Thang đo lường phong cách lãnh đạo tại các doanh nghiệp việt nam

TAP CHt CONG THirONe THANG DO LlJOfNG PHONG CACH LANH DAO TAI CAC DOANH NGHIEP VIET NAM • NGUYEN NGQC HJNG TOM TAT: Trong cac nghien cffu ve ldnh dao, mgl nhffng md'i quan tiim cua eae nha nghien cffu la Iffdng phong each lanh dao tff dd ed the giup ddnh gia anh hffdng cua phong cdch lanh dao dd'i vdi cdc ye'u to'khde qudn ly kinh doanh eua doanh nghiep Bai viS't long quan va gidi thieu thang cua hai phong each lanh dao toiin dien dp dung do'i vdi cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam, bao gom: liinh duo chuyen hda, lanh dao giao dich v^ lanh dao tff Tiif k h d a : Thang Iffcfng, phong cdch Ianh dao, doanh nghiep Vidt Nam L L> thuye't ve phong each l a n h d a o \ i du de cap day du hdn cac yeu cau cua qud irinh Cdc trffdng phdi nghien effu \ e lanh dao difa l i i n h d a o n h d m d a t muc lieu cua td chffc bao gom: iren nhieu each tie'p can khde nhuu y tffdng khac dac diem hoan canh, vai trd banh vi, dnh hffdng - nhuu: Dinh nghTu chung ve Ianh dao la "Idnh dao iffdng lac, cdc ye'u to'nguon Iffc, cd nhan va lap the lii mgl qud trinh anh hffdng xa hdi U-ong dd mgt irong 1(3 ehffe ngu'di ed the trunh ihii sff trd giiip va ho trd eua Nghien effu cbinh dau tien ve phong cdch lanh ngifdi khde Irong \ iec hoan thiinh mgt nhiem vu dao dUdc thu'c hien vao ndm 1939 bdi Kurt ehung ".(Chemers 1997) Lee va Chuang (2009) L e w i n , la ngu'di dSn dau mgt nhdm edc nhii gidi thich riing, v i lanh dao i u \ e t vdi khdng chi nghien cffu bao gdm: L e w i n , L i p p i l , White de xdc iruyen cam hffng eho tiem ndng cua ea'p di/di de dinh cde phong cdch lanh dao khac Trong nang cao bieu qua mii cdn ddp ffng ede \ e u cau nghien effu dau tien ve phong each Ianh dao cda cua ho Irong qua trinh dat dffde ede mue tieu cua minh ndm 1939 L e w i n vii dong nghiep da xdc i d ehffe Nhffvav lanh dao la mot qua trinh tu'dng dinh bu kieu phong cdch lunh dao la: phong cdch tde tap hdp bdi nhieu cd the vdi nhflng gia iri va liinh dao lU tri phong each lanh dao dan chu va dgng cd nao dd ciJng \ d i cde ngudn Iffc ve kinh phong each Ianh dao tu Co rii'i nhieu quan te chinh saeh khae bdi canh mau thuan diem phong each lanh dao cu the iheo: Phong M'I eanh tranh nham thffc hien nhffng muc lieu, edch lanh dao la nhffng phuitn- phdp hode edch nhffng ngffdi lanh dao eung vdi ngffdi thffa hanh thffe nhii lanh duo thu'dng diing de gay anh hudng lien hanh Dinh nghia lanh dao dffde sff dung den dd'i tffdng lanh duo Xet irilh ['hifdng dien cd 178 So 9-Thang 5/2020 QUANTRI-QUANLY nhdn phong cdch lanh dao chinh la each thffc lam Mceeud nha Ianh dao, (Bradley S Smith 2016) Phong each lanh dao lu ed tinh, thdi quen bieu hien ben ngoui ihd'ng nha't v d i ban chat ben irong thdng qua tff iffdng, y thffe, dao dffc Id'i sd'ng iMiIuuiSalhye, 2004) Tii rui nhieu quan diem dd, phong cdch lanh dao dffdc hieu: Phong cdch lanh dao la dang hanh vi eua nha Ianh dao nham tich hdp cdc Idi ich cua to ehd'c \u ed nhan viec theo dudi mire tieu Clia td chffc \ il doanh nghiep Theo dd, phong cdeh Idnh dao ciia mdt nhii lanh duo the hien thdng qua qud trinh ehi duo, thiie dii'y, hffdng dan sdng tao vii quan Iy nhan vien id chffc vil dounh nghiep Theo nghiSn cii'u Bolden & cdng sff (2003), tdng kel l>' thuyet ve Ianh dao gom cd cac irffdng phdi iidi bat Tff ly thuye't lanh dao hinh phong each lanh dao ndi bat va nghien cffu niiy gidi thieu mgt each khdi qudt nha't cac ly Ihuyel ve phong cdch lanh dao dffa ti CMI cdc ly thuye't ve lanh dao Co ede ly ihuye't lanh duo nhff: Ly thuyet lanh dao pham chii't; Ly thuyet lanh duo hanh v i ; Ly Ihuvci Ianh dao tinh hud'ng; Ly thuye't Ianh dao ngSu ahiC'n; Ly thuydt Ianh duo du'dng dan de'n muc tieu; Ly thuye't lanh dao chuoi lien tue M d i 1\ ihuye't lanh dao ed nhffng ifu va nhifdc diem va phu hdp tffng bd'i canh cu the Bums (1978) cho rang, liinh duo that sff trffdc bei lil nhii lanh dao cd duo dffc Gid tii dao dffc lunh dao the hien d chd hp Iudn quan tam de'n nhu eau urdc mudn, khdt vgng va gia tri cua ngifdi Iheo sau Bums md ta lunh dao chuyen hda la qud tiTnh Irong dd nhij'ng ngffdi liinh duo va nhffng ngifdi dffdi quyen tde ddng lan lam tang len nhffng mffc dp eua dao dffc \;i ddng vien Tff day Bums da phan biet loai ngffdi ldnh dao: ngifdi lanh dao chuyen hda \ u ngffdi lanh duo nghiep vu Trongdd, Ianh dao ehuyen hda lanh dao ngtfdi theo sau bang sir hap ddn (Idealized Infiuence-II) bang ngudn cam hflng (Inspirational Motivation-IM) biing khuyen khieh thdng minh (Intellectual Stimulation's) \a b:ing quan tam den tffng ca nhdn (Individualized Consideration-IO Lanh dao chuyen hdu cd vi tri thff buc eao hdn Ianh dao nghiep vu hg la nhffng nha lanh dao cd quyen Iffe hiing manh, phffc tap va cd dao dffc hdn lanh dao nghiep vu Hg luon cd dgng thdi ihiic day ngffdi theo sau dat ke't qua eao bdn \'a Bums {1978) cho rdng lanh dao ha'p dan cua Weber ehinh lu lunh duo chuyen hda edn lanh dao quan ehffe dffa tren quyen Iffe vi tri la ldnh dao nghiep vy Tdm Iai Bums dii phan biet dang lanh dao: lanh dao ehuyen hdu vii lanh dao nghiep vu Theo dng hg deu la nhffng nha Ianh duo ed duo dffc nhffng nha ldnh dao ihffe Slf \ u l u n h d a o c h u j e n h d u c d thff buc cao hdn lanh dao nghiep vu Trong Bums phiin biel raeh rdi giffa ldnh dao chuyen hdu \ u liinh dao nghiep vu, ihi Bass (1985) cho rdng lanh dao ehuyen hda va lanh dao nghiep vu khdng loai trff nhau, dd la mot chuoi nhffng phong each lanh dao lien tiic Bass & Avobo (1997) (theo Buss & Riggio 2006) dffa md hinh lanh dao toan dien (The full range of leadership model) vdi kieu ngffdi Ianh dao (ngu'di lunh duo tao sff thay ddi ngffdi lanh dao nghiep vu va ngu'di Ianh dao tu" do) gom ye'u i d va dffdc bang bdng cau hdi Ianh dao du Ihiinh phan M L Q (Multifaetor Leadership Questionaire) phien ban 5X Trong dd, phong each lanh dao chuyen hda dffdc bhng ye'u td; ha'p diin bang phum chii't {Idealized Influence Atiribution-IA), hu'p ddn bdng hanh vi [Idealized Inlluenee Behavior-IB), truyen cam hffng (Inspiruiionul Motivation-IM), kieh ihieh Ihdng minh (Intelleetual StimuIulion-IS) vu quan tam de'n tffng cd nhan (Individualized Consideration-IC) Ly thuyet phong cdch Idnh dao giao dich la lanh dao tap trung vao giam sat Bass (1985) md ta md'i quan he giffa ngffdi lanh dao va nhan vien d khdi mem: Thffdng ddi xua't (contingent rewards): ngffdi ldnh duo quy dinh viee xae dinh thiinh tich cun phai dat dffde eua ngi/di lao ddng, neu ngffdi lao ddng dat 6\J(lc se nhan dffde phan thu'dng d mffe dp tha'p ciia phan thu'dng cd the la: tang Iffdng k\ nghi O mffe cao hdn cd the la: tran Irong giu tri tich dat dffde, de bat, tan dffdng - Quan Ij b'ang ngoai le (management by exception): qudn 1> bdng ngoai le bao gom: quan ly bdng ngoai le chu ddng (management by exception- active) lii ffng xff cua ngffdi lanh duo chli dong Itm kie'm sU kbdc bii^t ngan ngffa va loai So 9-Thang 5/2020 179 IAP CHI CONG THKlfllG trff nhffng phat tricn cheeh hffdng ddi vdi nhffng quy ehuan ciia td chffc dieu ehinh eho phCi hdp infdc nhffng van de phat sinh Quan ly bdng ngoui le thu ddng (management by exception passne) la hanh ddng quan sat can thiep va cho y kien phan hoi ve nhffng phai trien chech hffdng da \ay ru dm vdi ky vgng cdu td chffc vu tie'n hunh sffa sai nhffng van de dd Phong edch lanhdao tff do: cdn dffdc ggi la lanh dao dai dien Dd la mgi loai hinh lanh duo liinh dao dddc ban giao \ii cho phep cdc vien nhdm de dffa quye't dinh Ldnh dao tff dffdc due IrU'ng bdi dac diem ra't it hffdng diin tff cdc nha ldnh dao Do Iffcfng phong each Ianh dao tai cac doanh nghidp \'ict Nam Bui viet sff dung quan diem eua Bass \e lanh dao loan dien de xa\ dffng thung lu'dng phong each ldnh duo tai edc doanh nghiep Viel Nam Bang eau hdi Idnh dao da nhan to (MLQ), ban dau difdc ihie'l ke bdi Buss (1985) de buo gdm lieu canh Sau dd, Avolio \u Bass (1997) da trinh ba\ mgt phien bdn sffa ddi ciia mau MLQ 5X dffde eai tie'n de bao sdm tieu canh dnh hudnii lv tudne hda (quy ket), dnh hudng l\ iffdng hda (banh vi) ddng Iffc truyen cdm hffng kieh thieh tri lu^ xem xet cd nhan, khen thi/dng quan l\' bdng ngoai I? (hoat ddng), quan h' bdng ngoui Ie (thii dgng) vil lanhdao tff Bieu mau MLQ ddng \ui trd Id hinh thffc chuan bdu de Iffdng cac phong each liinh dao, dd ed 36 cau hdi vdi thung diem kieu Liker diem danh gia tan suii't cuu hanh \i Ianh dao dffdc quan sat Thang ddnh gid ed eae ehi dinh sau: I = hoan toan khdng: = mgt Ian Irong mgt thdi gian; = ddi khi; = khd thirdng xuyen; = thffdng xuyen ne'u khong ludn ludn MLQ lii nha't Iheo nghTa lii nd xac dmh mdl rdng cde himh vi lanh duo - iff sff ldi cud'n den viee trdnh lunh duo (lanh duo iff do) Lanh dao chuyen hda dffdc djnh nghTu, hoal dgng, nhff la trung binh long hdp cua ede thugc tinh ly tffdng hda hanh vi ly tu'dng hda, ddng Iffc truyen cam hffng, kich ihich tri tue va cue ye'u td lanh dao xem xet cd nhan Mdt khde, Idnh duo giuo dieh duTde xac dinh, hoal ddng la Irung binh ldng hdp eiju phan ihffdng dtf phdng vil ye'u td'qudn ly ngoai le (chu ddng vd thu ddng) ed nghTa Tdm liit eiia Bdng cau hoi Ianh dao da nhiin td'(MLQ) nam Bdng Bang Tom tdt b a n g c a u hoi Idnh d q o d a y e u to (MLQ) So cau hoi IdiSo sat Bang cau hoi linh dao da nhan to (MLQ) Cau hdi Phong each lanh dao Lanh dao chuyen boa 20 Thuoc tinh ly tudng hda Myc 1,2, 3,4 Muc 5,6,7,8 Muc 9,10,11,12 Su khich le linh than Muc13,14,15,16 Sucan nhac ca nhan Muc17,18,19.20 i Hanh VI ly tudng hda Ddng lyc truyen cam hdng 12 Phong each lanh dao giao d|ch I Phan thudng dy phdng Muc 21,22,23,24 ' Quan ly bang ngoai le (Hoat ddng} Muc 25,26,27,18 Quan ly b^ng ngoai le (Bi dong) Muc 29.20,31.32 Muc 33,34.35.36 Lanh dao ty loan bO Ngiic)n- MLQditoc thieiii So 9-Thang 5/2020 lim li,, QUANTRI-QUANLY Bang Danh sach cdc muc cu the MLQ Nh$n thOc ve phong each lanh dao , Biou hi$n cua ngudi quan ly true tiep Nliap vao khac de duoc lien ket vdi tdi VUdt len tren ipi ich ca nhan vi ipi i'ch ciJa nhdm 3 Hanh vi theo each xay dung su ton trpng cua ngudi ktiac dpi vdi tdi Hien thi mpt cam giac quyen iuc va tu tin Ndi ve nhung gia tn va mem tin quan trpng nhat cua tdi ' i 5 5 4 Chi djnh tim quan cua viec cd y thilc tap the Xem xel cac hSu qua dao dilc va dao dilc cua cac quyet dinh Nhan manh tam quan trpng cua viec cd y thitc tap the Ndi mpt each lpc quan ve tupng lai 10 NOi chuydn nhiet tinh vg nhQng gi cSn phai hoan Phat bleu mdt tam nhin hap da"n ve tupng lai The hien su tu tin rang cac muc tieu se dat dUPC 13 Kiem tra iai cac gia dmh quan trpng de' dat cau hoi iiSu chiing cd phii hdp khdng i j 14 Tim kiem quan diem khac giai quyet van de , 5 „ ! I 15 Khien ngudi khac nhin nhan van de tif nhieu thien than khac 16 De xuS't nhQng each mdi de xem each hoan bai tap 17 Danh thdi gian giang day va huan luyen 18 Odl xii vdi cac ca nhan khac chQ khdng chi ia mdt vien cua nhdm 1 19 Nhan thiy moT ca nhan cd nhu cau, kha nang va nguyen vpng khac tif nhQng ngudi khac ' 2 20 21 ! Giup ngudi khac phat huy the manh cua minh Cung cap sy giup dd khac de dpi lay no'iuc cua hp 3 11 12 ' 2 5 5 5 5 ! So - Thang 5/2020 181 TAP Cll CONG THIfdNG TT Nh^n thiic ve phong each lanh dao MQcd$ Bieu tti$n dia ngudi quart ly tnJc tiep 22 Thao luan ve thuat ngu cu the nhtfng ngudi dap Qng de dat dude eac muc tieu hieu suat 23 Lam rd nhung gi ngudi ta cd the mong ddi nhan dupe dat duoc muc tieu hieu suat 24 The hien sy hai idng ngudi khac dap Qng mong dpi 25 Tap trung chu y vao su bat thudng, sai lam ngoai le va sai lech tQ 26 Tap trung toan bd sy chu y cua tdi vao viee xii ly cac sai lam, khieu nai va thd't bai 27 Theo ddi tat ca cac sai lam 28 Hudng sy chu y cue tdi ve nhQng that bai de" dap Qng cac tieu chuan 29 Khdng the can thiep cho den van de trd ndn nghiem trpng 30 Chd dpi mpi thQ di sai trudc hanh ddng 31 The' hien niem tin vOng chSc vao su kien neu nO khdng bi hdng dQng sifa nd 32 ChQng td rang cac van de phai trd man tinh tmdc ldi hanh ddng 33 Tranh tham gia cd van de quan trpng 34 Vang mat can 35 Tranh dua quyet dmh 36 Tri hoan tra ldi cac cau hdi khan cap I _ 1 1 i Ngtitht: t^LQ dttttc ii let iteitilt &(!.! vil A iiiiii I Ttf thang phong each lunh dao cd the thiet ke mo hinh nghien ciJu tiep iheo ve su" anh hu'dng cua phong each lanh dao de'n cac yeu to'cua hieu qua kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep tif do, de x nhu'ng giai phap giup cac nha quan trj doi nghiep V i e l Nam nang cao hieu qua Ianh dao I T.AI LIEU THAM KHAO: i A\o]io Bruce J David A Waldnian and Francis J Yammarino (1991) The Four I's of Trjnsfnrmaiion: leadership Journal of European liidii.strial Traimng 15(41.9-16, 182 So 9-Thang 5/2020 QUAN TRj-QUANLY Asoho B J Bass B.M & Jung, D.I (1995) MLQ multifaetor leadership questionnaire: Technical Report Redwoodi:ii\,CA Mindgarden Avolio, B.J., Bass, B.M & Jung D.I (1999) Re-examining die components of mnsfomialional and inmsaciional leadership using the multifaetor leadership questionnaire Journal of Oeciipcuicmol and (hgunisaiicmcdPsychologv, 72 (4); 441-463 4.Bunis.J M {!978).Z.