Những tác động cơ bản làm thay đổi sinh kế và cấu trúc xã hội người chil ở lâm đồng

Nghien cdu - Trao doi NHUTVG TAC DONG CO BAN LAM THAY DOI SINH KE VA CAU TRUC XA HOI NGU^6l CHIL Cf LAM DONG ThS NGUYEN THI HU'ONG'*> Tdm tat: Sinh ke cua cdc tdc ngu&i di cu den khu vuc Lang Biang, chia se dia bdn cu tru vdi ngu&i Chii sau ndm 1975 ndi chung, hogt dgng sinh ki cua ngu&i Chii noi rieng, din vdn lay nong nghiep Idm chinh Nhitng ndm gdn day, dgc biet Id tie sau Lang Biang tr& thdnh Khu d{e trie sinh quyen the gi&i, sinh ke cua ngu&i Chii cd nhieu bien ddi Su biin ddi ndy khdng chi dnh hu&ng den cgng dong ddn tgc Chii cdng nhu cgng ddng ddn tgc khdc cu trd cung khu vuc, md cdn cd tdc dgng nhdt dinh din muc tieu phdt triin bin vieng cua Khu du trie sinh quyen Lang Biang Tir khoa: cdu true xd hgi; Lang Biang; Lam Dong; ngu&i Chii N gudi Chii la mdt nhdm thudc tdc ngudi K'ho cu trii rai rde trdn viing niii eao, rimg ram thudc thugng luu sdng Krdng Knd (Bae vd Tay-Bae cao nguyen Lang Biang) Do lap quan sdng du canh, du cu, hg da di chuydn dan xudng phia Nam Hidn nay, ngudi Chii da cham diit ddi sdng du canh, du cu, sdng tap trung d viing Lac Duong, tir Bdc sang Ddng Bac Thanh phd Da Lat den viing thugng ngudn sdng Da Nhim, gidp tinh Ninh Thudn Theo Uy ban nhan dan tinh Ldm Ddng, Hd so de cir khu dy trii '*' Vi^n Nghien cuu phat trien Thanh Ho Chi Minh Khoa hpc chinh tri - So 7/2020 sinh quydn Lang Biang nam 2014, loan bd khu vyc luu tni ciia ngudi Chii ndm Ipt frong mdt phdn Khu du trii sinh quydn Lang Biang, ed ldng didn lich 275.439 ha, dd, dipn tieh ciia viing loi Id 34.943 ha, viing ddm Id 72.232 vd vimg chuydn tiep la 168.264 Theo kdt qud Tdng didu fra Ddn sd vd Nha d nam 2019 ciia Uy ban nhan dan tinh Lam Ddng, ldng dan sd ngudi K'ho vao khodng 170 nghin ngudi (nam 2009 la 145.666 ngudi) Tdc ngudi K'ho chia nhdm khdc nhau, phdn biet qua ngdn ngii va dja bdn cu tni, gdm K'ho Sre (nhdm ddng nhat), K'ho Chii (ddng thir hai), tiep ddn Id cdc nhdm Lat, Nop, Ddn, T'ring (ehi khodng 4.600 ngudi 68 eu tni tren dia bdn tinh Khdnh Hda) Do cd nhidu nhdm ttong cung mdt tdc ngudi, giua cdc nhdm cd sy quan he phdi ngdu ndn dgt didu tra dan sd mdi nhat, so lugng nhan khau ciia nhdm K'ho Chii vimg Lgc Duong, Lam Ddng da khdng cd thdng kd ridng Udc lugng, tdc ngudi ndy hidn cd khoang trdn dudi 36 nghin - 37 nghin ngudi Sinh kd truydn thdng cua ngudi Chii dugc td chiic theo hai hudng ehinh: san xuat ndng nghidp (trdng Irgt, chan nudi) vd khai thdc ngudn lgi ty nhien tir rirng Ngodi ra, hg ed mdt sd nghd thii cdng, nhu dan lat, ddt, ren, ty Id ddng gdp khdng dang kd Hipn nay, ngudi Chii Lam Ddng da ehdm diit hodn todn tgp qudn du canh, du cu dd di vdo sdng quan cu, tap trung, giao thoa vd chia se dja ban cu tni cimg cac tde ngudi khae, nhat id vdi cdc nhdm ciing tpc ngudi K'ho Trong ddi sdng hda nhgp, nhung quy udc cua ddi sdng hidn dgi da ldm thay ddi eo ban sinh kd ciia ngudi Chii Nhung thay ddi da tdc dgng khdng nhd ddn ddi sdng sinh boat eiia ngudi Chii sy chuan bi tir ndi luc ciia tdc ngudi chua the bat kip de thich nghi vd phdt trien ben viing Day la thdch thiic ldn vd mat xa hdi ddi vdi tde ngudi Chii Nhirng tac ddng dd da anh hudng tryc tidp ldm thay ddi co bdn ddi sdng sinh boat kinh td, xa hdi cua ngudi Chii Chinh sach sd huu va quyen chiem huu d i t dai lam thay doi cau true vd phuung thuc san xuat nong nghifp Ngoai dat d, loan bg ddt canh tdc eua ngudi Chii deu gdn vdi rimg Ngudi Chii cung nhu hdu hdt cde tde ngudi thieu sd vd ngoai tgc ngudi K'ho ddu chia rirng thdnh khu vyc: - Rieng gid (hay cdn ggi Id rimg thidng) la rirng ty nhidn cd nhidu cay sinh trudng ldu ndm, nhidu cay gd quy Chi ed gid ldng, thay mo, ngudi ed uy tin, trach nhiem, cd khd nang thdng linh vdi cac quydn lyc ty nhidn (trdi, dit, nudc, liia) mdi dugc vdo rimg gid Ngudi Chii tin ring, rirng gid la nai ngy fri Nghien cdu Trao doi ciia tiiin Unh ndn khdng dugc xam phgm Mgi tac dpng vdo rimg gid deu bj cam - Rimg ddu ngudn nim d dau cac sdng, sudi Bon ngudi Chii nao ciing cd mpt khu rirng diu nguon ndm d phia trdn cao, nai cd rimg cay to, xanh tdt Rimg dau ngudn la noi luu giu, bdo vp ngudn nudc sinh hogt cho cpng ddng nen cim mgi hdnh vi chat pha, xam hai Rimg ddu ngudn ciing duge coi la rirng thidng - Rieng ma Id khu vye duge ngudi Chii chgn lam noi chdn cit ngudi chdt nen khdng dugc khai thac, khdng duge xdm phgm Rimg ma thudng ndm gan noi cu tru - Rieng khai thdc la rirng chdi Rimg chii yeu la cdc cay nhd dugc ludn phidn canh ldc Ngudi Chii cd quyen khai phd dd canh tdc hogc de ldy gd, eiii, Sau mdt thdi gian khai thdc, khu vyc rimg cii se dugc bd di, khdng tidp tyc vide trdng tria Ddy la cdch eho dat nghi ngoi dd ty hdi phye trd lgi Ddng bdo Chii quan niem, ddi vdi rung ngheo da khai thde ndng nghiep, ndu bd hoang khdng khai thdc, khdng can thiep khodng 20 nam, rirng chdi se tdi sinh ty nhidn cac ngudn gen bdn dja, tra Igi Idp thye bi vdi chat lugng ngang bdng vdi rimg ngudi mdi bdi dau khai thac Trong hdng ngan nam, dat dai thupc quydn sd hiru cdng ddng, cdc thdnh vien ldc ngudi dugc quydn chidm hiru, canh tdc, khai thdc luan phidn tren cdc viing d?m, vimg rirng chdi vd mdt phin rirng ldi Ranh gidi chiem hiiu cd tinh quy ude, khdng mang linh khd udc, khdng cd tinh djnh lugng Tuy khdng cd quy djnh sd hiiu, nhung quydn chidm huu, khai thdc cua timg hg gia dinh ddi vdi khu vyc ddt rimg va cdc tdi nguydn ly nhidn trdn dat Id tuong ddi bdn virng, cd linh cgng sinh cao Sau ngdy dit nudc gidi phdng nam 1975, phap luat vd ddt dai sira ddi qua tirng giai dogn, gin nhit Id Ludt Dal dai nam 2013 khdng quy djnh hinh thai' chidm hiru dgc thu da tdn lgi Dal dai dugc Nha nudc Khoa hpc chfnh tri - So 7/202C Nghien cdu - Trao ddi quy djnh Id sd hiiu loan dan Didn tich chidm huu hinh thiie quy udc bj bai bd, ngudi Chii cung nhu mgi toe ngudi khac khu vyc va cd nude chi dugc quydn chidm huu didn tich rat nhd, theo khung dinh lupng Ba khu vye dat dai sinh sdng, sdn xudt canh tdc vd thye hdnh tin ngudng bj tach rdi Ludt Ddt dai nam 2013 ehi thira nhgn quydn chidm hiru trdn didn tich dat d (thd cu), thu hpp dan vd ed djnh hda quydn chiem huu ddt khai thac, sdn xuit Phdn rirng ldi, rirng gid, rirng thidng truydn thdng gan vdi quan nidm vd thye hanh tin ngudng hodn todn thupc vd "quy hogeh", ngudi dan bdn dja bi mdt quydn chidm huu truydn thdng Ldi sdng du canh, du eu khdng thd tidp tyc Tap qudn huu eanh, bd hoang cho dat nghi vd ty hdi sinh rirng ty nhidn khdng thd Ihyc hien, vi quy dit sdn xuit khdng dii bdo ddm nhu cau trdng trgt, canh ldc Vide khai thde ngudn lgi ty nhien tir rirng khdng thudc khu vyc ddt san xudt bj cam hodn todn Keo theo dd, he tin ngudng vai linh, da than eua ngudi Chii Cling ddn phai md va bidn mdt, vi khdng cd he sinh thdi van hda - tin nguong de tri Thye trang phd vo cau true dat dai vd phuang thiie sdn xudt ndng nghidp trdn dat ndy cdng trd ndn gay gat ban Nhd nudc quoc hiiu hda dat dai tridt dd, giao khu vyc ning eho cac ldm trudng, ndng Irudng qudn ly, dgc bidt la sau khu vyc Vudn Qudc gia Bidoup dugc cdng nhdn Id Khu dy trii sinh quyen thd gidi Vi vay, myc dich giii rirng, tri mat ehe phii, bdo tdn he ddng thuc vat vudn qudc gia, bdo tdn ngudn gen ly nhidn ban dja Id tich cyc, cdn thiet cho qua frinh phat tridn chung theo hudng ben virng Tuy nhidn, vide ndy lgi xung dgt sdu sac vdi quydn lgi, tap qudn canh tde, phuang thiic ty cung, ty cap eua cgng ddng ngudi Chii ndi ridng, cdc lgc ngudi thidu sd d khu vyc Tay Nguydn ndi chung; ddng thdi, gidn tiep tac dpng vd ldm thay ddi can ban eac dac trung van hda, tin ngudng ciia ddng bdo Khoa hpc chfnh tri - So 7/2020 69 Dd tiep tyc tri cude sdng, ngudi Chii budc phdi thay ddi truydn thdng sdn xuit lan phuang thuc eanh tde Sy phdt tridn ciia cdc logi hinh trdng trgt dinh eanh dinh eu, canh lac nuong rdy du eanh, du eu truydn thdng cua ngudi Chil cdng bi Ihu hep va hipn da bien mat hodn todn, thay vdo Id canh tde ed djnh Dd tang lgi nhuan tir sdn xuit, vipc xen canh, thdm canh, iing dyng khoa hpc - ky thudt vdo san xuit ndng nghidp da trd ydu cau bdt budc, thdng qua sy hudng dan ciia eac eo quan, td ehiie khuydn ndng Mat khac, vipc sdn xuat ndng nghidp eiing khdng the tidn hdnh theo hinh thirc ty phdt, dya vao kinh nghiem ma huge phdi theo quy trinh td chiic mua vy, mdi dat bleu qud Thuc trang di dan khien dat san xuat bi xam thuc, thu hep, tinh trang nhan man bi bao hoa tdc dpng sau sic bdi quy luat nang suat bidn t i giam d i n Ndu chl sd danh gid nhan man d dd thj dugc bang dien tieh ddt d, thi d khu vyc ndng thdn la ddt d cdng vdi dat sdn xudt Trong dd, ddi vdi ddng bao cae dan tpc thieu sd, chi sd ddnh gid nhdn man dugc md rdng thdm he sd ddt dai hinh ihanh ndn he sinh thdi Khoang 40 nam qua, sy di ddn d at, (cd td chire lan tu phat) da khien tdc dp tang dan sd ca hpc d khu vye Tdy Nguydn ndi chung, khu vyc cu tni ciia ngudi Chil ndi ridng bimg nd Dieu ndy da pha vd hodn todn cau tnic he sinh thai mdi trudng, mdi sinh, tao nen sy khung hoang nhan man nghidm trgng khu vyc vd trdn didn rdng Didu dd thiy Id, frong ngudi Chil thu hep quydn hgn, quydn chiem hiru, khai thac d cde viing rimg loi, rimg gia - noi tirng dugc gin vdi truydn thdng tin ngudng - thi cac doan di dan lai cd xu hudng ngdy cang lan sau, ehidm hihi cac khu vye ndy de cu tni vd sdn xuit Mdt mat, ngudi Chil bj tdch khdi ddi sdng ede boat ddng ihyc hdnh tin ngudng; mgt khdc, dd thich nghi hg ciing ty xem phan ddt dai dugc chidm hiiu nhu mpi logi hdng hda ed thd dem frao ddi, mua ban (khdng ed 70 truydn thdng) Lau ddn, tu lieu sdn xuit Id ddt dai da egn kiet, nhiing xung dot xa hgi se cd kha ndng bimg phdt, nhit Id cd sy kich dgng ve tdn giao, sic tgc Tuy cdc chinh sdch, bidn phdp eua Nhd nudc van dang phdt huy tdc dyng, chua dd xdy bimg phdt xung dot, nhung nguy eo ndy la thye td tidm in, ed thd xdy neu nd bdn chit tren dipn rgng Dan sd tidp tue tang tir quy md gia dinh, da eanh tde ed dinh hda vdi dipn tich dit chidm huu khdng ddi, ndn kinh te hp gia dinh ciia ngudi Chil bj tae dgng manh me bdi quy ludt "ndng suit bien td gidm dan" (sd lugng lao ddng tang, didn tieh ddt san xudt giii nguydn), gdy khd khan cho ddi sdng Cdc bien phdp iing dyng khoa hgc - ky thuat hipn dgi vao sdn xuat ed Ihd giiip tang nang suat trdn eiing mgt dipn tich canh tde, nhung lai gidm ndu tinh theo ndng suit lao dgng dau ngudi Tinh Irgng ndy dang didn ngdy cdng gay gat, lidm an nhiing xung dpt vd mat xa hdi Kinh te hang hda logi tru tri thuc bdn dia nhieu m|lt Mgt bd phgn gia dinh tre thidu ddt tham gia vdo quy trinh nhan khoan giir vd chdm sdc rirng, trd thdnh edng nhdn ndng nghiep mgt sd ldm trudng, trang trgi ndng nghipp tgi dia phuang Trudc ddy, khai thae tu nhidn chi dap irng nhu cau ddi sdng cho gia dinh Vi dugc ty do, ngudi Chil xem vipc bdo vp ngudn lgi ty nhidn Id cho chinh minh ndn hp tuan thu chat che cdc quy udc edng ddng, nhu khdng san thii vao mua sinh nd, khdng "an ong" mua chia dan, khdng chat cay dd hdi qud, Tuy nhien, hipn nay, vide khai thdc ty nhidn dem lgi nguon thu ddng kd gan nhu bj cam, ddng thdi bi canh tranh bdi cdc nhdm, ldc ngudi khdc ndn mpt bp phan ngudi Chil da phd bd cdc ludt Ip truydn thdng Vipc khai thac theo xu hudng vira thu vua phd, khidn tdi nguydn egn kipt, mpt sd gidng lodi bj day vao nguy co tuypt chiing Keo theo dd, kinh nghipm vd tri thiic bdn dja, lan nhiing net Nghien cdu Trao ddi dpp van hda tam linh tpc ngudi ciing co nguy CO mai mgi vd bidn mit H? Uiong tri thiie bdn dia cdn sdt lai ngdy cdng tdch xa vdi ddi sdng lao ddng san xuit eua thdi dgi Khd ndng ling dyng kinh nghipm, fri thirc thap hodc khdng ed, nganh nghd, phuang thiic sdn xuit eu da mit di Tir be t i e frong td chiic lao dgng sdn xuit sinh kd, sy khiing hodng ciu tnic xd hgi vdi tpc ngudi ldn khu vye cd nguy co hinh thdnh Day dang Id bai loan xa hpi nan giai va dai dang Tri thiic ban dja, kinh nghipm sdn xuit tren nhidu mat cua ngudi Chil phai dupe xem Id vdn quy Nd se phat huy tac dyng, ltd thdnh tidm nang dd khai thdc vd phat tridn, ndu cpng ddng, xa hgi vd chinh quyen bidt nam bat, thay ddi, td chiic lgi boat dgng sdn xudt cho phii hgp Trudc hdt, mgi sy thay ddi ddu phdi dugc tinh toan theo hudng cd Igi va tao CO hdi phat tridn, dem lgi lgi ich kinh td thye sy eho ddng bdo; tgo dieu kipn dd ngudi Chil Idm chii, td chiic, ty Ihay ddi ddi sdng ciia chinh minh Vdi chuydn bidn dd, kha nang hda nhap vdi ddi sdng hipn dgi vd nen kinh te thj Irudng, cugc sdng cua ngudi Chil se ngdy mpt tdt hon Do dd, can sdm nghidn ciiu tim gidi phdp khd thi, tich cyc, dd giiip tgc ngudi Chil ciing nhu nhidu nhdm khac, ddn tgc khae d khu vue Tdy Nguydn khdng bi dnh hudng bdi chieu hudng tidu cyc, ngdn cdn sy phdt tridn vd hpi nhapQ TAI L I $ U T H A M K H A O Phan An, Mgt sd dgc trung ciia xd hgi nguai CU vd Lgt Vdn de ddn tgc a Ldm Dong, Mge Ehrdng (bien soan), 132-159, Sd Van hoa tmh Lam Dong Phan Ngpe Chien (bien s o ^ ) , Nguai Kaho vd nguai Cii a Ldm Dong: Phdn tich tdi lieu thu tich vd dien da vibdn sdc vd thdnh phdn dan lgc .\'gir&i Kaho & Ldm Ddng, Nxb Tre, Thanh H6 Chi Vlmh, 2003 Phan Ngpe Chi^n, Ddn tpc Kaho cdc ddn lgc it nguai & Viet Nam (cdc tinh phia Nam) Nxb Khoa hoc xahpi H i Npi 1983 Khoa hpc chinh tri So 7ior\or\ ... hda nhgp, nhung quy udc cua ddi sdng hidn dgi da ldm thay ddi eo ban sinh kd ciia ngudi Chii Nhung thay ddi da tdc dgng khdng nhd ddn ddi sdng sinh boat eiia ngudi Chii sy chuan bi tir ndi luc ciia... tac ddng dd da anh hudng tryc tidp ldm thay ddi co bdn ddi sdng sinh boat kinh td, xa hdi cua ngudi Chii Chinh sach sd huu va quyen chiem huu d i t dai lam thay doi cau true vd phuung thuc san... pha vd hodn todn cau tnic he sinh thai mdi trudng, mdi sinh, tao nen sy khung hoang nhan man nghidm trgng khu vyc vd trdn didn rdng Didu dd thiy Id, frong ngudi Chil thu hep quydn hgn, quydn