Tổng quan nghiên cứu về bản sắc dân tộc trong hoạt động kinh tế và kinh doanh phát triển bền vững

TONG QUAN NGHIEN CQU VE BAN SAC DAN T O C T R O N G HOAT DONG KINH TE VA KINH NGHIEM PHATTRIEN BEN V O N G Bai Viet la mgt phan ket qua nghien ciru cua Ge tai khoa hoc cap Nha nude: Ban sac ngirai Tay Nam So boi can/i phat trien mdi: Ma sd: KHCN-TNB.QT/1419/X19; Vien Tam ly hoc chu tri; PGS.TS La Thj Thu Thuy lam chO nhiSm, Mai Van Hai Vien Tdm ly hpc Bdi viet ndy nhdm tong quan cdc nghien cuu tren the gidi ve bdn sdc ddn tpc hogi dpng kinh ti vd kinh nghiem phdt Iriin bin virng Kit qud phdn tich 20 cdng trinh nghien cim tim duac cho thdy, cdc nghien ciru ndy da tap trung idm ro nhdm npi dung chinh, gom: 1/ Nhom npi dung de cap den dieu kien, thuan led -khd khan cii qud trinh phdt trien kinh te tit gdc dp bdn sdc ddn tpc; 2/ Nhdm noi dung tap irung nghien ciru bdn sdc ddn toe cdc hoat ddng, cdch thitc phdt trien kinh Ii: 3/ Nhom npi dung Ihe hien kinh nghiem phdt trien, bdi hpc rut nhdm hudng tdi su phdt trien ben vUng Cdc npi dung, ket qud noi tren id ca sd cho cdc nghien ciru tiep theo, ciing nhu chi nhirng npi dung, vdn de cdn chua duac lam ro nghien cim ve bdn sdc ddn tpc hogt dpng kinh te vd kinh nghiem phdt trien ben virng lis khoa: Bdn sdc ddn tpc: Hogt dong kinh te; Kinh nghiem: Phdi trien ben vOng Ngdy nhdn bdi: I'ilAllOW; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/1/2020 Md aiu Trong vai thap nien gin day, qua trinh toan cau hda ciing nhu su tiln bd vugt bac cua khoa hgc cdng nghe da tao nhieu thuan Igi cho cac qudc gia hdi nhap vdi the gidi, tiep thu nhirng tim kinh tl, van hda, cdng nghe ciia nhan loai de phat trien Ben canh dd, song song vdi viec md rdng giao luu, hgp tac la qua trinh tri giac dan tdc, khang dinh ban sac dan tdc mdi quan he vdi cac dan tdc khac; nhin nhan mdi qudc gia dan tdc khdng chi d chieu rdng cua su phat trien ma cdn ca chieu sau van hda ben vinig._ Cd the ndi, hai qua trinh tudng nbu ddi lap dd lai cung tdn tai va tuang hd lin sir phat trien cua mdi qudc gia, dan tdc 70 TAP CHI TAM L f HOC, Sd' (251), - 2020 Ban sic dan tdc, ke ca a gdc dd qudc gia, dan tdc hay tdc ngudi, dIu cd qua trinh hinh thanh, phat trien dua tren nhflng dilu kien tu nhien, ngudi va phuang thirc sinh sdng nhat djnh Chinh ban sic dan tdc lai cd sir tac ddng tuang hd trd lai vdi cac boat ddng, phuang thuc sinh sdng cua tirng dan tdc dl tao nen su gin bd hOu ea gifla ban sac van hda va hoat ddng sdng cua dan tdc dd Tu gdc nhin nhu vay, bai vilt se tap tmng lam rd nhflng nghien cuu hSn thi gidi vl ban sic dan tdc tbI hien boat dgng kinh tl, ciing nhu nhung kinh nghiem rut tir chinh boat ddng Kit qua se lam ca sd cho cac nghien ciru tiep theo tu gdc ban sic dan tdc va boat dgng kinh tl cua cac qudc gia, dan tdc Phvcng phap nghien cuu tai lieu Tieu chi lua chgn ndi dung tai lieu: nghien ciiu su phat triln kinh tl hong mdi quan he vdi ban sac dan tdc; dac diim tam ly, niim tin cua ngudi ban dia the hien cac boat ddng kinh tl; kinh nghiem phat triln bin vflng tfl cac hoat ddng kinh te Ket qua: 59 bai tap cbi, chuang sach, ky ylu hdi thao qudc tl dugc tim thay thi ed 20 bai dap irng cac tieu chi ndi tren Tfl 20 bai tap cbi dugc lira chgn, tac gia tilp tuc dgc ki, thdng ke cac ngi dung, hudng nghien ciiu va nhan thay cac nhdm ndi dung chinh nhu sau: + Cac nghien cilu dl cap din nguon luc, dilu kien cho su phat triln kinh te cua cac dan tdc: van hda, ngudi, tri thiic ban dia san xuit, dac diem mdi trudng sinh thai, bdi canh qudc tl, thdi dai toan cau hda -I- Ban sac dan tdc cac hoat ddng, each thuc phat trien kinh te cu the: du lich (bien, rirng), san phim thu cdng, boat ddng san bin thu rflng + Kinh nghigm phat trien ben vflng: su tham gia ciia ngudi dan, cdng ddng phat trien kinh tl; su dung tri thuc ban dia; sir can thiep cua chinh phu, md hinh phat triln kinh te cua phuang Tay va van hda, kinh te ban dia; kinh nghiem bao ve mdi trudng ben vung Ket qua nghien ciru 3.1 Cdc nghien ciiu de cap den nguon luc, dieu kien cho supltdt trien kinh ti Trong qua trinh nghien ciru cae tai lieu ve ban sac dan tdc boat dgng kinh te, chiing tdi nhan thay nhdm cac ndi dung dl cap den cac ngudn lire, dieu kien eho boat ddng kinh te mang ban sac dan tdc nhu mdt tien de ciia tu va td chuc san xuat, boat dgng kinh te Nhflng tien de dd ed the la tich cue, thilc diy boat ddng kinh tl cua cu dan dja phuang hoac tieu cue, ban chi, kim ham qua trinh phat trien kinh te TAPCHITAM LVHOC, Sd2 (251), - 2020 71 Trong nghien cuu vl tdc ngudi Igbo, Yoruba va Hausa-Fulani d Nigeria, cac tac gia Ramadani V va cdng su (2019) da phan tich va chi boat dgng kinh^ te cM ylu ciia cac tdc ngudi ndi tren la kinh doanh nhd, lam thiic an huyen thdng cua dan tdc hg hoac lam thue Cac tdc ngudi gap nhilu khd khan, thach thuc boat ddng kinh tl cua minh su ban cbi qua trinh tiep can ngudn vdn, thilu ky nang va tri thurc vl cdng nghe, tri thirc quan ly, nhflng djnh kien ve chimg tdc, nhan thirc kem vl cac riii ro cflng nhu su tac ddng ciia bdi canh loan ciu hda Cae tac gia cho thiy, viec ngudi dan tdc thieu sd tham gia vao nin kinh tl - xa bdi thudng gap nhilu khd khan ban ngudi dan tdc da sd Trong hdi thao qudc tl dugc td chuc tai Trudng Dai hgc Thai Nguyen (2014) vdi chil de phat trien ben vung va giam ngheo d cac nhdm dan tdc thieu sd tai mien nui Viet Nam (Sustainable development and ethnic minority poverty reduction in mountainous regions), nhilu nha nghien cuu da phan tich nhflng Igi the va ban che cua cac dan tdc thilu so phat trien kinh te tfl gdc nhin van hda va biin sac dan tde Nha nghien cim Ngd Quang San cho ring, phucmg ke sdng ben vflng la nang luc ddi mat vdi suy thoai kinh te va phuc hdi trd lai sau dd Nd cd the tri va thuc day su tbjnh vugng, cung ciip phuang thuc sdng ben vflng cho cac the he tiep theo, ddng gdp Igi ich lau dai tren binh dien qudc gia ca ngan va dai han Tac gia chi nhung han che cua phuang kl sdng ben vflng cila ngudi dan tde nhu: 1) ngudn luc xii bdi ciia ngudi dan tdc thieu sd d mien ndi the bien d kbit nang hgp tac cdn yeu, ddi cdn djnh kien, vai trd cua cac td chuc truyen thdng nhu le lang (commune rules) dang giam sut va khdng hieu qua 2) ngudn luc ngudi cd nhieu ban che: tri thuc, ky nang, nang luc lam viec va sue khde cdn kem Vi du, cac chi sd nhu ciin nang, chieu cao, tudi tbg kem bon trung binh chung ciia cii nude (Ngo Quang Son, 2014) Ve boat ddng kinh te, Ngd Quang San cho rang, boat ddng kinh tl ciia cac nhdm dan tdc nhu san xuat ndng nghiep, budn ban truyin thdng, san bin va hai lugm la chu yeu Trong sd nay, san xuat ndng nghiep va khai thac qua mire thien nhien (natural exploitation) la phuong kl sdng chu ylu Phuang kl sdng chii yeu cua cac nhdm dan tdc thieu sd d mien Bac va Tay Nguyen van nang vl san xuat dan gian va trdng trgt kilu truyin thong, dua vao khai thac tu nhien va kinh nghiem ciia ngudi ban dja chu khdng ap dung khoa hoc ky thuat (Ngo Quang Son, 2014, trang 57), Tiep can d gdc gidi va binh dang gidi phat trien kinh te xa hgi, Ta Thi Thao cho rang, so vdi cac dan tdc khac nbu ngudi Kinh, phu nQ San Chi chju nhilu bit binh ding phan cdng lao ddng tai gia dinh, tilp 72 TAP CHI TAM Vf HOC, Sd (251), - 2020 can cac ngudn lire xa hdi cung nhu viec dua cac quyet dinh gia dinh (Ta Thi Thao, 2019) Nghien cflu vl ban sac dan tdc boat ddng kinh tl, nhilu tac gia cung da de cap va nhan manh den yeu td tri thiic ban dja va vai trd cua nd qua trinh sdng va boat ddng kinh te cila cac dan toe ban xir Ngd Dire Thinb cho ring: Tri thuc ban dja la tdng the tit ca cac tri thuc cua ngudi vl tu nhien, xa hgi va ngudi, dugc hinh qua trinh Ijcb sfl lau dai thdng qua san xuat, quan he xa hgi va thich nghi vdi moi trudng (din theo Duong Thuy Linh, 2019) Tri thuc ban dja ludn cd su linh boat va gin vdi mdi trudng van hda, xa hgi va tu nhien dugc hinh tu sir trai nghiem thuc te cua cdng ddng thdng qua qua trinh thir va sai Tri thuc ban dja cd tinh tdng the va toan dien (Barua va Wilson, 2005; Dei, Hall va Rosenberg, 2000 - dan theo Bijoy P Barua, 2010) Ngudi dan ban dja ludn cd tri thitc sau sac ve mdi trudng tu nhien noi minh sinh sdng va bg ludn cd su tdn trgng mdi trudng tu nhien noi hg sinh sdng He thdng tri thirc ban dja thudng dua tren mdi quan be than thiet vdi mdi trudng tu nhien va tiep tuc bao ve mdi trudng cung nbu su da dang sinh hgc Mac du tri thuc ban dja thudng dugc nhin nhan la dn djnh va khdng thay ddi, thuc te, nd lai linh ddng va thay ddi (Barua va Wilson, 2005; Ellen va cdng su, 2000 - dan theo Plaque, 2010) Duong Thuy Linh cung da tap trung vao tri thirc, kinh nghiem cua ngudi dan tdc bao ve rung cua cac diin tdc thieu sd phia Bac Viet Nam Theo tac giii, neu nbu hau bet cac dan tdc cua Viet Nam danh gia cao vai trd cua ngudn nude san xuat ndng nghiep (water is the first) thi kinh nghiem ban dja ciia ngudi dan tdc thieu sd lai nhan manh vao yeu td rung, rflng cdn quan trgng ban diit va nude Hg cd nhieu tri thirc va kinh nghiem bao ve rirng Rung binh va bao ve cudc sdng cua hg Hg ciing da binh nen cudc sdng cd sir thich nghi vdi sinh thai va dieu kien tu nhien xa bdi cua rirng He thdng tri thuc bao ve rung dugc tbI bien van hgc dan gian eiia hg va duge truyen tu the be sang thi he khac (Duong Thuy Linh, 2019) Ndi tdm lai, mdt vai kit qua nghien cuu kl tren da cho ta thay ban sac van hda dan tdc dat mdi quan he vdi phat trien kinh te cd ca nhiing uu diim va nhugc diim, ca thuan Igi va khd khan qua trinh phat trien ben virng ciia cac dan tdc it ngudi, dd, nhugc diem va khd khan ndi trdi han Tri thflc ban dja, kinh nghiem bao ve mdi trudng tai nai hg sinh sdng la diim manh cua dan tdc ban dja, nhung tri thiic va kha nang ap dung khoa hgc cdng nghe qua trinh san xuit, boat dgng kinh te cua hg kha ban che Cac nghien cuu dIu it nhilu chi boat dgng kinh tl bay kinh nghiem phat trien bin vflng (se dl cap d phin dudi) dIu xuit phat tfl nhung dieu kien cu the cila tirng tdc ngudi, vung dat nhit djnh TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd (251), - 2020 73 3.2 Ban sdc dan tpc cdc hogt dpng, cdch thurc phdt Iriin kinh te Md hinh phat triln kinh tl bin vung dua tren ban sic dan tgc la ndi dung dugc nhieu tac gia quan tam, nghien cuu Diosey Ramon Lugo-Morin va cong sir (2018) bang phuang phap phdng vin va quan sat tham du da cbi nhung dac diem vl niim tin cua tdc ngudi Htiahflu d Mexico Tlieo dd, tgc ngudi ban dja Hiiiihflu cd niim tin vao Dit Me va tinh thin cua Dit Me dugc the hien d cay cdi, ddng vat Hg cd mdi quan he bai hda vdi tu nhien thi hien he thdng cac gia hi, niim tin truyin thdng, tri thiic vl thi gidi; ngudi va xa hdi phu thugc vao sinh quyln Su tdn kinh vdi tu nhien, nghi ll thd cung, he thdng niim tin vl thi gidi cua ngudi Hfiiibiiu dugc thi hien d san pham thu cdng cd ten "amate paper" Hien nay, san phim thu cdng tilp tuc dugc tdc ngudi Hiiahflu lam va ban cho du khach nhu mdt san phim du Ijch Cd the ndi, day la mdt md hinh diln hinh vl su hai hda mdi quan he gifla ngudi va thien nhien, boat ddng kinh tl gin vdi bao ve mdi trudng, van hda va phat trien bin vflng Cung nghien cuu ve ban sac van hda boat dgng du Ijch va cac san pham thu cong, Chifos C va Looye J.W (2002) da tap trung vao nghi thu cdng d Chiang Mai (Thai Lan) va vai trd ciia nd phat trien ben vung Tu nhieu the ky nay, Chiang Mai gan lien vdi cac san pham thii cdng truyen thdng nhu lua, cottoti, bac, gd, son mai Vdi muc tieu phuc vu du Ijch, nhung vat lieu da bien cac san phim thu cdng va khdng chi phuc vu cho dja phuang ma cdn ca du khach qudc te Hudng di da ddng gdp vai trd quan trgng sir phat trien ben vflng cua phd Chiang Mai Ben canh viec de cao vai trd cua san pham thu cdng truyin thdng phat trieri kinh te b^n vung, nghien ciru cung chi nhflng vin dl cin giai quyet iiham dap ling tdt hon nhu ciu sil dung cung nhu dap img nhu ciu phat ttienben vQng nhu: 1/ Cac san pham thii cdng tu van hda truyin thdng cin cd su ddi mdi, sang tao; 2/ Dam bao ngudi tbg thu cdng cd thi linh boat thdi gian lam viec, thu nhap va mdi trudng lam viec dam bao sire khde; 3/ Viec san xuat va tieu thu cac sail phim thil cdng cd thi tiln hanh ca d vung dd thj va vung ndng thdn, tao dilu kien cho du khach cd thi tham quan qua trinh san xuat va mua sim cac san phim lam ra; 4/ Sir tham gia cua may mdc qua trinh san xuat cac san pham thu cdng lam gia tang tinh trang d nhiem mdi trudng Vi vay, nhflng thay doi lua chgn nguyen vSt lieu cung nhu san xuat se cd tac ddng tdt cho mdi trucmg; 5/ Cac san phim thfl cdng phu thudc vao cac nguySn vat lieu tu thien nhien nhu gd, cotton Vi vay, san xuit phai gan lien vdi qua trinh bao ve rung, canh tac ndng nghiep; 6/ Cac san phim thu cdng cua Chiang Mai se tham gia vao su thj trudng toan cau nhu mdt qua trinh tat yeu, de tranh eho cac siin pham thu cdng bj "hda tan" qua trinh 74 TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd' (251), - 2020 hdi nhap cin phai cd su nd luc de dam bao nhflng dac diem, ban sic dugc tri va phat triln Cd the ndi, nhitng bai hgc ndi tren la ca sd quan trgng dl chung ta cd thi riit kinh nghiem qua trinh phat triln bin vflng tu ban sic van hda cua dan tdc minh Cung nghien ciiu ve ban sac van hda phat triln du lich Palmer N (2007) da nhan manh vao khia canh su tham gia va binh dang chung tdc Nghien cflu khang djnh du Ijch nhu la cdng cu dl phat trien ban sic quoc gia va du Ijch cung la CO sd de phat trien bin virng d Kyrgyzstan So vdi cac qudc gia lang gieng nhu Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan va Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan cd Igi the ve dieu kien tu nhien nhu han 90% lanh thd cd cao han 1.000m, it cac khu cdng nghiep Dieu tao dieu kien thuan Igi dl Kyrgyzstan tap trung phat trien du lich sinh thai, leo nui, tha be Ben canh dd, sir tham gia cua cac gia trj ban sac van hda eua ngudi Kyrgyzstan nhu trang phuc truyen thdng, san dai bang, lam tham, ky thuat cudi ngua, leu du muc d6u thuc day su tham gia cua ngudi dia phuong noi day Vdi muc tieu hd trg ngudi thieu sd Ca Tu tai Ba Nlng phat triln va bao tdn da dang sinh hgc, chuang trinh Global Environment Facility Small Grants Programme in Vietnam (GEF - SGP) tu nam 2016 da tien hanh du an bao tdn van hda cua ngudi Ca Tu gin vdi phat triln du Ijch sinh thai cdng ddng (Vian Industry News, 2018) Du an da hudng tdi nang cao nhan thflc va nang lire cua ngudi Co Tu tai Da NSng bao tdn, da dang sinh hgc, bao ve rflng, bao tdn van hda va phat trien du Ijch sinh thai, cai thien sinh ke cua ngudi dan ban dia Danh gia ve du an nay, dng Dinh Van Nhu, lanh dao tai lang Gian Bi, Hda Bie, Hda Vang, Da Nang cho rang: "Du an cua GEF - SGP da giup ngudi Ca Tu bao ve rflng tdt ban va each lam du lich sinh thai cdng ddng Ngudi Co Tu da biet phat trien du lich mdi lien ket vdi rung va van hda im thuc tfl rflng" (Vian Industry News, 2018) Nhu vay, ket qua nghien cuu mdt lan nfla chi su tham gia eua van hda ban dja, ban sac tdc ngudi phat trien du Ijch sinh thai Ben canh viec sii dung tri thuc, van hda dac trung cua dan tdc, cdng ddng phat triln du lich, san xuit thu cdng nhu da ndi d tren, mgt so nghien cira cung da chi boat ddng sdng, sinh ke cua ngudi ban dia la yeu td hinh nen ban sic van hda cua tdc ngudi, vflng dit Trong chuang sach ve boat ddng san bin va van hda cua ngudi Truku d vung Formosa, tac gia Simon S (2010) da md ta nhung net dac trung van hda ciia tgc ngudi Truku gin vdi boat ddng san bin va cac loai ddng vat mang lai ngudn thuc an cho hg Hg lay ten ciia cae loai dgng vat rirng dl lam ten ggi hang cho vien gia dinh minh TAP CHI TAM Vf HOC, Sd (251), - 2020 75 Ben canh nhirng tap tuc, ngudi Truku cung cd nhflng kieng ki gan vai hoat ddng san ban thu rung Phu nu bi cim dung vao cac dung cu di san hoac dao dung de cit thjt thii rung Trudc di san, ngudi tbg san kieng khdng quan hg tinh due Khi ngudi phu nu gia dinh dang mang thai, vien gia dinh hg khdng di san Khi vao rflng, ngudi tbg san thi hien long kinh trgng, tdn nghiem, tranh khdng cudi hay hat Khi vao rimg, ngudi tho san se quan sat chim Sisil, nlu chim xuit hien d phia ben phai va keu thi dd la diem may man, nlu xuit bien ben trai va keu len teong bay trudc mat ngudi thg san thi dd la diim khdng may va hg cd thi quay vl nha Nhu vay, nhflng phong tuc, ngdn ngu, kieng ki cua tdc ngudi Truku dIu mang dam ban sic van hda va gin liin, dugc binh tu phuang thuc sdng (di san) ciia hg (Simon S., 2010) Tiep Ijic hudng nghien cuu ndi tren, Haque E (2010) da lam rd ve phuang ke song va van hda ngudi Dayak (Indonesia) Theo tac gia, ngudi dan ban dja ludn cd su tdn trgng ciing nhu tri thuc sau sac ve mdi trudng tu nhien nai minh sinh sdng He thdng tri thue ban dja thudng dua tren mdi quan he than thiet vdi mdi trudng tu nhien va tilp tuc bao ve mdi trudng ciing nhu sir da dang sinh hgc Ngudi Dayak xem bg nhu mdt phan eua thi gidi tu nhien, tdn trgng va bao ve mdi trudng, nai hg tien hanh cac boat ddiig sdng Hg thich nghi vdi dac diem rflng mua nhiet ddi va phat trien mdt he thdng van hda canh tac rung Ben canh dd, bg ciing cd cac ky nang san ban, lay mat va sap ong, gd tham, hat va td chim Ddi vdi ngudi Dayak, dit dai la ca the, sdng la mau va rung la hai thd ciia hg Ba yeu td tao nen ban sac ngudi Dayak, hinh tbiinh nen van hda, niem tin cua hg, cung cap cho hg phuang ke sdng; diit dai cua td tien, lanh thd va dieu kien tu nhien la thieng lieng va bat kha xam pham vdi hg (Haque E., 2010) IMhu vay, mgt vai nghien cuu ndi tren da cho thay, mdi quan he hiru co, khdng the tach rdi cua boat dgng kinh te va ban siic van hda ngudi nhung vung dit, dia danh cu the Chinh nhirng dac diem ve tu nhien, dat dai, hau, ngudn nude, rflng cay da tao nen cac boat dgng sdng dac thii cua cae dan tdc Den lugt minh, boat ddng sdng tao nen van hda, tao nen ban sic ngudi va chinh ban sac van hda, dugc chat Igc qua nhieu ddi, lai la ngudn di san quy gia de cac dan tgc, tdc ngudi cd thi tiep tuc phat huy (bien phuang thuc sdng) va tiep tuc giii gin ban sac van hda tdt dep cua hg (bieu hien ro nhat d boat ddng kinh doanh du Ijch) Cd the ndi, nghien cflu ve ban sac dSn tgc boat ddng kinh te va su phat triln ben vflng la tam nhin mang tinh tdng the, dat ngudi va van hda biin dja khdng chi chieu canh hien tai vdi hoat ddng kinh tl la phuong thuc sdng ma cdn chieu canh lich sir va tuang lai bin vflng Con ngudi va mdi trudng tu nhien cung nhu boat dgng 76 TAP CHI TAM Vf HOC, So'2 (251), - 2020 sdng va van hda ciia hg nhu mdt "sinh quyln" "cd mdt khong hai" qua trinh tdn tai va phat trien cila minh 3.3 Kinh nghiem phdt triin bin vUng nhin lit goc dp ban sdc dan tpc va hoat ddng kinh te Trong qua trinh tiln hanh tdng quan cac tai lieu nghien cuu, chiing tdi nhan thiy, cac dl tai nghien cuu vl ban sic dan tdc va boat ddng kinh tl hiu nhu khdng true tilp nit cac bai hgc cho sir phat triln Tuy nhien, tfl su cdng cila cac md hinh kinh tl nay, cd thi nit mdt s6 bai hgc kinh nghiem nham hudng tdi su phat trien ben vung nhu sau: Mgt la, cin tdn trgng va su dung, phat buy tri thitc ban dja qua frinb phat triln kinh tl dia phuang Tri thuc ban dia, kinh nghiem phat ttiln eua ngudi ban dia qua nhilu thi he (Barua, 2010) da cd su chit Igc, thich nghi dl phu hgp vdi mdi trudng tu nhien, dit dai, hau, eon ngudi d tung vung miln, quoc gia nhit dinh Tri thuc ban dja, tu than nd da bao ham mdi quan be bin vflng va bao ve mdi trudng tu nhien, da dang sinh hgc (Haqua, 2010) Vi vay, de hudng tdi nin kinh tl phat triln bin virng cin phai tdn trgng va su dung tri thflc ban dia nhu mgt ngudn luc quan trgng Hai la, sir tham gia cua chinh phu, cac td chflc phi chinh phu, cdng ddng, ngudi dan va cac dan tdc qua trinh phat triln chung la mgt ylu to quan trgng tao nen su cdng phat triln kinh tl bin vung Kit qua cac nghien cuu da chi su khac biet phat ttiln ciia cac nhdm dan tgc, qudc gia cd the la yeu td trd ngai qua trinh phat triln, bao ve ngudn luc tu nhien (Eder, 2005) Su khac biet va ban cbi tri thirc phat ttiln bin vflng cd the dugc khac phuc neu cd sir tham gia cua cac td chiirc phi chinh phu, sir phdi ket hgp lin giira cac qudc gia vflng va lien viing d cap chau luc de ciing giai quyit cac bit dong, xung dot va phat huy tilm nang ve tu nhien va ngudi la rit cin thilt (Mengesteab Tesfayohanness va Hany Besada, 2009) Mat khac, sir tham gia vao cae chuang trinh muc tieu chung giua cac nhdm, cdng ddng, dan tdc khiln su khac biet chiing tgc dugc giai quyet (Barton va Leonard, 2010), lam tang them cam giac hg la mdt cdng ddng (Timothy Baumann Andrew Hurley Lori Allen, 2008) Tfl thuc te sir ap dung mgt sd md hinh phat trien khdng chu y tdi tri thue ban dja, cac chuong trinh giao due ehinh thflc va phi chinh thirc deu budng tdi viec thay the nhflng tri thflc van hda ban dja bing tri thflc khoa hoc ky thuat, dd thj hda, kinh te thi trudng theo md hinh phuang Tay va khdng cd su chu y tdi van hda, xa hgi, tam ly cila cdng ddng ban dja deu da that bai (Barua, 2010) Viec xay dung cac md binh khai thac md va gd tai Indonesia nhung nam 60 - 70 cua the ky trudc da dan den tan pha su ciin bang sinh thai, lam mat TAP CHi TAM Lf HOC, Sd (251), - 2020 77 ngudn sinh ke cua cu dan ban dja, din din nhflng xung ddt viec su dung dat dai (Joshi, 2004 - din theo Haque, 2010) la nhflng vi du diln hinh cho su that b?i cila cac md hinh kinh tl ap dat cua chinh phu tdi ddi sdng va boat ddng kinh te cua cu dan ban dja Ba la, cac ndi dung ndi tren tir sir phat triln du Ijch mang dam ban sac van hda, tri thuc ban dja bao ve rimg, dit dai, nguon nude Han cbi cua ngudi dan tgc thieu sd tilp can cae ngudn luc tu nhien, xa hdi va ngudi, ap dung khoa hgc ky thuat dIu chi tim quan trgng cua viec phat ttien kinh te Ban sac dan tdc mdt mat phai dat hong mdi quan he ndi tai ciia ngudi - tgnhien va sinh quyln (Diosey Ramon Lugo-Morin va cdng sir, 2018); thdng so mdi ttirdng va thay ddi hau (Dien, 2010) tac dgng tdi hoat ddng kinh te va chinh boat dgng dd lai quyit djnh su bin vflng cua mdi trudng (Ganguly, 2007) Mat khac, phai dat sir phat triln kinh tl cua ngudi ban dja mdi lien he vdi cac vung mien, qudc gia va ca tren binh dien nhan loai Ket luan Cd the ndi, nghien cflu ve ban sac van hda cua eon ngudi boat ddng kinh te va phat triln bin vung ddi hdi nha nghien cflu khdng chi phat hien nhung bieu hien hien tai ma cdn phai cd cai nhin nhieu chieu, dao sau nen tang van hda mdi quan he vdi tu nhien, lich su hinh va phat trien de du bao, rut nhung bai hgc cho sir dn djnh, ben vflng tuong lai Qua ttinh tdng quan cac tai lieu nghien cuu ndi tren da cbi vdi tu each nhu nhflng nhdm diin tdc thieu sd, ban sac van hda cua cac tdc ngudi the hien tri thuc ban dja, cac phong tuc tap quan, niem tin tin ngudng, tri thuc bao ve rung, dat dai, tdn trgng tu nhien se phat huy manh me xu hudng tdn trgng su da dang van hda, budng boat ddng kinh te cua ngudi den sir ben vung, dam bao su phat trien cho cac the he tilp theo Mat khac, nhflng tap tuc lac hau, su ban che tiep can khoa hgc ky thuat ttong san xuijt, ban che phat triln kinh te gan vdi cac vung mien cung nhu bdi canh toan cau la nhflng can trd can phai khac phuc Hoat ddng kinh te cua cac tdc ngudi ban dja mdt mat xuit phat tu dac thil dieu kien cua viing diit dd Va mat khac chinh nhung boat ddng sdng da tao nen dac trung van hda, phong tuc, kieng kj, tin ngudng, tri thuc, kinh nghiem sdng va tiep tuc bdi dap, phat trien, gifl gin sinh kl, mdi trudng sinh thai cua tgc ngudi Nhung boat dgng kinh te, san pham kinh te va nin van hda dd tao nen net dac trung, mang dam ban sac cua tflng tdc ngudi Chinh sach phat trien, su can thiep cua chinh phu, cac td chflc phi chinh phii dIu phiii tdn trgng va su dung tri thuc ban dja nhu nin tang vung chac cua su phat triln cho ngudi ban dia Phan tich nhu vay se ddng thdi chi tam quan trgng 78 TAP CHI TAM L t HOC, Sd' (251), - 2020 ctia str tham gia cua ngucri dan, viec hieu sau nen tang, ngudn gdc van hoa, sinh kd cua ngucri ban dia da phat huy nhiing diem manh, khic phuc nhGng han che qua trinh phat trien Tir goc dp phucmg phap luan, tong quan cac ve nghien cuu ban sic van hoa nguai boat dpng kinh tl va phat triln ben vGng da chi dl co thi hilu dung din, day du ve ban sac van hoa nguai va hoat dpng kinh tl ciia ho doi hoi phai co each tiep can lien nganh nhu lich su, khao c6 hpc, dan tgc hoc, kinh tl hpc, van hoa hpc, chinh tri hpc, tam ly hpc Chi co each tilp can lien nganh, da nganh nhu vay mai giup nha nghien cuu co eai nhin day du, toan dien, eo ehieu sau ve ban sac van hoa, phuang thuc song, lich sii phat trien va riit kinh nghiem phat trien ben vung ciia tpc nguai Tai lieu tham khao Barua B.P (2010) Chapter Ethnic Minorities, Indigenous Knowledge, and Livelihood Struggle for Survival in Southeastern Bangladesh In: Kapoor D and Shizha E (2010) Indigenous knowledge and leaming in Asia/Pacific and Africa Perspectives on development, education, and culture Macmillan Publishers Barton A.W & Leonard S.J (2010) Incorporating social justice in tourism planning: racial reconciliation and sustainable community development in the Deep South Community Development Vol 41 No P 298 - 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Managing Intermediate Size Cides Kluwer Academic Publishers Duong Thuy L (2014) Indigenous knowledge in forest preservation of northern mountainous ethnic minorities In: International conference "Sustainable development and ethnic minority poverty reducation in mountainous regions" Thai Nguyen University publishing house P 80 - 88 Eder J.F (2005) Coastal resource management and social differences in Philippine fishing communities Joumal of Human Ecology Vol 33 No DOI: 10.1007/ sl0745~005-2430-Z Ganguly J.B (2007) Environmental concerns for sustainable economic development ofNER and the Draft new environment policy of the government of India Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society Vol 42 Iss P 141 -145 Haque E (2010) Chapter Development enterprise and encounters with the Dayak and Moi communities in Indonesia In: Kapoor D and Shizha E (2010) Indigenous knowledge and leaming in Asia/Pacific and Africa Perspectives on development, education, and culture Macmillan Publishers P 97 - 112 TAPCHITAM LtHOC, So (251), - 2020 79 Horn P (2018) Indigenous peoples, the city and inclusive urban development policies in Latin America: Lessons from Bolivia and Ecuador Development Policy Review Vol 36 P 483 - 501 DOI: 10.111 l/dpr.l2234 10 Kapoor D and Shizha E (2010) Indigenous knowledge and learning in Asia/ Pacific and Africa Perspectives on development, education, and culture Macmillan Publishers 11 Lugo-Morin D.R., Garcia-Sanchez E., and Cmz-Vazquez R.I (2018) Beliefs, values, and traditions: re-thinking sustainable development using the Hhdhhu example Joum of Development in Practice DOI: 10.1080/09614524.2018.1516197 Vol 29 Iss 1P 92-102 12 Ngo Quang S (2014) Developing the model ofpermanent for communities basing on potential indigenous knowledge of ethnic minorities.livelihood improvement In: International conference "Sustainable development and ethnic minority poverty reducation in mountainous regions" Thai Nguyen University publishing house P 56 - 62 13 Palmer N (2009) Ethnic equality, national identity and selective cultural representation in tourism promotion: Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia Joumal of Sustainable Tourism DOI: 10.2167/jost826.0 Vol P 645 - 662 14 Ramadani V., Dana L.P., Ratten V., Bexheti A (2019) South East European University Faculty of Business & Economics, Tetovo, Macedonia Future Research Paradigms for Creating Innovative Business Activity Springer 15 Simpson F (2000) Developing support structures for ethnic minorities in Slovakia Geo Joumal Vol 50 P 127- 131 16 Simon S (2010) Chapter Animals, ghosts, and ancestors: Traditional knowledge of truku hunters onformosa scotl simon In: Kapoor D and Shizha E (2010) Indigenous knowledge and leaming in Asia/Pacific and A&ica Perspectives on development, education, and culture Macmillan Publishers P 81 - 96 17 Ta Thi Th (2010) Gender equality in San Chi family: Survey in Bac Bo village, Pac Nam district, Bac Kan province In: International conference "Sustainable development and ethnic minority poverty reducation in mountainous regions" Thai Nguyen University publishing house P 121 - 128 18 Tran Van D., Ho Ngoc S., and Luu Thi Thu G (2010) Indigenous knowledge and climate change adaptation among ethnic minority groups in northen mountainous region of Vietnam In: International conference "Sustainable development and ethnic minority poverty reducation in mountainous regions" Thai Nguyen University publishing house P 209 - 214 19 Tesfayohanness M., and Besada H (2009) Economic Integration as a Contribution to Sustainable Development in the Horn of Africa The Joumal of African Policy Studies Vol 15 No l.P 31 -56 20 Vian Industry News (2018) GEF - SGP supports Co Tu ethnic minority in Vietnam's central city to conserve biodiversity 80 TAP CHI TAM Lf HOC, Sd' (251), - 2020 ... phat triln kinh tl hong mdi quan he vdi ban sac dan tdc; dac diim tam ly, niim tin cua ngudi ban dia the hien cac boat ddng kinh tl; kinh nghiem phat triln bin vflng tfl cac hoat ddng kinh te Ket... kinh te cua phuang Tay va van hda, kinh te ban dia; kinh nghiem bao ve mdi trudng ben vung Ket qua nghien ciru 3.1 Cdc nghien ciiu de cap den nguon luc, dieu kien cho supltdt trien kinh ti Trong. .. (Ngo Quang Son, 2014) Ve boat ddng kinh te, Ngd Quang San cho rang, boat ddng kinh tl ciia cac nhdm dan tdc nhu san xuat ndng nghiep, budn ban truyin thdng, san bin va hai lugm la chu yeu Trong