quANiRi-quANiy NGHIEN CLTU CAC YEU TO ANH Hl/dNG CHI TIEU CHO GIAO DUC :UA CAC HO GIA DINH TAI TINH AN GIANG • LE THI NGOC TIEN - CAO TIEN SI TOM TAT: Bai vid'l sff dung phtfdng phap nghidn cffu dinh Itfdng dtfa tren bd so' lidu didu tra mffc sdng hd gia dinh (HOD) Viet Nam (Vietnam Households Living Standard Survey - VHLSS) tff nam 2008 - 2016, nham nghien cffu cac ye'u td'anh hffdng chi lieu cho giao due cua cac HGD tai tinh An Giang Ket qua cho thS'y ed nhan td anh hffdng dd'n chi lieu giao due ciia HGD lai tinh An Giang, la: (1) Sd' nam di hpc, (2) So nif di hpc, (3) Trinh dp hpc van cua chii bd, (4) Khu vffc, (5) Tudi ciia chii hd Tff dd xua't kie'n nghi can cd nhffng can thidp bang chinh sach ciia cd quan nha nffdc dd thffc day chi tidu cho giao due d nhffng nhdm khu vifc ndng thdn, cai thidn nhan thffc ciia chu hd, giam thilu ba't binh dang giao due d nam va nff va chi tieu cho giao due bac cao nhieu hdn Tuf khoa: Chi tieu giao due, yd'u to anh hffdng, tinh An Giang, hp gia dinh Gidi thidu Giao due ludn la van de quan tSm hang dau ciia mdi qud'c gia va sff phat tridn chung eiia loan nhan loai, Viet Nam cung ludn dat phat trie'n giao due va dao tao la muc tidu hang dau de phat trien kinh te' tri thffc Theo bao cao qud'c gia ve Phat trien giao due cho mpi ngffdi nam 2015 tai Viet Nam cua Bd Giao due va Dao tao, ke'l hdp vdi van phdng UNESSCO Ha Ndi va Ngan hang The' gidi thffc hien da danh gia va chi rd Viet Nam da dat dffde tffu Idn giao due, nhff: mien giam hpc phi, ca'p hoe bdng, tridn khai gdi cho vay hpc phi dd'i vdi hoc sinh, sinh vien mang lai hidu qua thie't thffc phat trien, nang cao cha't Iffdng va trinh dp giao due Tuy nhien, cha't Itfdng giao due va nhan Itfc chtfa dap ffng dtfdc nhu can cua ngtfdi dan va ddi hdi ciia thi trtfdng lao ddng Dd'i vdi tinh An Giang, phat huy the'manh d^u ttf cho stf nghiep giao due va dao tao dia phtfdng nham thtfc hidn chii trtfdng giao due la qud'c sach hang dau Trong do, tap trung kien cd' hda trtfdng Idp va xay dtfng trtfdng chuan qud'e gia gan vdi Chtfdng trinh muc lieu qud'c gia xSy dtfng ndng thdn mdi da dat dtfdc mdt sd'thanh tffu, dil cdn tdn tai nhffng ban chd' viec phat trien nhan Itfc tai An Giang Theo sd' lieu Tong cue Thd'ng ke (2010 - 2016), ty Id lao ddng qua dao tao kha tha'p, thay ddi tff khoang 7,2 dd'n 10,1%, so vdi ca nffdc tff 14,6 de'n 20,6% Bdn canh do, d An Giang, so' Iffdng hpc sinh tff b§c tid'u hpc cho dd'n phd thdng dffng dau so vdi cae tinh khac khu vffc ddng bang sdng Cffu Long nam 2016, nhffng Idn eac bae cao hdn thi sd'Iffdng giam xud'ng kha nhieu tff mffc 192.524 hpe sinh d bac tieu hpc cdn 45.393 hpc sinh d bSc phd thdng So 7-Thdng 4/2019 87 lAP CHi CONG IHIllfNG Vi vay, bai vidt tap trung nghien cffu tim hieu cac nguyen nhan thdng qua lac ddng chi lieu eiia cac HGD cho viec giao due lai tinh An Giang Tff dd chi rd cac ye'u id' anh hffdng dd'n chi lieu cho giao due cua cac HGD va de xua't cac khuye'n nghi nham nang cao cha't Itfdng va trinh dp cho ngtfdi dan tinh An Giang Tong quan tai lieu va phffdng phap nghien cffu 2.1 Tong quan cdc nghien cdu cd liin quan Nghien cffu ciia Huy (2012) sff dung bd sd'lidu VHLSS ve eac ye'u td' anh hffdng de'n chi lieu ciia HGD ddl vdi giao due tre em bang md hinh Tobit, cho Iha'y thu nhap HGD ed tae ddng dang kd dd'n chi phi giao due theo htfdng ciing tang len; cac HGD cd trinh dp hpc van cao hdn, thi kha nang ehi lidu giao due tang; chi tidu giao due cho tre em dp tudi di hpc lieu hpc hoac trung hpc trd len nhidu hdn, ngtfde lai tre em d Iffa tuoi trtfde tuoi di hpc hoac dai hpc thi chi lieu it hdn Ngoai ra, nghien cffu ciia Dang, H A (2007) ve day kem cho tha'y yeu td'dan tdc tac ddng de'n viec chi tieu cho giao due Ttfdng Iff, Khdng Tie'n Dung va Pham Le Thdng (2014) nghidn cffu ve cac ye'u to' anh hffdng dd'n chi lidu cho giao due cua ngtfdi dan d DBSCL dtfa tren sd lieu VHLSS 2010 cho tha'y rang, ngtfdi dan DBSCL ed mffe chi tidu cho giao due cdn kha tha'p so vdi cac khoan muc khac, tdn lai stf khac bidt giffa thi va ndng thdn nhtfng khdng cd sff khac biet giffa cac linh, cd mffc thu nhap trung binh khac Trong dd, cac yd'u Id'quan trpng tae ddng dd'n mffc chi tieu cho giao due nhff long thu nhap cua gia dinh, trd ca'p ciia chinh phu, mien giam hpc phi, trinh dp hpe va'n va tuoi ciia ehii hd, eac yd'u Id'hpc them, so' nam nff di hpc gia dinh gdp phan lam tang ehi tidu cho giao due Nghien cffu khac ciia Hashimoto va Heath (1995) ve chi tieu giao due cua eac HGD Nhat Ban cung chi rang, thu nhap c6 anh hffdng nhieu dd'n chi tieu giao due, theo nhffng HGD ed thu nhap cao thi chi lieu cho giao due eang nhieu va nhffng HGD cd thu nhap cao nha't cd thd' cho di du hpc nffdc ngoai Nghidn cffu ciia Tansel va Birean (2006) ve chi lieu giao due tai Thd NhT Ky va Andreou (2012) nghien cffu chi lieu cho giao due tai Cdng hda Sip, So 7-Thdng 4/2019 cho thay td'ng chi tidu HGD va trinh dp hpc van ciia cha me cd anh htfdng Idn dd'n chi lidu cho giao due, vi eha me hpe cang cao cang cd y thffc coi trpng viec hpc va d^u ttf viec hoc cho cac nhieu hdn 2.2 PhUdng phdp nghien cdu 2.2.1 PhUdng phdp nghien cdu Nghidn effu chii ye'u phSn tich cac yd'u td' tac ddng dd'n ehi tieu cho giao due eiia cac HGD d tinh An Giang dtfdc Ipc tff bd dff lieu cua Tdng cue Thd'ng ke giai doan 2008 - 2016 Nghidn cffu sff dung md hinh Tobit theo Wooldridge (2012), md hinh kinh te' Itfdng dtfdc md la dffdi dang toan hoc nhtf sau: y:- = P, + Xfi+s, (1) Trong do, EjiX, - Normal (0, a-), y' la bid'n phu ihudc bi gidi han, thoa man cac gia dinh cua mo hinh tuye'n tinh cd did'n dffde Iffdng bang cong thffc: _{y' khiy' > z (2) ^'' ~\Tykhiy'< T Nhffng thtfc te' irong md hinh Tobit thi gia tri i dffde gia dinh bang 0, hay gia tri dff lieu bi gidi han nhd nha't tai Vi vay, md hinh Tobit dffde vid'l lai: _{y'khiy'>0 (3) ^'~\0 khiy' Olx) d>(xp/o), nen tinh anh hffdng rieng phIn nhif sau: d ^ ^ lx§_\ ^4^ Trong phffdng trinh (4) he sd didu chinh ^ l,^ j tie'n dd'n P(y > Olx) tie'n de'n 1, va trtfdng hdp dac biet yj > ihi md hinh Tobit va OLS cho he sd tfdc Itfdng nhff Dffa vao cac nghien cffu trffdc da Itfdc khao, cac bie'n so'dtfdc diin giaicu the qua Bang 2.2.2 Thdng ke mo ta cdc bien mo hinh Kd't qua d Bdng chi "trinh dp hpc va'n c5a chuhd"cdgia tn trung binh la 5,63 va da sd chu ho hoan cac Idp hpc d ca'p hpe tha'p Trong dd, "tudi chu hd " trung binh la 49,47 tudi, vdi mffc chenh lech ra't Idn Bid'n "gidi tinh chu hd " dat binh la 0,82, chffng minh da phan chii hd la nam, dieu phu hdp vdi xu hffdng ehung cac gia dinh d Viet Nam Ke'l qua eung cho thay vai trd cda ngtfdi phu nff cdn rat tha'p, anh htfdng den vide quye't dinh gia dinh ludn thien ve nam gidi Ke'l qua edn cho thay thu nhap trung binh cua HGD d An Giang la 195,3 trieu ddng/nam, dSy QUAN TRI-QUAN LV Bang DiSn giai cac bien so ttong mo hinii nghien cCtu de xudt Matloa bi€n Giai thich bien Dan VI tinh Ngudn b-ich dan Ky vpng dau Bien ptiu ttiuOc Y Chi tieu cho giao due cua HGD Nghin ddng/nam Huy (2012); Khdng Tien Dung va Pham Le Thong (2014); Hashimoto va Heath (1995); Tansel va Birean (2006); Andreou (2012) Bien d$c l$p X, Trinh dd hpc van cua chu hd Sdnam (cac Idp tren 12 nhu 13: giao due nghe nghiep hay bang cap khac, 14' cao dang, 15: dai hoc, 16: sau dai hoc) X2 Tuoi ciJa chu hg nam X,' Tuoi cua chij hp binh phiiong nam X3 Gidi tinh cua chu ho X, So nam di hpc gia dinh Ngirdi X5 Sd nO di hpc gia dinh Ngudi XB Thu nhap cua HGD X7 Hoc them Xa Trd cap X9 Khu vuc X10 Dan tdc (bien gia) El 1: nam, Huy (2012); Khdng Tien Dung va Pham Le Thong (2014); Tansel va Birean (2006), Andreou (2012) * + 0: nO Khdng Tie'n Dung va Pham Le Thong (2014) •f + + Nghin dong/nam Huy (2012), Khdng Tien Dung va Pham Le Thdng (2014); Hashimoto va Heath (1995) cd, 0: khdng 1:cdnhan, 0: khdng nhan * + Khdng Tien Dung va Pham Le Thdng (2014) 1: thi, 0: ndng thdn + 1: Kmh, 0: Hoa, Khmer, Cham, Dang (2007) + Sai sd Ngudn: Nhdm tdc gid tdng hop la mffc gia tri kha tai Viet Nam, nhidn cd stf phan hda gi^u ngheo mffc dp chdnh Idch thu nhSp tha'p nha't va cao nha't lan Itfdt la 1,81 trieu va 4,18 ty ddng Ve bie'n "hpc thdm" cd gia tri trung binh =0,13, cho tha'y cd rat It ngtfdi di hpe them tai linh Gia tri trung binh ciia bie'n "trd ca'p" cdn qua tha'p, chi dat ty le 0,08 Bie'n "khu vtfe" cd gia tri trung binh = 0,29 cho tha'y ngffdi dan sd'ng chu yd'u d ndng thdn, dieu phan anh dung thffc te' cd ca'u dan sd' tai An Giang Theo Tong euc Thd'ng ke, (2017), ndng thdn la dia ban chie'n Itfdc ciia tinh An Giang vdi dan sd' khu vtfe ndng thdn chie'm 69,2% Chdnh Idch giffa sd' ngtfdi la nam va nff di hpc gid'ng nhau, cao nha't la ngffdi va tha'p nhat la ngffdi Tuy nhien, trung binh nff di hpc la 0,74 cao hdn nam gidi di hpc gia dinh la 0,68, cho tha'y quan diem ve vide cho nff gidi di hpe da khac trffdc day, cho rang phu nff khdng nen hoc nhieu, chi nen d nha phu giiip edng vide gia dinh Bid'n "dan So 7-Thdng 4/2019 89 TAP CHi CONG THtrONG Bang Thong ke mo ta cac bien m6 hinh Oon v| tfnh Bien so Trinli dp hoc van cua chu hp nam Tuoi cua chu ho Nam ScTquan sat Tmng binti 5,63 4,07 15 487 49,47 13,78 23 92 0,82 0,39 0,68 0,66 1:Nam, 0.1^0 Gidi tinh cua chu ho Ngudi So nam di hoc ctluan Nhd nhat Ldn nhSt 478 0,74 0,67 195.343,50 522 755,90 1.810 4.18O.O00 Ngudi So nQ dl hoc Nghin ddng/nam Thu nhap ciia HGD 183 I.Cd.O: Khong 0,13 0,60 -4 Tro cap 1' Cd nhan, 0' Khdng nhan 0,08 0,27 Khu VUC I.Thanh thi, Ndng thdn 0.29 0,45 0,96 0,21 Hoc them Dan t6c (biS'n gia) 487 • Kinh, 0' Hoa, Khmer, Cham Nguon- Sdheu tinh todn tU VHLSS (2008 - 2016) tdc" cho thay da phan ngffdi dan d An Giang la ngffdi Kinh, cae dan tdc khac nhff Cham, Hoa, Khmer, chie'm rat it Kd't qua nghien c^u va thao luan Kel quS hdi quy loai bd trtfc tie'p cac bidn md hinh bang phffdng phap Stepwise vdi alpha 10% va tinh gia tri tac ddng bidn tai An Giang dffde trinh bay tai Bang Kd't qua cho ihS'y bid'n "thu nhap" khdng tac ddng den chi tieu cho giao due Bie'n "trinh dp hpc va'n eiia chii hd" cd y nghia thd'ng ke d mffc ^ nghia 1%, tac ddng dffdng ldn ehi tidu cho giao due, vi chu HGD cd trinh hoc vS'n cao hdn thi chi lidu cho giao due tang them, dieu kidn cac ye'u id'khac khdng ddi Hai bie'n "sd nam di hoc" va "sd' nff di hpc" Bang Ket qua phan tich ho! quy adc lUdng mo hinh cac yeu to anh huffing den chi tieu cho gido due cua HGD tinh An Giang Bien so Hang sd HI so Sai 50 chuan Gia trip -15.556,190"* 3.433,246 0,000 Dy/Dx Xi - Hpc van cua chu hd 404,736*" 107.3634 0,000 298,981 X4 - So nam di hoc 3098.590*" 772.0233 0,000 2.288,952 X5 - Sd nO di hpc 1.904,775"* 517.7976 0,000 1.407,072 453,882*** 126.2662 0,000 57,167 -3,803" 204523 0,002 Xg - Khu VUC 1.600,393" 712.6288 0,025 Log pseudoiikeiihpod -4.836,400 Prob > F 0,0000 X2 • Tuci ciJa chu hp Xj^ - Binh phuong cija X2 Ghichij:\ 1.182,222 " ,'" lan luat bieu difn cac mdc y nghJa 10%, 5%va 1% 'guon: Sd lieu duac tinh todn tif Vtl L:' i 2008-2016) 90 So 7-Thdng 4/2019 QUAN TR!-QUAN LY cd tac ddng de'n mffc chi lidu cho giao dtic Gia dinh cd nam di hpc chi nhieu hdn gia dinh ed nff di hpc, dieu kien cac ye'u id' khac khdng doi Dieu eho tha'y, mffe ehi tieu cho nam eao hdn nff, dd eac hd can can bang chi lidu cho ca nam va nff khoan muc ddu tit cho giao due Bien "tudi eua chu HGD" cd tac ddng de'n chi lieu cho giao due, vdi mffc y nghia 1%, vi tudi cua chu HGD lang thi mffc chi cho giao due cung tang them, diiu kien cac yd'u to'khac khdng ddi Tuy nhien, tuoi tac ddng de'n chi lieu cd xu htfdng giam dan, tuoi chu hd cang ldn ed xu htfdng ehi lidu it lai Cud'i cung, bid'n "khu vtfe" cung cd tac ddng de'n chi tidu cho giao due Bdi cac HGD thudc khu vtfe thi se cd mffe chi tieu cho giao due cao hdn khu vtfe ndng thdn Kd't qua cung eho thay HGD cd sd nam di hpc tang thdm mdt, ehi tidu trung binh cho giao due tang khodng 2,3 trieu ddng/nam; dd'i vdi nff, sd tha'p hdn va nam khoang 1,4 tridu ddng/nam Ben canh dd, khu vffc thi cd chi tidu trung binh cho giao due cao hdn khu vffc ndng thdn khoang 1,2 tridu ddng/nam Ngoai ra, trinh dp hoc va'n ciia chii hd tang len thi chi lieu trung binh cho giao due tang gan 300 nghin ddng/nam Va chu hd tang thdm tudi, chi tidu trung binh eho giao due lang hdn 57 nghin ddng/nam, vdi xu hffdng tac ddng bidn giam dan Ke't Iu3n va khuye'n nghi 4.1 Ket lu4n Kd't qua nghien cffu eho thay quyd't dinh chi tidu giao due cho nff cdn tha'p hdn nam gidi gia dinh, chffng td mffc dd binh dang gidi viec cho eon chau la nff di hpe cdn chffa can bang Chi tidu eho giao due tai An Giang cdn ma't can dd'i khu vtfe ihi hay ndng thdn, nhffng gia dinh d thi va chu hp cd trinh dp hpc vS'n cao hdn se cho xu hu'dng chi tidu cho giao due nhiiu hdn Mdt yeu id' dtfdc nhieu nghien cffu tim tha'y cd anh htfdng de'n chi tidu cho giao due, dd la ye'u td tudi cua chu hd, tudi eang eao thi chi lieu giao due se cang nhieu nhffng cd xu htfdng tac ddng bidn giam dan 4.2 Khuyen nghi Dffa tren eac ke't qua nghidn cffu cd the tha'y cd sff phan hda gidi tinh chi tidu cho giao due eua eac HGD Ba't binh ding chi tieu giao due, lam ddng lu'c phat trien ed thd kem hdn tiem nang, vi vay, can phai thay ddi tff vide dao tao eho giao due d ca nam va nff Ke't qua nghidn cffu cdn cung cap bang chffng ve va'n de chi tieu cho giao due khae bidt d thi va ndng thdn, mdt va'n de xay nhieu nam Vide thiic day chi lieu cho gi^o due se gdp phan eiSi thidn trinh dd cho ngffdi dan vilng ndng thdn, cung nhff dapffngqua trinh phat trid'n va loan e3u hda hidn Nghien cffu cho tha'y trinh dp hoc vKn va tudi tac ddng dtfdng ldn chi lidu eho giao due, nhtfng da phan ngffdi dan An Giang hien cd trinh dp chffa cao va tae ddng bidn eua tudi dd'n chi tieu giao due cd hffdng giam dan Do do, can sff can thidp giiip dd tff chinh sach eua Nha nffdc, de thuc day nhan thffc va hieu bie't ve giao due, iff do, chi tidu va dau tff cho giao due d nhffng nhdm nhieu, dung htfdng va hidu qua hdn nffa Bdn canh dd, Nha nffdc can cd nhffng chinh sach thuc day cac hd chi tieu nhieu hdn d bac giao diic cao hdn, de dap ffng dffde nhu cau lao ddng d thdi dai loan cau hda hidn • TAI LBPU THAM KHAO: Andreou, S.N (2012) Analysis of household expenditure on education in Cyprus Cyprus Economic Policy Review, 6,17-38 Dang, H A (2007) The determinants and impact of private tutoring classes in Vietnam Economics of Education Review, 26, 683 - 698 Hashimoto, K, & Heath, J A (1995) Income elasticities of educational expenditure by income class: The ca.^e of Japanese households Economics of Education Review, 63 - 71 So 7-Thdng 4/2019 91 TAP CHi CONG THIfdNfi Huy, V.Q (2012) Determinants of educational expenditure in Vietnam International Journal of Applied Economics, 9, 59 - 72 Khong Tien Dung & Pham Le Thong (2014) Cdc yeu td anh hudng den chi tieu cho gido due c&ci ngudi dan d dong bdng song CUu Long Tgp chi Khoa hgc - Trudng Dai hoc Can Tho, 31,81- 90 Mooch, P.R., Patrinos H.A., & Venkataraman M (2003) Education and eanings in a transition economy The case of Vietnam Economics of Education Review, 22, 503 - 510 Tansel A, & Birean, F (2006) Denmndfor education in Turkey A tobu analysis of private tutoring expenditures Economics of Education Review, 25,303 - 313 DOI- 10.1016/j.econedurev 2005.02 003 Wooldridge, J.M (2012) Inlroductoiy econometrics: A modem approach (5ed) Canada: Cengage Learning Ngay nhan bai: 10/4/2019 Ngay phan bidn danh gia va su'a chfia: 20/4/2019 Ngay chap nh§n dang bai: 2/5/2019 Thong tm tdc gid: ThS LE THI NGOC TIEN ThS CAO TIEN SI Khoa Kinh te - Quan tri Kinh doanh, Trrfc/ng Dai hpc An Giang FACTORS IMPACTING THE EDUCATION EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLS IN AN GIANG PROVINCE • Master LE THI NGOC TIEN • Master CAO TIEN SI Faculty of Economics - Business Manogement, An Giang University ABSTRACT: This study was carried out by using the quantitative research method and data from Vietnam Households Living Standard Survey from 2008 to 2016 in order lo analyze factors impacting the education expenditure of households in An Giang province The results point out that there are five factors impacting the education expenditure of household in An Giang province, namely (1) the number of males at school, (2) the number of females at school, (3) the education level of the householder, (4) hving area and (5) the age of the householder Based on the results, this study provides some suggesuons about the government's policies to increase the education expenditure at rural areas, improve the awareness of households about the importance of education, reduce the gender gap in education and allocate more financial resources for higher education Keywords: Education expenditure, deierminents An Giang province, households 92 So 7-Thdng 4/2019 ... anh dung thffc te' cd ca'u dan sd' tai An Giang Theo Tong euc Thd'ng ke, (2017), ndng thdn la dia ban chie'n Itfdc ciia tinh An Giang vdi dan sd' khu vtfe ndng thdn chie'm 69,2% Chdnh Idch giffa... gidi gia dinh, chffng td mffc dd binh dang gidi viec cho eon chau la nff di hpe cdn chffa can bang Chi tidu eho giao due tai An Giang cdn ma't can dd'i khu vtfe ihi hay ndng thdn, nhffng gia dinh... hpc gia dinh gdp phan lam tang ehi tidu cho giao due Nghien cffu khac ciia Hashimoto va Heath (1995) ve chi tieu giao due cua eac HGD Nhat Ban cung chi rang, thu nhap c6 anh hffdng nhieu dd'n chi