi Ca dang (Xa-ddng) d vung tdi dinh cu Ihtiy dien Song Tranh linh Oudng Nam" TS Bui Thi Bich Lan v a T S Nguyin Thj Tam lam Dlngchii nhiem, Vien Dan toe hoc la caquan chu tri (2019-2020) Ph^w, nul^'— mang ludi \a hpi dupc coi la mpl ngudn "vdn xa hdi"" cd y nghTa quan Irgng "ong '^'' dpng sin \uai \a ddi sing, diln hinh la cac boat dpng cd tinh mang frp gitip da lan n ^^ cdng ddng khdng chi \e mil kinh te mi cdn \e linh cam Chinh hoal ddng tuong rg la ciu noi gdp phin thtic diy kinh le phal trien d cic tdc ngudi Trong nhihig nghien cuu \ c di cu tai dinh cu (TDC) thai gian gin day cac nha nghien ctiu cing quan tam nhieu ban dcn tac ddng ciia nhimg ylu td van hda - xi hpi ddi \di phit trien sinb kc d cic tgc ngirdi; mang ludi xa hpi dupc xem la mot nhiimg nhin id quan frpng inh hudng din sy phuc hdi sinh kl cua ngudi din sau TDC ca tich cyc vi tieu cyc Tinh Quang \ani hien cd 25 du an thiiy dien dang fricn khai xay dyng, lrong dd co dy an da lap phuang an quy hoach di dan theo quy dinh, dd la dy in thiiy dien A Vuang, Sdng Tranh Sdng Bung \a Dik Mi D I xay dyng cong trinh thiiy dien A Vuang vi Song Tranh da co han 300 hg ngudi Ca-tu d xi Ma Cooih, huyen Dong Giang va 323 hp ngudi Ca dong d xa Tra Bui huyen Bic Tra My, tinh Quing Nam ddi ling den khu TDC mdi (UBND xa Tra Bui 2018) Ma Cooih la mgl xa viing cao cua huyen Dong Giang, each trung lam huyen gan 20kin \e phia lay nam cd tong dien ticb tu nhien 18.139ha vi din sd 546 hp/2.177 khau, chii yeu li ngudi Ca-tu, Kinh va mot so it dan tdc khic (UBND xa Ma Cooih, 2019) Nam 2018, toan xi cd thdn lrong dd thon thupc khu TDC thiiy dien A Vuong (PachePalanh vi Cutchrun) Thing 2019, sau thyc hien viec sap nhap thi toin xa cdn lai thdn li Aroong, A xd vi Culchmn dd Aroong \ a Cutchmn li khu TDC thiiy dien A Vucmg Tra Bui thupc xi mien niii phia lay huyen Bic Tra My, cich trung tam huyen 49km, CO dicn tich tu nhien 17.904,74ha va din sd la 1.376 hp/6.360 khiu Hien nay, xa cd thdn vdi dan tdc chinh li Xa-dang (chii yeu nhom Ca dong, 1.128 hp), Mndng (195 hp) vi mgt sd diin tpc khac nhu Kinh Thai (UBND xa Tra Bui, 2018); dd c6 thdn bj anh hudng bdi TDC la thon thon va thon Viec xay dyng cac cdng trinh thiiy dien vl co bin da tao nhirng dieu kien thuin lpi gop phan nang cao ddi sdng cho ngudi Ca-tu va Ca dong nai day Song, ben canh nhirng ket qui dat dupc, qua trinh di dan TDC cung bgc Ig mgt sd bat cap can dugc giai quyet Dac biet la vin de thieu dat san xuit va viec lam cho ngudi dan sau TDC gap nhilu kho khan Sinh ke cua nguoi Cff-tu va Ca dong trud'c va sau tai dinh cu Nguai Ca-tu va Ca dong sinh song hi lau ddi tren day Trudng Scm hiing vT vdi loai hinh sinh ke iruyen thong la trdng trpt tren riy, dd liia ray la cay luang thuc chinh Ngoin cdn trdng nhieu loai cay khac nhu ngd, sin, khoai, mia, diu xanh, dau tuang lac \ao dtiu nhirng nam 1970 ngudi CG-XU bit diu bill canh lic liia nudc dudi su hudng din ciia Hgp tac xa va hpc hdi lir nhung can bp ngudi Kinh d cic vung ddng bang len tine - N'oii \.i hiil la Ciic nguon lire \a hi J-Q net d mgt sd cdng doan tir phit ray chgc tria, cham sdc, thu hoach liia, Nhiimg dac dilm Tgp chi Ddn ldc hgc sd'3 - 2020 ay ddi hdi frong qui trinh canh tic, can cd sy tuong frg giiia cie vien frong gia dinh va dong hg Vi vay, hp di lip eac nhdm ddi cdng gdra lao dpng cua nhilu hp Ddi cdng dupc hieu dan giin la nhdm nhirng ngudi ndng dan hgp lai dl giup dd lin nhirng miia Theo dd, ei nhdm lira viee fren riy eiia moi hp gia dinh frong sd nhil djiUi vao ky thu hoach, vi eii nhu viy hp hoan ddi cdng cho lan lugt giira cac nhi Hinh thirc ddi cdng niy hieu qui ddi vdi ngudi dan ma lyc lugng lao dpng d cac hd gia dinh bj han che Hon niia, viec doi cdng ciing tap trung dupe siic ngudi tai mgl dja diem canh tic vi dugc thye hien dya fren tinh thin frr nguyen, frich nhiem, qua dd gdp phin ting cudng tinh co ket cgng ddngfronghoat ddngfrdngfrpt Hinh thlic tuong trp lao dpng theo kieu ddi cdng cua ngudi Ca-tu vi Ca dong khdng don thuan phin inh tinh thin tuang than, tucmg ii giiia cac vien frong cpng ddng vdi mi cdn dip ung nhiing nhu cau khic cua hoat ddng ndng nghiep Thii nhit, khic phyc tinh frang khdng cin ddi giiia lao dpng nam vi ntr d nhieu hd gia dinh nham dam bao phan cong lao dgng theo gidi sin xuit Thir hai, nhim dim bao thu hoach kjp thdi vu (Pham Thj Thu Ha, 2015) Ben canh ddi cdng, cae gia dinh cdn chia se cho luang thyc, hdfrgva gitip dd nhaufrongnhiing Itic hoan nan, ddi kem Nhi naofrdngdupc nhieu rau lhi san sing chia s^ cho ngudi thin vi hing xdm Trong chin nudi, sy tuong trg cpng dong d ngudi Ca-tu vi Ca dong the hien qua viec giiip frong nom gia siic, thiic an chan nudi, frao ddi giong neu nhu nhi nio cd gidng tdt Ben canh dd, cac thinh vien gia dinh, ddng hp gitip dd ve vdn diu tu cho chin nudi gia siic, gia cam Trong lam nghiep, len ning thu hii dugc sin vat hay sin bat dugc thii rimg, cac tpc ngudi deu chia se cho anh em, hp hang, lang xdm Ben canh dd, hp cdn cd truyen thdng tucmg trg lan di rirng bang each di theo timg nhdm de hd frg kjp thdi Iiic gap nguy hiem Dong hg ludn cd vai frd quan frgng ddi vdi xi hdi ndng thdn truyen thdng (Tran Dinh Hugo, 1996) Khi nghien ciiu ve quan he hp hang vi ddi sdng kinh te ling xa, mot sd nha nghien cim da chi ring, nen ting kinh te li mdt ly de ciing cd quan he hg hang (Nguyen Tuin Anh, 2012) Ddi vdi ngudi Ca-m vi Ca dong, quan he ddng hg ludn dupc thil chit, chi phdi den mpi mat ddi sdng cua timg gia dinh Khi mpt gia dinh frong hg gap chuyen khdng may cd vice tang ma, dm dau hay benh nang , Iuc cic lhinh vien hp deu cd y thiic tham gia gitip dd rat tu nguyen vi cimg ddng gdp cdng siic hoic tien ciia Ve truyen Ihdng, quan he ddng hp thudng the hien sy gin ket vio nhiing djp sinh hoat Ie tet, cudi xin, ma ehay, gitip da sin xuit ndng nghiep, cdn gid day quan he ddng hp dugc md rpng viec hd frg d cic hoat ddng kinh le mdi 2.1.2 Gia tdng ca hgi viec ldm hogt ddng ldm thue, ldm dn xa Cd the khing dinh tai nai d mdi sau TDC, mdi trudng sinh ke di ihay doi nhung ngudi Co-tu vi Ca dong vin tri, phit huy nhirng ca sd ciia nen kinh te "frpng tinh" mi frong qui khii hp da cd, nhu truyin thdng tuong tro, giiip dd ciing se chia nhiimg 34 Phgw^ i'-Jj'^i'"'- luc hoan nan, ddi kem trp giiip ve \ at chat va dnh than nhu cho vay lien, guii' cting lim nhi, dgng vien diim hdi hang cung nhu gap khd khan Nhirng dicu nay^ a giiip hp ciing chu dpng doi cd hieu qui vdi cic biln co xay Dong ihdi cung luon chil dgng dl cd nhirng tinh toan hap ly nhim dal dupc cic lgi ich kinh tl bdi canh mdi Bing nhieu hinh thirc khic nhau, hg da dm cich de thich img vdi nhtmg nghe mdi nhu lim thue, budn bin djch vu qua \ iec cung chia se thdng tin, kinh nghiem de at cung cd viec lim va ludn ho trg cac cdng viec mdi Do dnh chit cdng \ iec dom giin, chii ylu dya vio sue khoe nen ca sd cua sy giiip dd niy ciing dan thuin dua vao sy tin tudng mdi quan he gin gui, gin bd giiia nhiing ngudi than, hp hing ban be hing xdm Khao sit tai thdn Aroong xa Ma Cooih cho thiy, niu mdt thinh vien frong thdn da timg di thu hoach keo \a bill nha nao can myln ngudi lim thue thi hp sin sing gidi thiSu cho ngudi cd nhu ciu Tai Khu du ljch sinh thii Cong trdi, cd nhilu ngudi Co-tu lam cdng nhin d day hp thudng id chiic theo nhdm dl hd trp cdng viec, nhiimg ngudi nhieu kinh nghiem ludn sin long hudng dan, giiip da nliiing ngudi it kinh nghiem han Neu nhu trudc diy, quan he xi hpi ciia hp chi gdi gpn d pham vi ling va lien ling, nhung sau TDC, dil ndng nghiep bj han chl, hp nhan ring dl tim kiem rapt cdng viec phi ndng nghiep cho ban thin vi gia dinh thi cin phii md rpng quan he de giiip eho edng vi?c cua minh dugc thuan Igi ban Von khdng cd trinh dp bang cip, chuyen mdn nen nhieu ngudi da dua vio Ciic mdi quan he quen biet de tim dupe mpt cdng viee tu phii hop vdi ning, nhu ciiu ciia minh d cic huyen Dai Lpc Dien Ban, phd Tam Ky, phd Da Nang Co the ndi de di lam Ihue hay lam an xa, ngudi dan thudng ty td chtic thinh nhdm de tuang frg vi dieu cang the hien rd hp den sinh sdng d nhiing phd ldn hay khu cdng nghiep Tai day ngdn ngu lgc ngudi van dugc sir dung, cic phong tuc tip quin co ban cdn luu glii dieu kien cbo phep, cd the nhan thay ring su trg giiip nhdm li rat cin thiet vdi mdi ca nhan Ddi vdi ngudi Ca dong d thdn 6, xa Tri Bui, di thu hoach keo thue hp thudng td ehire thinh mot nhdm khoang 14 ngudi gdm ca nam vi nir de hd Irg van chuyen keo, ddng thdi bao \e gitip cd van de khdng may xay frong an toan lao dpng Qua phdng vin sau dupc biet, ngudi nao cd mdi quan he, quen bill vdi ngudi dan sd lai thi se gitip hp cd nhilu thuin Igi hemfrongphat triln kinh kl d noi TDC Diln hinh li bd phan ngudi Ca dong d ban cii cd mdi quan he ban be, hg hang vdi ngudi Ca dong d bin mdi nen da tranh Ihii \a tan diing mua dugc nhieu dat sdm bit dau nam dugc thdng tin ve TDC, eon lai da sd ngudi dan thudng din sau vi roi vao linh trang thieu dat hoac khdng cd dal canh tic Ngoili hdfrgtrong sin xuit ndng nghiep, lam nghiep, lim thue thi sy ddng gdp v | cdng sire chim lo viec nha cung li ylu to rii quan trpng, gop phan dim bad smh kc cho nhihig hp cd ngudi di lim in xa Dac biet, phii kl din vai tro cua ngudi gia viec quin \u\cn cic cdng vice chung cua gia dinh nhat li trdng nom nha cira, cham sdc day dd chiu de bd me yen tim di lim Tgp chi Ddn tdi hgc sd3-2020 35^ 2.1.3 Xdv dung long tin trao ddi, mua bdn Trong trao ddi budn ban ei ngudi mua vi ngudi ban khdng ehi quan tam den lgi nhuan kinh te ma cdn tip trung vio xay dyng mang ludi xa hdi Bing cic mdi quan he thin thill lau nam, ngudi Ca-m va Ca dong vin cd dugc nhiing nhu yeu phim phuc vu ddi sdng hing cho du chua cd lien mil frong lay Hp ciing cd the vay mupn eac "ban hang" la nhimg chu quin hay ngudi ban rang mpt sd lugng den gia dinh cd viec cin nhu dm dau hay thyc hanh nghi le quan frpng Ddi lai, cd mpt lugng ndng sin hay mgl sin vat nao can ban, ngudi din se dem den cho cac ban hing quen biet ctia minh vdi gii ea thap ban so vdi bin d chg de eung cd them mdi quan he Rd ring,fronghoin canh kinh te thieu vang ngudn tien mat on dinh va d mpt dieu kien san xuat chua cd mdt sd lugng du thira ldn de trao ddi thudng xuyen, hinh thirc trao ddi budn bin "nang ve linh cam" niy cho phep ngudi din cd dupc cai an hang ngiy de dim bao cudc sdng (Hoing Cira va cgng sy, 2017) 2.1.4 Tdng cu&ng su tra gidp cua cdc td chirc xd hgi Hien ddi sdng kinh te cua ngudi Ca-tu va Ca dong da cd nhtrng thay ddi lieh eye hem so vdi Ihdi gian dau di chuyen ve nai a mdi Su phit trien kinh te eua hp mot phan nhd vao vai trd ciia he thdng chinh frj co sd, nhit la trudng thdn va ngudi co uy tin ludn tich cyc van dpng, tuyen tmyen ngudi din tham gia vio cdng cupc xoa ddi, giam ngheo nhic nhd ngudi dan chii dpng, ty giac lam in, han che chd dgi sy gitip dd ciia Nha nudc Nim 2019, UBND xa Mi Cooih da phdi hgp vdi Phdng Dan ldc huyen Ddng Giang hd frp ngudi cd hoan cinh die biet khd khan tai thdn Aroong vdi tdng sd lien la 3.000.000 ddng (UBND xi Ma Cooih, 2019) Ngoai ra, cac chucmg trinh phat trien kinh te - xi hdi tai dja phuang cung gdp phin cai thien ddi sdng ciia ddng bao, nhat la chinh sich den bii, hd trg sau TDC, cac chuang trinh 135, 30A thdng qua viec hd trp trdng trpt, chin nudi cho cic hd ngheo can ngheo, Trong do, hg ngheo dugc hd trp 20 trieu ddng, hp can ngheo 17 trieu va hd ding ky thoit ngheo la 14 trieu, til ca deu dugc quy ddi cay trdng, vit nuoi Ddi vdi cic gia dinh thupc dien TDC cdn dugc hudng chinh sach hd trg ddi sdng vi sin xuat, cu the: mdi ngudi dupc hd frg nam luong thyc (30kg gao/thang), thing hd trg ve Ihyc phim (100.000 ddng/diang/ngudi), nim hd frp gidng ciy lrong (0,5 trieu ddng/hg), nim hd trg phan bdn (2 trieu ddng/ha), mot lin ho trg cho chin nudi (2 trieu ddng/hd) (Doin Tranh, 2011) Cic td chirc doan thi thdn nhu Hdi Phu nir, Hgi Ndng din, Doan Thanh nien cung CO nhilu bien phip lich cyc nhira giup cho hdi vien phil trien kinh te, nen tinh than tuang trp, gilip dd gitra cac vien frong hpi ludn dugc de cao Neu nha nio cd hoin cinh khd khan nhu neo dan, dm dau, tin tat thi hgi se cir ngudi den giiip dd thdng qua cic viec nhu hai cili kiem rau, lim cd vudn, lim riy, thu hoach lua, giup cudi xin, tang ma; neu gia dinh nao thieu in luc giap hat thi cic vien frong hdi se hd trg luong thyc; trudng hgp nha nao lrong thon xe go ehuan bj lim nhi thi Doan Thanh nien se van ddng cu ngudi den giiip mdt sd ngiy cdng van chuyen gd, eat Dae biet cic doin vien chi doin rat lich cyc tham gia nhtmg phong trao thi diu the due thi thao giao Iuu vdi cac thdn nhira dal giii de gay quy phil trien kinh le, hd trg nhimg gia dinh khd khan, \hung gia dinh gap hoan nan, nhi ciia cha> iuing phai di benh vien dii Hpi Chii diap dd ciia thdn cting diing giiip dd bing each gin ting mp phin quy dupc ddng gdp hi cic tim Idng hio lim Ngoai ra, Hgi Phy nir cdn m\eii tmyen, v ^ ddng ngudi din nip can \ay vdn hi Ngan hing chinh sich xa hdi vdi lai suit diip (0.-"'>''