GIA TRI CUA DONG HO NGl/dl HMONG TRONG BAO TON VA PHAT TRIEN VAN HOA TOC NGU^dl SAM THI DUONG" Tom tdu Dong hg Id thie't che cdn bdn cua ngUdi Hmong, ditdc hinh thdnh, tri, vun ddp suoi qud trinh lich sii Ciing vdi cdc gid tri ve co'ke't cong ddng, thie't che dong hg ngUdi Hmdng Id cong cu deqidnlyxd hgi, noi bat len Id he thong quy Udc/lugt tuc; Ben canh dong ho toe ngUdi ndy hdm chUa cdc gid tri vi van hoa, lich sii, tin ngUdng, ton gido, bdo ve moi trUdng cdc gid tri ndy cdn duac nghien cOu mot cdch he thong de van dung cdng tdc qudn ly vd bdo ton phdt trien vdn hoa toe ngUdi Hmdng Tit gop phdn xdy ditng nen vdn hoa cdc ddn tgc Viet Nam theo hUdng phdt trien bin viing Tit khoa: Dbng hg; ddn tgc Hmdng; dong ho tgc ngUdi Hmdng; gid tri dong hg Abstract: Family is the core element of Hmong culture, its position is developed throughout history Family plays an important role m community bonding and social m-anagement: family rules align with community regulation Hmong families are also safeguards of cultural, historical, religious and environmental protection values, all of which need careful consideration in management and preservation of Hmong culture towards sustainability Keywords: Family; Hmong ethnic minority; Hmong family; family value Ngdy nhan bdi: 12/12/2018;Ngdy sud bdi: 08/01/2019;Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 27/02/2019 Khi nghien cQu ve v a n h d a ngUdi Hmdng, thi ddng hp la mdt t r o n g nhQng va'n de cd't ldi Mdi ddng hp ngQdi H m d n g la mpt cdng ddng v a n hda vdi sae t h a i rieng, nhUng v l n m a n g t r o n g m i n h nhQng ye'u to' v a n hda dac trUng ciia tdc ngUPi Ngay nay, k h i xem xet cae ngudn liic phat trien xa hdi, t h i v a n h d a dUdc coi la ngudn lUc "mem" TQ q u a n d i e m nay, thi ddng hp chinh la mpt n g u d n vd'n xa hpi Ban t h a n ddng hp cac toe ngUdi ndi chung, cd tpc ngUdi H m d n g ludn ham chQa nhQng gia tri k i n h te, v a n hda, xa hpi nha't dinh Do vay, can ed nhQng nghien cQu ve ddng hp, i a m rd n g u d n vd'n xa hpi va gia tri ngudn iQe n a y Ke't q u a nghien cQu la m i n h chQng v a ed sd k h o a hoc, thuc d l y cac ea'p q u a n ly doi mdi tQ viee h u y ddng va xa hpi h d a cac Sfi3-2D19 ngudn ndi luc, de p h a t t r i e n KT-XH cua dia phUdng v u n g ddng bao Hmdng eang hieu qua Nghien cQu ve ddng hp ciia ngudi Hmdng, tac gia t a p t r u n g l a m rd cac m a t gia tri ed b a n sau: Gid tri cdket cong ddng Trong ddi sd'ng sinh hoat, ddng hp ngUdi Hmdng ludn n e u cao t i n h t h a n tUdng trd giup dd l l n n h a u , k h i gia dinh ed cdng viec ldn nhU: eUdi xin, t a n g ma, n g h i l l t i n ngUdng, l a m nha thi ngUdi eQng ddng hp, du d xa cQng cd' g I n g de'n ehia se budn/vui, giup dd v a t eha't, t i n h t h a n Trong thdn ngUdi H m d n g cd quy udc '*' NCS Khoa Dan toe hoc va Nhan hoc, Hoc ' Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ban Dan tgc tinh Ha Giang; Email: duongdthg@gmail.com NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI [^ GIA TRI CUA DONG HO N G U O I H M N G chung, mpi ngUdi deu tdn trpng va t u a n q u y e n m a quyen k h a c h ; ba cd; dng cau, dd t h u thuc hien, tren tinh t h i n doan ke't, cd' la nhQng ngUdi theo ddi, de xua't, giai ke't kha b i n chat Ngoai quy udc thdn, cdng quye't nhQng va'n d l h e n q u a n de'n ddi ddng cac ddng ngUdi Hmdng cdn cd quy udc sd'ng vat chat, t i n h t h i n v a t a m l i n h cua rieng dUdc thdng qua, to chQc thQc hien va ddng hp cung n h u cae cdng viee cd lien d a n h gia tdng ke't h a n g n a m tai le a n Hpi q u a n tdi cpng ddng xa hdi c h u n g Cu t h e : (ndo phui) Tam ly cd' ke't cdn la cha't keo Trudng hg (ud thOUx): thUdng ngudi m a n h bet, giup edng ddng ngUdi Hmdng dan dng nhieu tuoi (trung nien hoac ngUdi sinh tdn va p h a t trien Trong lieh sii, mac gia) dam nhiem Day la ngQdi cd p h a m cha't du trai qua bao t h a n g t r i m , n h a t la cupc dao dQe td't, gia dinh m l u mQc, k i n h te k h a truy sat keo dai ciia ngUdi Han nhieu gia ed the giup dUPc a n h em; a m hieu the ky trQdc kia, sU p h a n Iy tdc ngUdi de'n phong tuc t a p quan, hieu ly le, giai quye't mpi mien t r e n the gidi, nhUng nho cd chat mpi edng viec cdng b l n g , vi quyen Idi chung keo cd' ket m a ngudi Hmdng vQdt qua mpi ndi mpi ngUdi deu k i n h n e v a n g h e theo khd k h a n gian khd cudc da'u t r a n h Trudng hp cd t r a c h nhiem lo toan nhQng sinh tdn NgQdi Hmdng quan niem, da la vide chung cua ddng hp va dai dien a n h em ddng hp, da la ddng tpc, thi di bat dd'i npi, dd'i ngoai Khi t r o n g ddng hp ed cac ky dau cQng deu n h a n dUdc sQ tUdng trd, viec ldn nhQ m a ehay, cQdi xin, l a m nha, giup dd Ne'u la cung dng td, du chUa mdt cac le cung, m a u t h u a n giQa eac t h a n h vien lan gap mat, quen biet, nhUng k h i xac ddng hp hoac m a u t h u a n vdi ddng hp dinh dUdc cd q u a n h e ciing hg, cung ma thi khac, trudng hp p h a i chii dpng b a n bac ngudi Hmdng cd the chet n h a n h a u vdi nhQng ngQdi cao tuoi t r o n g hp de thd'ng va sdng phdi bdo ve nhau, chit phdi chdn nha't each giai quyet cdi cho nhau, day la nhQng gia tri dang Ngudi "cdm quyen ma, quyin khdch" t r a n trpng va c I n dUdc bao tdn va p h a t h u y (cho dar khud), la ngUdi a m h i e u tudng ddi sd'ng t a n n g h i l l , each thUc l a m m a c u a ddng Ben eanh do, dd'i vdi nghi l l t i n n g u d n g hp va t r u e tie'p p h u t r a c h nhQng p h i n ciia ngudi Hmdng, ddng hp cd tdi s a u l l viec lien q u a n de'n tin ngUdng eua ddng thQc chung gom: m a td tien, m a budng, hp m i n h Cho dar khud edn dUpc coi nhQ m a ciia, cac nghi le t a n g ma, thi su (gidi mdt "cd' va'n" c u a trUdng hp t r o n g viec hgn), le dat ten gia (le t h a n h dinh d n a m quyet d i n h nhQng h a n h ddng lien q u a n gidi) Cdn ddi vdi cdng ddng t h i ehi cd rapt de'n dd'i ngoai Cho dar khud k h d n g l l thQc dd la l l cung t h i n rQng/thd t h a n b a u ban, c u n g k h d n g bi p h e bd v a cd t h e va an hdi (an udc), dieu cho tha'y su cha t r u y e n nd'i Cd t h e ndi, ne'u coi cd' ke't ddng hp ciia tpc ngudi Hmdng ludn t r u d n g hp la ngQdi d a m n h a n chQc n a n g " h a n h chinh" t h i cho dar khud chinh la dupe de cao ngUdi d a m n h a n chQc n a n g t i n ngUdng Gid tri qudn ly xa hgi Td chQc ddng hp cua ngUdi Hmdng ciia ddng hp''' dupe q u a n ly b l n g l u a t tuc tpc hp va dUdc dieu h a n h bdi nhQng ngudi dQng d a u ddng hp, bao gdm trudng ho; ngUdi e l m Q] "^ Viiong ftiy Quang (2005), Vdn h^ tam linh cua ngUdi Hmong a Vwt Nam- truyen th^ng va hien dai Nxb Van hoa - Thong tin & Vien Van hoa, Ha Noi, tr.77 78 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI sd 3-2019 SAM THI DUONG Bd CO (FduxIPiL nhdng), la chi hoac e m gai cua t h e h$ c h a c h u t r o n g hp (thupc canh tren), t h a o v a t , gidi giao t i e p , cd ddi sdng gia dinh h a n h phiic, k h a gia Ba cd cung khdng b l u chpn, dUa v a o to' cha't ndi troi hdn eiia cac chi em b e n bd' m a hpi ddng ngQdi gia t r o n g dong hp suy tdn Ba CO ed trach n h i e m giam s a t mpi t h a n h vien viec thQc h i e n cac quy d i n h lien quan de'n l u a t tuc cua ddng hp Ddng thdi, ba cd q u y l n quyet d i n h ta't ca cac va'n de lien q u a n de'n p h o n g tuc t a p q u a n cua ddng hp, mpi t a p tuc mud'n "eai" (vdi nghia la bd t a p tue cQ) hoae "md" (vdi nghia la thiet lap hoac hpc theo t a p tuc mdi) deu phai radi b a cd ve "cbQi q u a " (tsOUv dud) (ki§u ndi to nhU ehtti), ngUdi ddng hp vi p h a m , l a m sai p h o n g tue mud'n sc(a lai deu p h a i nhd de'n b a cd Ngoai ba t h a n h vidn c h i n h cua ddng ho, edn phai kd den vai trd eua mdt sd' p h i n q u a n t r p n g s a u day: Bgc cha chd (tri Id tri zd), la hpi ddng nhQng ngUdi cad tudi t r o n g ddng hp, thQdng la nhQng ngQdi cd dp tudi n g o a i 50 trd di (phai la nhQng ngUdi d a dupc dat ten gia - cdn dUdc h i e u la da t r a i q u a nghi le t h a n h d i n h - trUdng t h a n h ) , a m hieu phong tuc t a p q u a n H i u h e t cae cong viee ldn t r o n g d d n g hp trUdc k h i trudng hp dUa r a q u y e t d i n h deu p h a i thdng qua y kie'n cua hpi ddng ngUdi cao tuoi, d i l u n a y t h e h i e n t i n h cpng ddng r§^t ben c h a t cua ddng hp ngUdi Y k i e n cua hpi ddng ngUdi cad tuoi la y chi c u a ca hp, trudng hp p h a i n g h e t h e o va d a i di§n thQc hien Ong cdu (dd Idu/Tsd tldng), la a n h hoac em t r a i eua me, ong cau c u n g dUdc chpn tren cd sd nhQ b a cd, dd p h a i la ngudi cd p h a m cha't dao dQc td't, biet giao sd 3-2019 tiep, a m h i e u p h o n g tuc t a p q u a n v a dupc hdi ddng n g u d i gia t r o n g ddng hp nha't t r i chpn lUa Ong cau chu yeu ed vai trd t r o n g d a m cUdi c h a u gai, tQ k h i c h a u gai dQpc ngudi t a hdi rdi cudi, dng cau d e u dupc mdi t h a r a gia t r o n g t h a n h p h i n c h i n h ciia n h a gai de b a n ve s i n h l l t h a c h cUdi, thdi gian cudi, td chQc cQdi n h u t h e nao deu p h a i cd y kien t h a r a gia cua dng cau Ong eau cung la ngudi t h a m gia t r o n g viec day bao cac c h a u t r a i trd t h a n h ngUdi cd n h a n each theo phong tuc de chau trd t h a n h e h a n g r e td't Ong la ngudi d a n dd c h a u gai mpi d i l u trUde k h i ve n h a chdng T r o n g d a m cudi cau ludn ed qua t a n g c h a u gai, lara c h u tri dam cUdi va t h a y m a t n h a gai d u a c h a u ve n h a chdng Vi cd t r a c h n h i e m nhU vay, n e n cQdi chau gai dng cau se dQpc n h a n mdt p h a n q u a cua n h a t r a i bieu t a n g TQ vai trd t r e n m a ngUdi Hradng ed can ndi: Bdn hd sa dng cdu, ddn dng sa bd cd (tri ninh say phdu, pb liia say dd Idu) Thdy cung, bao gdm: t h a y cung bdi va trQ m a td, chQa b e n h (txir nenhz) va t h l y cung n g h i le t a n g m a (txir dangz, ehinh la eho daz khud) Txir nenhz la ngUdi h a n h nghe h o a t ddng tin ngUdng, tdn giao, ddi k h i l a m ea t h l y thudc, cung ehQa b e n h NgQdi l a m Txir nenhz p h a i cd b a n thd ma Txir nenhz rieng, trQdc k h i di l a m l l cung d ba't cQ dau, Txir nenhz p h a i t h I p hUdng xin p h e p Dd n g h e ciia Txir nenhz gdm mot vdng trdn s i t (de l a m phep), c l y va mdt quay tdu hoac chiec tiii vai dai dQng dd cung, q u a n h n h a Txir nenhz t r d n g n h i e u eay m a n (tsir khai), cay dao (tsir duox) de x u a dudi m a t a v a l a m t a n g t h e m quyen p h e p Dd'i vdi t h l y cung NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdl Q] GIA TRI CUA DONG HO N G U C J I HMONG ngUdi Hradng, hp khdng ddi hdi tien edng, giup chQa b e n h thi ngUdi b e n h s a u k h i dupc chUa den dip t e t m a n g mpt ga trd'ng de'n ta le Trong bd may td ehQc ddng hp ngQdi Hradng, mdi ngudi deu cd mdt vi tri, vai trd khde n h a u , cac ca'p q u a n ly can t r a n h t h u p h a t h u y tieng ndi eua hp de q u a n ly cdng ddng ngUdi Hmdng Vdi mdi ngudi cd uy tin t r o n g ddng hp ngUdi Hmdng, c h u n g t a cd t h e t r a n h t h u theo mdi linh vUc nha't dinh Ve quy Udc/lugt tuc: Trong t r u y e n thd'ng va hien tai, quy udc/luat tuc ddng hp ngUdi H m d n g ludn h a m chQa gia tri q u a n ly xa hdi ra't hieu qua Quy ude mdi thdn ngudi Hmdng dUdc dai dien eac hd gia dinh b a n bac va thdng nha't t a i le cung rQng va a n hpi/ a n t h e {naox phuev / ndo song) H i n h thQc sinh b o a t cdng ddng phd bien d nhieu v u n g ngUdi H m d n g nUdc ta NgUdi ta t h u d n g b a n bac bd'n npi dung sau: (1) Bao ve tri an, phdng va ehd'ng trdm eUdp; (2) C h a n dat gia sue bao ve mQa mang; (3) Bao ve rUng va t r d n g rQng; (4) Giup dd n h a u t r o n g ddi sd'ng'^' Khi nghien cQu ve nhQng quy Udc cua ngUdi Hmdng, Nguyen Ngpe T h a n h da n h a n dinh: "Xa hdi ngUdi Hmdng tQ bao ddi da tdn t a i quy Udc lien q u a n den ddi sd'ng cdng ddng, raac dQ chi t h d n g q u a t r u y e n raieng nhUng quy Ude a'y da dUpc radi t h a n h vien t r o n g lang t u a n t h u va tri de'n hien nay"*^' Hien quy udc t h d n dUdc xay d u n g diia t r e n cd sd h u d n g d i n cua ed q u a n q u a n ly n h a nUdc (Thdng tU sd' 04/2011/TT-BVHTTDL 21/01/2011 cua Bp Van hda The thao va Du lich quy dinh v l viec thUe hien n e p sd'ng v a n m i n h t r o n g viec cudi, viec t a n g va le hpi) Ndi Q] NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI d u n g quy Ude bao t r u m d l y d u cae l i n h vUc ddi sd'ng gdm: p h a t t r i e n k i n h te - x a hpi, ve n e p sd'ng v a n hda, quy d i n h v§ viec eUdi, viee t a n g , viec l l , hdi; v e a n n i n h , t r a t tU; ve bao ve eac cdng t r i n h cdng cdng, ve sinh mdi t r u d n g v a b a o ve p h a t t r i e n rQng Tuy eac h n h viic t r o n g quy udc cua eac t h d n deu gid'ng n h a u , nhUng chi tiet quy d i n h lai cd sU k h a c n h a u Trong cdng ddng ngUdi H m d n g , viec xt( ly cac vi p h a m dQde xQ ly theo q u y dinh cua quy Udc v a nhQng ngUdi cd u y t i n t r o n g ddng hp d a m n h i e m Cd t h e ndi dpi ngu nhUng ngudi g i a m s a t , thQc t h i quy Qdc ddng hp cQng cd vai trd g i n gid'ng nhQ To hda giai cd sd b i e n n a y NhQ vdy, dd'i vdi t h d n ngQdi Hradng dpi n g u q u a n ly l u a t tuc ddng hp va To h d a giai ed sd eung tdn t a i song song, ddi k h i mpt ngQdi H m d n g vQa Id t h a n h vien c u a dpi ngu q u a n ly l u a t tuc ddng hp vQa la t h a n h vien ciia To h d a giai cd sd Gid tri tin ngUdng truyen thdng cda dbng hg Tpc ngQdi H m d n g t h e o t i n ngUdng thd cung td t i e n Mdi ddng hp deu cd t r u y e n t h u y e t , cau t r u y e n ve td t i e n m i n h Du k h d n g lap gia p h a nhU eae d a n tpc khae, nhUng hp ludn y thQc n h l c nhd cho c h a u nhd ve cac t h e h e td t i e n , h i u h e t cac t h a n h vien n a r a t r o n g ddng hp deu nhd t e n eae bac t i e n bd'i tQ den ddi Trong ngdi n h a eua ngudi H m d n g p h a i cd ndi thd cung td t i e n {Xii Ca), radi ddng hp cd each bai t r i k h a c n h a u va n h i n vao Xit •" Pham Quang Hoan (1994), 'Vai tro cua cac thiet chi xa hoi truyen thong viec quan ly nguon tai nguyen cong d6ng cila ngUdi Hmong", Tap chi Bdn toe hgc, so 2, Ha Npi, tr.45- 46 f^' Nguyin Ngoc Thanh (2002), "NhQng quy udc cua nguoi Hmong", Tap chiDdn tpc hpc, so 6, Ha Noi so 3-2019 SAM THI DUONG Ca cung n h a n r a dUdc a n h e m cung hg, ciing ma H a n g n a m , n g u d i H m d n g td chQc cung td tien vao cac dip n h u : t e t a m lich, tQng ddng hp n g h i l l e u n g td t i e n dUdc t i l n h a n h vao n g a y 30 t e t hoac eac tQ mQng de'n m u n g t e t a m lich; Ram t h a n g rieng; T h a n h m i n h ; R i m thang bay Khi gia d i n h td chQc eac n g h i ll tin nguong, trUde t i e n p h a i c u n g hao cao ma to tien Dieu n a y cho tha'y, ddng bao rat t r a n trpng v a t i n vao sU linh thidng cua viec thd c u n g to tien Trong ddi sd'ng ngUdi H m d n g ed ra't n h i e u k i e n g ky, lien q u a n den thd c u n g to tien P h u nQ khdng bao gid dUdc dpng de'n XU Ca v a lam cac cdng viec cung te Cung vdi thd cung td t i e n mdi gia d i n h ngudi Hmdng cdn lap ma cda, ma buong ngdi n h a eua m i n h , n g h i l l e u n g cac ma cua mdi ddng hp cQng k h a c n h a u vl nghi thQc va thdi gian Ma ciia dUde lap thd l a m xong n h a mdi va dUdc Cling vao dip t e t a m lieh, vdi y n g h i a de canh giQ, bao ve ngdi n h a Ma budng dUdc lap vd chdng e h u n h a s i n h eon d a u long vdi y n g h i a cau m o n g sU s i n h sdi, phat tridn s a n xua't Tin ngUdng thd eung td t i e n ndi e h u n g va cac sinh hoat t i n ngUdng t r u y i n thd'ng, khdng chi la n e t dep v a n hda m a cdn t a o nen bQe tQdng t h a n h vQng c h i c , n g a n sQ xam nhap ciia nhQng ye'u to' t i n ngUdng, t6n giao ngoai sinh, k h d n g phQ hdp, giup toe ngQdi giQ gin, p h a t h u y gia tri v a n hoa truyen thd'ng Ddng thdi d a p Qng n h u cau sinh boat t a m l i n h ciia dai bp p h a n ngUdi Hmdng, tao eho dQa, n i e m t i n tdn giao eho moi ca n h a n T r o n g cac loai m a ma ngQdi H m d n g thd cung, t h i m a td tien la quan trpng n h a t , c h a u p h a i sd'ng cd "Jao dQc, eham sdc t h d e u n g td t i e n c h u Sif 3-2919 dao, can t h a n t h e hien long biet dn, se dupc phQ hd, ngUdc lai n e u sd'ng khdng td't, k h d n g q u a n t a m de'n viec thd cung thi se hi qud trach, gay d'm dau, cude sd'ng gap n h i e u khd k h a n , t r i e trd Do vay, tin ngudng thd cung td tien cdn cd gia tri giao due n h a n each, dao dQe, dieu chinh h a n h vi cua ngudi, k h i lam nhQng dieu sai trai, t h a t dQc, ba't hie'u, ngQdi Hmdng t i n r i n g se hi raa td tien trQng phat Vdi ma huong, ma ciia la sinh boat tin nguSng cd tQ lau ddi, ma cda la da'u bieu de n h a n biet ngdi n h a cua ngudi Hmdng (ta'm vai dd g i n t r e n dd cita chinh) Vi vay, t i n ngQdng truyen thd'ng h a m chQa gia tri v a n hda t a m linh sau s i c dd'i vdi ngudi Hradng Gid tri lich sd Mdi ddng hp ngUdi Hradng deu cd q u a t r i n h h i n b t h a n h va p h a t trien, g i n lien vdi dia d a n h va cac bie'n cd xa hdi ndi ngUdi ddng hp da tQng sinh sd'ng Cd ra't n h i e u eau ehuyen lich sQ lien q u a n den ddng hp tQ ehuyen di cQ, eho den t h a m gia l a m each raang g i n vdi cac sU kien lich sQ Viet N a m va eac quo'c gia l a n g gieng Dien h i n h nhU ddng hp VUdng P h u y e n Ddng Van, t i n h Ha Giang Theo gia p h a , t i n h de'n ddng ho Vudng da dupc 10 ddi Ve m a t lich sii, vao thdi ky trUdc each m a n g T h a n g 8/1945 Vudng C h i n h DQc (VQdng Dung LQng, ddi thQ 4) da lap mpt t r a t tQ xa hdi ma d a n gian t h u d n g gpi la "Vua Meo" Khi thUc d a n P h a p da phong quyen eho VQdng C h i n h DQc lam B a n g Ta va lap bp m a y thoiig t r i thUe d a n m i a phong kie'n d v u n g ddng bao H m d n g ndi day Den n a m 1937, VUdng C b i n h DQc q u a ddi, eon t r a i dng la VUdng Chi Sinh t h a y cha cam quyen T h e che N h a VUdng keo dai dupc h a i ddi, k h i each m a n g t h a n g T a m n a m 1945 t h a n h NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdl Q] GIA TRI CUA DONG HO NGUOl HMONG edng, Vudng Chi Sinh dupc giac ngd cdch m a n g , k e t nghia vdi Bae Hd lara a n h em Ngay nay, k h i len Ddng Van, chiing t a ed t h e t h a m q u a n k h u D i n h t h u n h a VuPng, d t r u n g tara xa Sa Pbin, dd la mdt di tich m a n g gia t r i lich sii dien b i n h ve mdt ddng ho ngUdi Hmdng Cd mdt diem c h u n g ve m a t lich sQ cua ddng hp cae n h d m H m d n g la hdi co, cQng nhd mpt thdi lich sii bi t r a n g xa xQa d T r u n g Qud'e va cupc da'u t r a n h ehd'ng sQ t r u y sat cua ngUdi H a n Cae n g h i le t r o n g t a n g m a ngUdi H m d n g c h i n b la sU p h a n a n h chan t h a t nha't lich sQ ddng hp, tdc ngudi Cac n g h i thQc nhU: mac ao dai h i n h yem cho ngUdi chet la d a n dng de gia lam p h u nQ, t r a n h sQ t i e u diet gid'ng ndi eua giac H a n ; n g h i Ie duoi m a giac H a n (mdi ddng hp cd sd' l l n duoi v a sd' ngudi t h a m gia k h a c n h a u ) ; t h u tuc e l t q u a n ao ngudi chet trudc k h i chdn cat; cac bai k h e n d a n dd ngQdi chet each ddi phd vdi m a giac H a n , ndi d u n g bai k h e n T h u Q u a n cd n h a c de'n dia d a n h cd d T r u n g Qud'e dd la Long Chau: Ong gido sU (Bax khud) nhd ngUai/ Ben trdi che Bd len trdng/ Ben phdi dap len mdu/ Cling khdch dinh khdch ddm/Bd ciing nguai di giao qudn tan ddt Long Chdu)^^\ Ta't ca da p h a n a n h thdi ky lieh sii, su g i n ke't b i n chat t r o n g da'u t r a n h chd'ng giac ngoai xam dieu dd da tao n e n nhQng gia tri lich sQ ldn lao t r o n g ddng hp ngQdi Hmdng Gid tri vdn hda, vdn nghe Ddng hp eac n h d m Hmdng cd ddi sd'ng s i n b boat van, van n g h e m a n g d a m b a n s i c v a n hda tdc ngUdi, dd ndi len la h a t q u a n lang t r o n g dam eUdi va cac bai k h d n nghi l l t a n g ma Trong d a m cUdi cua ngUdi Hmdng, mpt 01 so' ddng hp edn t n tin ngQdng t r u y e n thd'ng, t h u d n g h a t q u a n lang, gdm cac bai nhQ: Bai Xin md ciia (khi doan n h a t r a i de'n n h a gai t h u d n g ddng ciia, luc n a y q u a n lang n h a t r a i p h a i trd tai h a t t h a t hay, thi n h a gai mdi md ct(a cho vao); Bai Xin bdy cdi bdn (khi n h a gai da md ec£a eho doan n h a trai vao, thi q u a n lang n h a t r a i tiep tue h a t bai nay); Bai Mdi ma td tien (mdi a n edm, ud'ng rUdu de bao eao ve d a m cQdi); Bai Xin ddn ddu vi; Bai Chia Tay v a bai Ran do, chuc phdc cho gdi H a t quan lang d a m cQdi la sinh boat v a n hda, v a n nghe phd bie'n tpc ngUdi Hmdng Tuy nhien, hien n a y d mpt so' dia phQdng hinh thQc sinh b o a t v a n hda, v a n n g h e dang d i n bi mai mdt, t h a y vao dd la am n h a c hien dai Ddi vdi edng ddng ddng hp ngQdi H m d n g d mot sd' dia phUdng, h a t quan lang v l n dUdc dUdc tri t r o n g cac d a m cudi, dd la net dep t r o n g v a n hda, c I n k h u y e n kbieh p h a t huy Gia t r i v a n hda, n g h e t h u a t ciia ddng hp ngudi H m o n g edn dUdc t h e h i e n h cac bai k h e n va cac dieu m u a k h e n t r e n g t a n g m a T r d n g cac n g h i l l t a n g m a ciia ddng hp ngudi H m d n g tQ ma tUOi, ma kho, d e n ma trau deu p h a i ed n h a c eu k h e n va mdi n g h i thQc lai cd mpt b a i thdi k h e n r i e n g va k e m t h e o la dieu n h a y m u a Khi k h a m Iiem la bai Khen Len NgUa, k h i giao Ipn/trau cho ngQdi chet la bai Khen giao vdt; K h i dudi m a giac H a n la bai Khen dudi cUdp va Khen thu qudn; Khen ngUdi den phdng vieng, Khen cam sdng, Khen cam trUa, Khen hda vdng; Va cdn ed b a i k h e n gianh r i e n g eho tQng dd'i tUdng ngUdi c h e t n h u : Khen trai tre, "^ Hung Dinh Quy (2005) NhOng bdi khen cua nmtdi Mnns dHd Giang, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi, Ha Noi, t r j ^ ^ NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI S6 3-2019 SAM THI DUONG Khen gdi son, Khen ngUbi gid, Khen dn Id ngdn, Trong nghi l l tang ma cd tdi 36 bai khen, vdi npi dung mang triet ly, quan niem ve vu tru, nhan sinh eua tpc ngQdi Hmong Chinh vi vay, cung vdi nhac cu khen, thi npi dung cac bai khen thdi va cac diSu miia khen cac nghi ll tang ma cua ngUdi Hmdng ham chQa cac gia tri nhan van sau sic, cIn dudc bao tdn va phat huy Cd thd ndi, gia tri cua ddng hp ngudi Hmong mang dac thu rieng ma hiem cd tpc ngUdi nao cd dUdc, dac biet la tinh cd' ket ddng hp/ tpc ngudi Do la Uu diem ndi bat de xay dQng tinh t h i n doan ke't dan tpc, dieu ma ba't cQ ndi dau, dan tdc nao, thdi diem nao cung ludn can giQ gin, cung cdva phat huy Dae biet la sii cdket ddng hp ngQdi Hmdng khdng cd ba't ky mot gidi han nao, ngUdi ddng hp di den dau, d dd cd luat tuc ddng hp Ngay nay, luat tue ddng hp cua ngUdi Hmong da va dang dQde ca'p uy, chinh quyen cae ea'p van dung quan ly xa hpi Dieu dd cang cho thay gia tri ben vQng cua luat tuc ddng hp cua tpc ngUdi Ben canh cac gia tri tich cQc, ddng ho ngUdi Hmdng cung cd nhQng han che nha't dinh nhQ: mot sd nghi ll khdng cdn phu hpp tang ma, hdn nhan va mat trai cua tam ly cd' ket tdc ngQdi; do, ra't can danh gia dung din ve vi tri, vai trd eua dong hp de van dung quan ly vQng dong bao dan toe Hmdng Cin xem xet nhQng ye'u to' nao nen phat huy, nhQng ylu to" nao phai cai bie'n, nham dinh hudng dung din viec xay diing thil^t che dong hp tpc ngudi mpt each phQ hdp, tren cd sd quan diem cua Dang va Nha nUdc ve phat trien van hda, bao tdn va phat huy ban sic tdc ngUdi sfi 3-2919 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Sam Tbi Dudng (2016), 'Vai trd cua ngudi ed uy tin ddng hp Mdng Trlng", Tgp chi Vdn hda nghe thuat, so'390, Ha Npi Sam Thi DUdng (2014), Dbng hg cua ngudi Hmdng Trdng d xd Sd Phin, huyen Bong Vdn, tinh Hd Giang, luan van td^ nghiep cao hpc, Hpc vien Khoa hpc xa hdi Ha Ndi Nguyin Thi Song Ha (2015), "Tac dpng cua luat tuc ddi vdi quan ly xa hdi ngudi Hmdng d vung Tay Bic Viet Nam", Tgp chi Khoa hoc xd hgi Mien Trung, nam 2015 Pham Quang Hoan (1994), "Vai trd cua cae thiet che xa hdi truyen thd'ng viee quan ly ngudn tai nguyen cpng ddng cua ngUdi Hmdng", Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc, sd' 2, Ha Ndi Pham Quang Hoan (1995), "Mpt so' nghi le phan anh ban sic vl tinh cd' ket ddng hp cua ngudi Hmdng", Tgp chi Nghien citu Ddng Nam d, so' 6, Ha Ndi Hoang Xuan Ludng (2004), Ludt tuc vdi viec bdo tdn vd phdt huy di sdn vdn hda truyen thdng mgt so'ddn tgc Tdy Bdc Viet Nam, Nxb Van hda dan toe Ha Ndi VUdng Duy Quang (2005), Vdn hda tdm linh cua ngUdi Hmdng d Viet Nam: truyen thong vd hien dai, Nxb Van hda Thdng tin & Vien van hda Ha Ndi Hiing Dmh Quy (2005), Nhiing bdi khen ciia ngUdi Mdng d Hd Giang, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi Ha Ndi Nguyin Ngpe Thanh (2002), "NhQng quy Qdc cua ngQdi Hmong", Tgp chi Bdn tdc hgc, sd'6, HaNdi 10 Thao Xuan Sung (ehu bien) va tap the tae gia, (2009), Ddn tgc Mdng San La vdi viec gidi quyet vd'n de tin ngUOng ton gido hien nay, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Ndi NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdl Q ... giup edng ddng ngUdi Hmdng dan dng nhieu tuoi (trung nien hoac ngUdi sinh tdn va p h a t trien Trong lieh sii, mac gia) dam nhiem Day la ngQdi cd p h a m cha't du trai qua bao t h a n g t r i... b e n h thi ngUdi b e n h s a u k h i dupc chUa den dip t e t m a n g mpt ga trd'ng de'n ta le Trong bd may td ehQc ddng hp ngQdi Hradng, mdi ngudi deu cd mdt vi tri, vai trd khde n h a u , cac... Hmdng, c h u n g t a cd t h e t r a n h t h u theo mdi linh vUc nha't dinh Ve quy Udc/lugt tuc: Trong t r u y e n thd'ng va hien tai, quy udc/luat tuc ddng hp ngUdi H m d n g ludn h a m chQa gia