TAPOfClK GIAM THIEU MAT CAN BANG GlOl TINH KHI SINH TAI HUYEN GIA LAM, HA NQI • PHAM THANH LAN - N THANH DUNG T M TAT: Bdi viel nghien cihi tinh tt^ng ntdl cdn bdng gidi tinh smh t^i huyen Gia Lfim, TP Hd NOi tCr dd dua cdc giai phdp nhdm giam thilu tinh tr^ng ndy i?i dja bdn trudc tinh tr9ng xd hdi ngdy edng mat cdn bdng gidi tinh sinh Tjr khda: Mdt can bdng gidi tinh sinh, kl ho^ch hda gia dinh, huy^n Gia Ldm l.D$tv4ndl Gia Ldm la mpt huy^n ngo^i thdnh Hd Npi cd quy md ddn so ndm 2018 Id 278.937 ngudi Theo thong ke cua Ban Chi dfio cdng tde Dan sd - Kd ho^ch hda gia dinh (DS-KHHGD) huyen mdt cdn bdng gidi tinh sinh (MCBGTKS) dd xay iren dia bdn huyen nhiing ndm gdn day Dd xuat ede gidi phdp gidm thilu MCBGTKS Id vi^c lam rat cap thiet vd ed y nghTa thyc tien Nghien eihj sir dyng sd lieu thu edp cua trung tam dan sd KHHGD huy?n Gia Lam va sd lieu dieu tra 90 hp dp tudi sinh de tren dja ban huy^n Theo quy irerc nhdn khdu hpc ty sd gidi tinh sinh cua mpt qu6c gia hojc mpt vdng tii 110 trd len ho9c dudi 100 Id MCBGTKS Bilu cho thdy tir ndm 2011 din ndm 2018, huy?n Gia Ldm xdy tinh tr?ng MCBGTKS ti so ndy ludn d miic cao tu 110.4 din 117.6 2.2 Ho^t dpng giam thiiu MCBGTKS tfihuy^n Gia Ldm 2.2.1 Tniyen thong ndng cao nhgn thirc vd thay ddi hdnh vi ddi vdi kiem soat MCBGTKS T^i huy?n Gia Lam, hdng ndm Ban chi d^o cdng tde DS-KHHGD td chue cdc hpi nghj nhdm cung Thyc tr^ng M C B G T K S vk cdc hoft dpng edp thdng tin ve thyc trgng, nguyen nhan vd h? qud gidm thilu M C B G T K S d huyfn GJa Ldm MCBGTKS eho Idnh dao edc cSp chinh quyln, t6 2.1 Th^ tr^ng SfCBG IKS a huy^n Gia Lam chue chinh trj - xd hpi vd ngudi cd uy tin c^ng Gia Lam Id huy^n cd dan sd diing Ihii 11 30 dong; td chiic hpi nghj tuyen truyin eho cdn bp sd cdc qu^n huyen eiia TP Hd Npi Toe dp phdt trien ngdnh Y vdi cac npi dung ve gidi, binh ddng gidi vd MCBGTKS dan sd khodng 1.9%/ ndm (Bilu d6 1) Tgi cdc xd, lhi tran triin khai cac hogt dpng truyen BiSu d6l:TisSgl& ttnh kM sinh cua huy$n thdng vl tinh trgng MCBGTKS, khdng lya chpn gidi Gia lam nam 2018 tinh thai nhi, gidi vd binh ddng gidi, tuyen truyen tiyc tiip cupc/ndm eho khoang 200 phy nii, nam gidi dd l|p gia dinh, cudc/ndm cho khodng 100 nam na nien chudn bj kit hdn Ngodi ra, tuyen truyen Idng ghdp cac hpi nghj cua Ddn sd cung nhu hoat ddng eiia cac ban ngdnh dodn thi khde td chiie tgi dia phuang Tuyen truyen bdng hinh thiic cpng idc vien DS-KHHGD tai ede thdn, xdm, td ddn ph6 ihdng qua tu vdn nhdm, vgn dpng ed biei tgi nhd cung dupe chu Irpng moi ndm thyc hien dupe hon \gudn Bdo cdo cdng lac DS-KHHGD huy^n Gia Ldm 3.000 lupt tai huyen IllUiii nam 2018 142 So 12-Thang5/2020 HAiiTiiiiAmY Kit qua dieu tra hp cho thay cd 63,3% ddi tupng Cdc yiu tt dnh hudmg din MCBGTKS biA \ l tinh trgng MCBGTKS cdn Igi 36,7% ehua 3.L Tam fy uu thich trai timg bilt din tinh tigng MCBGTKS ho§c thiy dd la Tam 1^ ua thich trai gdn vdi nin vdn hda vin dl kbfflig quan trpng Ty I^ dupe tuyen truyen ve truyen thdng va tu tudng nho giao Theo kit qua dieu MCBGTKS cdn thap, chiem 61 % sd ngaiji dupe hdi tra, 8,8% sd ngudi dupe hdi cho biet van de sinh \Jf.2 Xdy dipig cac chinh sdch khuyin khich ho trai hay gdi Id khdng quan trpng; 27,7% cho bilt vifc sinh trai hay gai la binh thudng, sd cdn Tgi Gia Ldm, hdng ndm tur 100 den ISO cdc c$p lai danh gid van de sinh trai hay eon gdi la quan vy chdng sinh ciing gidi tinh nu, dap ung edc trpng vd rat quan trpng 70% ngudi dupe hdi cho bilt diu chi khdng sinh ddy, sinh sdm vd eon ngoan, hpc hp thich sinh eon trai han han gai 30% sd ngudi gioi, dupe khen thudng tai hpi nghi Tdng ket cdng thich trai va gdi nhu hode thich gdi tic DS-KHHGD chu yeu tap trung vdo ddi tupng da sinh dupe it nhdt Huy?n Cling td ehuc hpi nghi gdp m§t, bilu eon trai (Bieu dd 2) dirong ngudi eao tudi cd mpt bl gdi, van dpng chdu thyc hi^n tdt chinh sdch dan sd vdi sd lupng Bleu dS 2:TflSua thich trai, g6l lOOngudi/ndm 2.2.3 Tht^ thi phdp lugt vi kiem soat MCBGTKS Mang ndm Ban chi dgo edng tde DS-KHHGD xdy dyng kl hogch, td chirc tra, kiem tra cac 07 sd cung d p djch vy ehdm sdc siic khde sinh sdn (CSSKSSyKHHGD, cdc co sd thyc hifn sieu am chan dodn hinh dnh nhdm giam sdt cdc hinh vi ve lya chpn gidi tinh thai nhi Ndm 2018 t6 chue dupe 36 lupt kilm tra, gidm sal tgi cdc ca sd cung edp djch vy CSSKSS/KHHGD T^i Ihdi dilm kilm tra, cdc ea sd deu thyc hifn tdt quy dinh vl nghi€m c4m lya chpn gidi tinh thai nhi Tuy nhifin, thyc te van cd the chan doan gidi tinh thai nhi dirdi hinh thiic nhu thdng bao khdo Ngoai rkt khd de thu th§p chung eir vi phgm nSn khdng du CO sd dp dyng cac chi tdi xu phat Vi?c ky cam kit khdng lya chpn gidi tinh thai nhi va tham gia tuyin truyin vl kilm sodt MCBGTKS cdn mang tinh hinh thiic Ngudn: Sd li$u diiu Ira 2019 Cd nhieu nguyen nhan khien vifc tre em trai dupe yeu thich nhieu hon tre em gdi 58,8% cac hp ehpn ly cd nep cd te, cd nghTa la van thich cd cd eon trai vd eon gai Ap luc gia dinh vd djnh kien xd hpi la nguyen nhan phd biin thu khiln cdc hd thich sinh eon trai (Bdng 1) Vifc ua thich trai dSn den dp lyc sinh trai ddi vdi edc edp vp chdng 61% 2.2.4 Ddo tgo bdi ducmg dgi ngd cdn bg y te, sd ngudi dupe hdi chiu dp lye eua vi^c sinh trai ddnsd (Bilu 3) Ndm 2018 td chiic dupe Idp tap huan cho 200 cdn bp y te tren dia ban Tuy vay, hien dpi ngu Bieu 3: Ty IS cac hg chju ap li/c sinh cin bp ldm cdng tde DS-KHHGD eac edp cdn thilu control ve sd lupng, thudng xuy^n thay ddi nhan sy, sd mdi hiyen dyng chira dap ung dupe yeu cau Dpi ngii edn bp, vien chiic DS-KHHGD tgi huyfn va xa, thi tran hien cd 24 ngudi tren tdng so bien che dupe giao la 29 Trong dd ed 16 vien chiic dd dat chuan dan sd vien edn Igi ddng chi chua dat chudn, cdn dupe tiep tyc dao tgo, bdi dudng Kinh phi hd trp dpi ngu cpng tde vien cdn thap vdi h§ so 0,3 luong co ban/ngudi/thang ddn den mdt bO phgn cpng tde \ien khdng mdn ma vdi cdng viec Ngudn: So li4u dieu Ira 2019 So 12-Thang 5/2020 143 UPCKClK cdch truyin tai nhau, khdng dupe kiem Jnrng vd c^p phep nen cd the dem Igi nhilu rui ro anh liircmg dfin sue khde cua bd m? vd thai nhi Phuong ph.ip ndy cd NguyAn nttftn 26.6% ddi tupng bilt den va ty le ap dung 16,3% 3.3 Anh hudng ciia thu nhgp hp va trinh 0$ Ndi ddi tdng 18.8 17 Huit.yg hgc van ciia mf Cdc hp gia dinh ed thu nhgp cao trfin 200 tri^u Chdm sdc nudi 11.1 10 ddng/ndm cd ty sd giaa tre trai dupe sinh so vdi dir&ng vk gid tre gdi cao hon hdn hai nhdm cdn lgi, ty sd gidi tinh Ap li/c gia dinh vd sinh cao tii Idn sinh ddu tien vdi 137,5 \xt djnh ki^n x3 hdi trai/tr^ gdi, Idn sinh thd hai la 123 va lan sinh thii ba dgt 200 tre trai/tre gdi Cd n^p cd td Bdng cho thay ty sd gidi tinh cd lien quan den Khde 30 27 trinh dp hpc vdn eiia me Cac h0 cd tiinh d0 hpc vdn Ngudn: Sd lieu dieu tra 2019cdng cao thi cang cd sy chenh l$ch vl ty sd gidi tinh 3.2 Cong nghf chdn dodn vd Ifta chpn giei tinh 3.4 Anh hirdng cua thur tt/r lan sinh vd s6 trai da cd sinh Kit qud dilu tra cho thay 61% doi tupng tung Ket qud dilu tra 49 ngudi dd dp dyng phucmg tim hieu vd biet vl phuang phap lya chpn gidi tinh phdp lya chpn gidi tinh sinh d Bdng cho thay, thai nhi de sinh trai Dde bi^t dd 100% ddi lan sinh thd nh^t ty s6 gidi tinh Id 68,9 trd trai/100 tr6 tupng sinh Idn ddu Id gdi dd tim hieu vd bilt den gdi d Idn sinh thit hai, ca 29 ngudi dd sinh gdi phuang phdp lya ehpn gidi tinh thai nhi vdi mong l^n ddu diu thyc hi?n lya chpn gidi tinh, ty sd mudn sinh trai Idn sinh tiip theo gidi tinh lan sinh thii hai Id 172,2/100 trd gdi Phucmg phdp lya chpn gidi tinh dupe nhilu Chi cd ngudi quylt dinh tiip tyc sinh lan thii vd ngudi bilt vd dp dyng nhat Id sieu am canh ty sd gidi tinh len tdi 300 ryng thing vdi 61,1% ddi tupng biet den vd ty le dp Gidi phdp thfic dSy giam thi^u mdt cdn bing dyng la 91,8%, day Id thii thugt khdng xam lan, dl gidi tinh sinh thyc hien, it tdn k£m vd cho hif u qua tucmg ddi tdt Bdng Ly ttwdi shih trai cua c6c ho d l ^ tra Phuong phap don gidn nhdt ta ihyc hi?n che dp dn dupe 53,3% ddi tupng bilt den va 83,6% ddi tupng dp dyng phuang phdp ndy Phd bien thii ba Id can thifp qua trinh thy thai nhu thy tinh nlian tgo hay Ipc rira tinh triing Phucmg phap ndy chi phi cao vd mdt nhilu thdi gian theo dudi, nen ty 1? bilt den Id 42.2%, ty 1? dp dyng la 36,7% Ngoai ra, ngudi dan cdn dp dyng udng thude nam de sinh trai theo Thu nhdt, tdng cucmg hogt dgng truyen thdng: Thay ddi hinh thiic va npi dung nhu tuyen truyin bdng hinh thu;e van hda, vdn ngh? tgi noi t|ip trung ddng dan nhan cae ngdy ky ni?m; tdng cudng tuyen truyen vdo budi tdi, ngdy nghi nhdm thu hiit ddng dao ddi tupng tham dy - Tiip tyc ddy manh tuydn truyin, tu vdn nhdm nhd mgng ludi cdng tac vidn DS-KHHGD thyc Bdng PtiOOng phap loo chon gidi tinh sinh dOtfc biet den STT Phipvng phdp Sidu am canh ngdy n.ing tning 'Ch^dOan I U6ng thude theo thdy lang Can Oii$p qud trinh thg tinh Khde 144 So 12-Thang5/2020 S6 ngu^l I bjetd^ln I 55 48 24 Ty 1^ (%) So ngipo*! ap WAllTlniAlllY •tag 3.Xi»6 gifil Hnh Mil sinh va Ihu nhdp ft c i a ho sn Chi Mu Ting s6 hfdiiu Ira Lin sinh Lin sinh tllt/hai Lin sinh thi>ba t[*l8n Tys4 tti Irai/ tr«gdi Chung T i n 50- Tren 200 tn?u 1S0tri#u 200 tri#u d6ng/ dong/ dong/ ndm nam nam 10 42 38 66,6 100,0 137,5 100.0 115,3 123,0 0,0 100,0 200,0 81,8 108,9 133,0 hien tgi cac thdn, xdm, td dan phd, chii trpng ddn cdc c^p vp chdng d^ cd dau long la gdi hodc dd cd gai nhung Idn sinh tnrdc - Tdng cudng thdi lupng danh cho cdng tac tuyen truyen, giao due ve gidi, binh ddng gidi edc nha trudng - Phat huy loi the ciia tniyen thdng qua cac trang mang xa hpi dp bao phu rpng, thdng tin dupe c§p nhat, chia se nhanh chdng, phiu hpp vdi liia tudi vj thdnh nien, nien tien hdn nhan Tha hai, day mgnh xdy dipig cac chinh sdch khuyen khich ho tra: - Td chire ede boat d$ng bidu duong, khen thudng tre em gdi; khuydn khich cha m? chia tai san thiia ke cho trai va gai nhu nhau, gdi sdng chung, ehdm sdc cha me - Ndng cao chdt lupng phiic Ipi xd hpi cho ngudi cao tudi, phat trien cac trung tam chdm sdc ngudi gid, vien dudng ido nhdm gidm dp lyc cho ngudi gid vd vi§c phdi cd trai de phyng dudng Thd ba, nang cao hi^u Itfc thyrc thi phdp lugt ve Ngudn: Sd lieu dieu Ira 2019 kiim soat MCBGTKS: - Tang cudng kidm tra djnh kJ, dpt xudt doi vdi B6ng Tl so gidl tmh sinh va trinh cdc eo sd sieu am, phdng khdm cung c4p djch vy hoc van cua me CSSKSS/KHHGD Thay ddi hinh thirc ki^m tra bang Idy y kien ngudi dan vd hogt dpng ciia ede co trung cap sn Chi tiiu Cip Cip TCPtro" sd nhdm phdt hi§n vi pham quy djnh nghiem cdm lya len chpn gidi tinh thai nhi T6ng s6 - Tang cudng edng tde kiem tra cac co sd kinh 64 23 h$dl^u doanh sdch bdo, van hda pham trdn dia bdn li€n quan tra den npi dung iua chpn gidi tinh Tys6 Thu tu, nang cao ndng lire cho dgi ngii cdn bp y tr^trai/ 115,0 106,1 110,4 te, dan sd: ti^gdi - Tang cudng hogt dpng dao tao, tap huan, bdi Chung duong cho edn bd y tl, dan sd va ngudi cung edp Nguon: So lieu dieu Ira 2019 dich vu y td lien quan - Kien toan dpi ngd edn bd ldm cdng tde Bdng Ti so gidi tinh sinh theo DS-KHHGD cac edp, ddm bdo du vd dn dinh nhan thiirtulan sinh lyc hogt ddng cua bp mdy Con Con Ty s6 gioi - Tdng cudng ddu tu kinh phi cho cac hoat dpng STT Chi tieu tinh trai g^i cdng tde DS-KHHGD vd kidm soat MCBGTKS, nang cao kinh phi h§ trp cho cdng tac vien Lin sinh 68,9 20 29 DS-KHHGD xd, thi trdn thi> nhit - Khuydn khich cac to chue, cd nhdn thuc hi?n de Lin sinh 31 18 172,2 tai nghien cuu khoa hpc vd MCBGTKS; td chue trao thu- hai ddi, hpc tap Icinh nghiem vdi dia phuang d3 Lan sinh edng viec kiem soat mdt MCBGTKS thuba 300 Ket ludn trff I6n Ngudn: sSii^^iu tra 2019 Tren dia ban huyen Gia Lam da xdy MCBGTKS So 12-Thang 5/2020 145 UPOfdKTMK •rang giai do^n 2011-2018 Huyp di thvc hifn tniydn thong nang cao nhanlhiic vi Ihay ddi hanh vi d6i >di kiem soil MCBGTKS khen diuong vi biiu duong cic cjp v? ch6ng sinh mpt bi gai va ngucri cao nidi van dpng chiu th\ic hien lot chinh sich dan so \ iec kiem tia cic CO so M i lien quan din lua chpn gioi tinh dupe diuc hien hing nam nhung khong phal hien vi ph»m Dpi ngu cin bd din so hien thiiu vi sd lupng, khdng dn djnh vi mpt phSn ba chua djl chuan dan sA vien Cic yeu o chinh inh huong den MCBGTKS bao gom tani ly ua Ihich trai, cong nghj chin doin v4 Iva chgn gioi tinh, thu nhjp ciia hp ninh dp hpc van cua m? vi thu tv lan sinh nhom giii phip dupe de xuat li: Tang cudng cong tic tniyen thong; Day mjnh xay dung chinh sich khuyen khich sinh gai; Ning cao hi?u l\tc thuc thi phip lujt ve kiem soit MCBGTKS; Ning TAI LI$U THAM KHAO: Ting cue Din s6 - Ki hoaeh boa Gia dinh (2013), Tii li?u tjp huin verniyinthong giim thiiu MCBGTKS, hllp:// ^vnv.gopfi).gov vnJ, my cgp 15/7 2,119 tjy ban nhan dan huyen Gia Lam (2019) Bao coo kel q,ta Ihtfc Itii'n cong Idc Ddn sd - KHHGD ndm 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014 2015 2016, 2017 20IS Ngiy nh^n bii: 24/4/2020 Ngiy phin b i ^ dinh gii vi sfta chhi: 4/5/2020 Ngiy chip n h ^ ding bii: 14/5/2020 Thong lin Idc gid: I.PHJ^JVI THANH LAN Hpc vi|n Ndng nghifp M^l Nam NGO THANH DUNG Hpi Cbit (h$p dd huy^n Gia Lim ADDRESSING THE GENDER IMBALANCE AT BIRTH ISSUE AT GIA LAM DISTRICT, HANOI • PHAM THANH LAN Vietnam National University of Agriculture • NGO THANH DUNG Vietnam Red Cross Society - Gia Lam District ABSTRACT; This study examines the cuiient stale of gender imbalance at birth in Gia Lam district Hanoi thereby proposing solutions loreducethe local gender imbalance issue amid the worsening gender imbalance at birth in Viemam Keywords: Gender imbalance al binh family planning, Gia Lam district 146 So - T h a n g / 2 ... tinh sinh d Bdng cho thay, thai nhi de sinh trai Dde bi^t dd 100% ddi lan sinh thd nh^t ty s6 gidi tinh Id 68,9 trd trai/100 tr6 tupng sinh Idn ddu Id gdi dd tim hieu vd bilt den gdi d Idn sinh. .. cd eon trai vd eon gai Ap luc gia dinh vd djnh kien xd hpi la nguyen nhan phd biin thu khiln cdc hd thich sinh eon trai (Bdng 1) Vifc ua thich trai dSn den dp lyc sinh trai ddi vdi edc edp vp... hp gia dinh ed thu nhgp cao trfin 200 tri^u Chdm sdc nudi 11.1 10 ddng/ndm cd ty sd giaa tre trai dupe sinh so vdi dir&ng vk gid tre gdi cao hon hdn hai nhdm cdn lgi, ty sd gidi tinh Ap li/c gia