Một số công cụ đảm bảo thực thi quyền tiếp cận nước sạch ở nông thôn vùng đồng bằng sông hồng

MOT SO CONG CU BAO DAM THtfC THI QUYEN TIEP CAN NU^ClC SACH NONG THON VUNG DONG BANG SONG HONG TRAN THI XUAN" NGUYEN THI LOAN **'' Tom tit: Tiep c$ji nudc sach da duac cong dong qud'c te'cong nh$n, trd mpt nhdng Uu tiin vi muc tieu phat trien ben v^g dat niidc De dat dUOc dieu do, Viet Nam da xay dUng chien lUOc mang tinh tong thi vdi cac cong cu phu hdp hitdng tdi muc tieu dap Ung day du cac tieu chuan guy pham vS quyin tiep c$n nitdc; la cd sd de cac dia phitdng ap dung, cu thi hoa pha bdp vdi bdi canh, dieu kiin lanh tho Bai viet nghien ciiu, phan tich mpt so'cong cu cd ban nhim bao dam thUc thi quyen tiepc$n nUdc sach d nong thon vUng Dong bang song Hong Tdkhoa: Quyin tiip c$n nguon niidc sach; Dong bang sdng Hing; cdng cu bao dam thiic thi Abstract: Right to water is an universally recognized human right and a priority in sustainable development Vietnam has developed a general strategy with suitable tools to ensure tbe right to water It provides a strong foundation based on which local communities could develop their own tools to meet local requirements and conditions This article analyzed basic tools to ensure the right to water in rural areas of the Red River Delta Keywords: Right to water; Red River Delta; tool Ngay nh$n bai: 26/7/2019; Ngay s^a bai: 22/8/2019; Ngay duySt dang bai: 27/9/2019 1, Md d a u Nude la dieu kien thi§'t ye'u cho sU tdn t a i va p h a t trien cua eae h e thd'ng t u n h i e n va kinh te xa hdi Ngudn nUdc sach giup tri sii sd'ng cho cd t h e ngUdi va can thie't cho hoat ddng s a n xua't, nha't la bao d a m can bang cac ehu t r i n h vat cha't va n a n g lUdng t u nhien va kinh te xa hpi Bao d a m tiep can ngudn nUdc sach la nen t a n g cho ta't ca cac hoat ddng, dem lai cac dieu kien can thiet giup ngudi t h u hudng cac lpi ich tfl mdi trUdng l a n h va cd cd hpi tiep can binh dang tdi cac nguon t a i nguyen ndi chung va tai nguyen nude ndi rieng; dUpc edng dong qud'c te cdng n h a n va Hien p h a p Viet Nam ghi n h a n , trd t h a n h mpt nhiing Uu tien Q h a n g d a u vi m u c t i e u p h a t t r i e n b e n viing cua mpi qud'c gia, nd k h d n g chi cd y nghia d hien t a i m a cdn cd gia tri Idn t r o n g tUdng lai, tao n e n sfl p h a t t r i e n b e n vflng cho ta't ca cac t h e he De thflc thi bao d a m quyen, cac quoc gia, viing, lanh tho da hoaeh dinh cac giai p h a p mang tinh tong the p h u hdp vdi tflng giai doan p h a t trien va nguon luc eu t h e n h a m bao d a m dap flng n h u cau nfldc day du ca v^ sd Ifldng va cha't lUdng cho t a t ca cac ddi tupng,^ Uu tien ca'p nude cho cac nhu cau ca n h a n va sinh hoat gia ^ n h ' ThS Hoc vien Khoa hoc xa hoi '••' ThS Vien Dia ly - Vien Han lam Khoa hoc va Cone nghe Viet Nam NHAN LOC KHOA HOC XA HOI SO 10-2019 TRAN THI XUAN, NGUYEN THI LOAN Vui^ Dong bang soi^ Hoi^ la trung tam kinh t6', cbinh tri xa hpi vk khoa hoc cdng ngh§ cua Bac Bp va ca nUdc, ciia ngo cua vinh Bac Bp nen cd dieu kien phat trien mot nen kinh te t^ng hdp; la vung cd lich s^ hinh sdm, mdt nhflng cai noi cua n^n van minh lua nUdc, dan cfl dong diic vdi mat dp dan so' trung binh 1.014 ngudi/km^, cao hdn mat trung binh cua ca nfldc tren 3,5 lin, dan cfl ndng thdn 12.846 nghin ngfldi, chie'm gan 60% tong dan so toan vung; ty le ngfldi dan ndng thdn dfldc ti§p can vdi ngudn nfldc hdp ve sinh dat 90,8% nam 2018*" Cung nhU cac vung kinh te khac, cac dia phfldng vung Dong bang song Hong dang trien khai nhieu bi$n phap, cdng cu de thflc thi hi§u qua cac chinh sach hen quan den quyen tiep can nfldc sach thdng qua cac chudng trinh, ke hoaeh phfl hdp vdi tiing giai doan, dieu kien lanh tho cu the Mot so cong cu bao dam thiic thi quyen tiep can niidfc sach d nong thon vung Dong b^ng song Hong Cdng cu bao dam thflc thi quyen tie'p can nfldc sach la cac bien phap hanh ddng cua nha nfldc nham thflc hien cdng tac bao dam quyen tiep can nUdc sach Cac cdng cu bao dam rSt da dang, phong phu; mdi cdng cu cd chflc nang, pham vi tae ddng nha't dinh nhflng ludn bo trd lan Theo ban cha't, cd the phan loai eac cdng cu bao dam thflc thi quyen tiep can nfldc sach cac loai cd ban sau: 2.1 Cdng cu phap ly Quyen tie'p can nudc sach dfldc hieu nhu la mpt phan cua quyen dUdc sd'ng mdi trUdng lanh, dUde phap luat bao hp ve sflc khoe, danh dfl, nhan pham (Dieu 20, Hie'n phap nam 2013) va cu thg hda cac chinh sach ciia nganh sfi 10-2019 nfldc, "Tat ca dan cfl ndng thdn sd dung nfldc sach dat tieu chuan cha't Ifldng qud'c gia vdi so' lUdng td'i thieu 60 Kt/ngUdingay"'^* Cac npi dung chien lUdc lien quan de'n bao dam quyen tiep can nUdc da dUdc the hien cac nghi quyg't eua Dang, cac quyet dinh cua Chinh phu va cac luat bao ve tai nguyen Doi vdi dan cu ndng thdn, Nha nude da va dang cd nhiing chien lupc, chinh sach phat trien nham cai thi§n cha't lUdng cupc song hudng tdi dat dupc cac muc tieu thien nien ky va phat trien ben vflng Trong dd, phai ke den "Dinh hudng chien lUdc PTBV eua Viet Nam" ban hanh nam 2004, cap nhat nam 2010 va "Chie'n lUdc Qudc gia cap nude sach va ve sinh ndng thdn den nam 2020"; gan day nha't la Quy§'t dinh sd' 622/QD-TTg, 10/5/2017 ve viee ban hanh Ke hoaeh hanh ddng qud'c gia thiic hien ChUdng trinh nghi sU 2030 vi sii phat trien ben vflng Cflng vdi tie'n trinh ban hanh cdc chinh sach dd la cac ehi tieu, chi so' de ludng va giam sat cung dUdc xac dinh, dac biet la cac quy chuan qud'c gia ve eha't lUdng nUdc saeh - bp tieu chuan can thie't de cd the danh gia dupc muc tieu cua chien lUde Dong thdi, chid'n lUdc Qud'c gia cap nUdc sach va vd sinh ndng thdn den nam 2020 nha'n manh phUdng cham: Phat huy ndi liie cua dan eU ndng thdn, diia vao nhu cau, tren cd sd d^y manh xa hdi hoa dau tU, xay dung va quan ly, dong thdi tang cUdng hieu qua quan ly nha nUdc cac dich vu eung ca'p nfldc sach va ve sinh ndng thdn NgUdi sd dung gdp '" Tong cue Tho'ng Ke (2019), M e n giam thong ke 2018 Nxb Tho'ng ke 30m' (ho/thang): 15.929 Quye't dinh so 38/2013/QDUBND, 19/9/2013 (chua bao gom thue gia tri gia tang, phi va thue tai nguyen) Nguon: To'ng hap cua tac gia Nhu vay, thuoc vao tiing dia phiidng se co miic gia quy dinh khac phu hop vdi dieu kien, kha nang chi tra cila ngiiS dan va phai dat quy chufa ky thuat quoc gia vl chat lUdng nUdc sinh hoat theo tieu chuan ciia Bo Y te Cu thi: (i) Mot so dia phiidng tinh gia tieu thu nUdc theo liiy ke, nhu: Hai DUdng va Ha Ngi; dac bigt, neu sii dung tren 30m''/hg/thang se tinh gia cao hdn miic trSn quy dinh ciia Bg Tai chinh (Hai Duong cao hdn 1.500d/m', Ha Noi cao hon gan 4.000d/m'); (ii) 01 dia phuong (Hai Phong) tinh gia nUdc dila vao nguon nUdc khai thac, theo nguon nUdc tho til hg th6'ng cong trinh thuy ldi cao hdn cac nguon khac 900d/m'; (iii) Cac dia phuong khac quy dinh cu the 01 miic gia dudi miic trfa toi da theo quy dinh ciia Bg Tai chinh sach duoc ho trd bii gia toi da khong qua 4m'/ngUdi/thang™ - Tra cA'p dau ta ca sd ting cap nadc: Tren cd sd, cac chie'n lUdc va ChUOng trinh muc tieu quo'c gia, cac dia phUdng viing dong bang sdng Hong da xay dilng ke hoaeh thilc thi phii hgp, nhat la vdi sU hS trd ciia Ngan hang the gidi, cac tinh da trien khai ke hoaeh chUdng trinh nUdc sach nong thon vdi muc tieu: Tang cUdng kha nang tie'p can ben viing va sii dung hieu qua dich vu ca'p nUdc va vg sinh d khu vile nong thon thong qua h6 trd va day manh ChUOng trinh muc tigu Quo'c gia Nudc sach va VSMTNT tren dia ban cac tinh dong bang s6ng Hong giai doan 2013-2017, thi die'm phUdng thUc tie'p can dila tren ke't qua thUc hien Chang ban: pho' Ha Ngi, sau nam trien khai dil an da gop phan nang cao ty le cac hg dugc tie'p can vdi nguon nUdc an toan, do: 60.000 hg dUdc da'u noi sii dung nUdc ta cac cong trinh c&'p nUdc tap trung; 132.250 ngUdi hudng ldi til cong trinh ca'p nudc tap trung ben vUng; dong thoi da nang cao nang luc quan ly ChUdng trinh: Dao tao va xay dung nang luc cho nganh 2.2.3 Trac&'p - Tra cip gia nadc sinh hoat: Cac hg nghgo va d6'i tUdng chinh sach dUdc trd gia ban nUdc, cu thg': Trd gia cho khoi lUOng < 5m^ v6i mUc gia 5.000d/m', ne'u sii dung 16n hOn 5m' tinh nhu gia sinh hoat hg dan erf"; Tai Ha Noi, do'i vdi cac hg gia dinh chinh sach, hg ngheo, ho can ngheo, hg dong bao dan tgc ihiiu so bat diu sii