Bảo vệ quyền của phụ nữ ở các nước châu á

El 0"«-T^ BAO VE QUYEN CUA PHU NO CAC NUOIC CHAU A • PCS, TS NGLiYEN THJ NGQC HOA //pc vien Bao chi vd Tuyen Iruyen mTdmtib Tuyin ngon Toin Oligidi ve Quyin ngiOi vi cdc CSng Udc quoc tivi quyin ngiidi (ndm 1966) iiu khing iinh quyin binh iinggiSa nam gidi vi phu nQ viic hiidngtiuftat cd cic quyin vi idn sii, chbih tri, hnh ti,xa hoi vi vin hAtt Doi vdi cdc niidc chdu A, bii viit xin gidi thiiu cdsdphip ly bao vi quyin cia phll nQd cdc niidc chiu A; thlic trqngphdp ludt vithiictrqngbdovi quyin cuaphu nSdcicntidc chdu A; trencdsdid, ilia itidtsiketludn vi khuyin n^ nhdm bdo ve tdthtiniptyin cuaphu nSdcdcniidc chdu A, • Tii khda: Tuyen ngon Toin thi gidi vi Quyin ngiidi; quyin cia phunUdcdc niidc chdu A Cor sft phip ly bao vf quyen ciJa phif nir ft cic nurftc chau A Co sft phip ly bio vf quyin eua phy ntrfteic nuftc cbiu A bao gfim: (1) Cfing uflrc vl cie quyin chmh tri aia phy nu nim 1952 (2) Cfing uflrc vl xfia bfi mpi hinh thuc phin bill doi xft chfing lai phy nii nim 1979 (3) Nghi dinh tiiu bfi sung cua Cfing ufic vl xfia be phin bift dfii xu vfli phy nii nira 1999 (4) Nghifiinhthu vl vifc ngin ngiia, phflng ehfing vi trimg tri vifc bufln bin ngufti, die bift li phy nii va tre era, bfi sung cflng irftc ve chfing tfii pham efi tfi ehiic xuyen qufic gia cua Lifn Hpp qufic nim 2009 (5) Tuyfn bfi vl xfia hft sy phin biet dfii xu vfii phy nu nira 1967 (6) Tuyln bfi vl bip vf phy nii vi tie em trongtinhtrang khan cip vi xyng dpt vytiangnim 1974 (7) Tuyln bfi vl xfia hft ban lyc vfti phy nii nim 1993 phara vi khu vyc chiu k, eic nuflc di thflng qua ba tuyln bfi ASEAN liln quan din quyin LYLUiNCHlNNTR|-So7/2020 eua phy nti, dfi li Tuyln bfi vi sytilnbfi eua phy niinim 1988; Tuyln bfi vl xfla bfl bao lyc dfii vfli phu nOftkhu vye chiu A nim 2004 vi Tuyln bfi ASEAN vl ehfing bufin bin ngufti, die bif t li phy nirvi tti em nim 2004 Dl thyc thi cie hiyln bfi niy, cie kl hoach lim vifc di dutpre xiy dyng vi tiifing qua nhu Kl hoaeh lira vifc vi sy tiln bfi ciia phy nti vi buih ding gifii (2009 - 2018) viKI hoach lim vife nhira tiiin khai Tuyln bfi vl bao lyc chfing lai phy nti (2009 - 2018) Trong khufin khfi ASEAN, Uy ban ASEAN vl phy nii cfi nhifm vy phfii hpp vi giim sit boat dfing hpp tie giua eic nufie dfii vfti cic vin dl vl phy nu Uy ban niy hpp thuflmg niin vi mfii nuftc thinh viln luin phiin giti ghi Chu tich Uy ban Hifn nay, bin Hiln chuong ASEAN di dupc hiu hit cicnuftechiuAphI ehuin Diyselieosftphip ly rit quan ttgng ttong Unh vyc bio ve nhan qyyln, ttong dfi efi quyin phy nu ft khu vye Dfing Nam chiu A JQI Bin cgnh edc vdn kiOn qudc tl, d mdi qude gia tiiuOe khdi ASEAN diu ed cdc vdn bdn phdp lugt rieng tgo co sd phdp ly eho viec bao v | sy bmh ddng gidi va ddm bdo nhting quyin co bdn ciia phy nii Vdn bdn phdp lugt quan ttgng nhdt phdi kl din Id Hiln phdp - dgo lugt cobdn cua mgi qudc gia Trong Hiln phdp Indonesia'" cd Phdn X - Cdng dan vd ngudi cu tni, ttong dd quy dinh vl cdc quyin eon ngtrdi co ban Hiln phdp PhiUppmes ndm 1987 ghi nhdn Tuyln ngdn vl cdc quyin tgi Dilu 13 vdi 22 khoan Bin cgnh dd, ttong Dilu 13 - Cdng bdngxd hOi vd nhan quyin, cd Khodn 14 quy djnh rd ttdch nhiOm eua Nhd nudc ttong viOc bdo vp ngudi phu nii Hiln phdp ThaUand ndm 1997 md rOng cdc quyin ea bdn cua ngudi Iln 40 quyin (so vdi quyin theo Hiln phdp ndra 1932)'^' dan sd theo dgo Hdi, coi Hdi gido Id qude dgo; hidonesia Id nude ed tin dd Hdi gido ddng nhdt tten t h i gidi ude tinh hon 100 tripu ngudi; Malabda ciing cd ty Ip ngudi theo Hdi gido eao P h ^ ludt d edc nudc dugc xdy dyng dya tren niim tin vdo Thdnh Allah va nhiing nguyin tdc cua Hdi gido nin cd anh hudng khdng nhd tdi viec thyc hiOn cdc quyin cua phy nti Thyc trang quyen binh dSng v^ kinh t^ cua phy nir d ciic mrdc chau A Theo cdc kit qud n ^ e n ciiu, phu mi chdu A phai ddm nhipm phdn ldn cdng viOc chdm sdc viOc nhd khdng edng va thdng thudng, edc cdng vipc khdng dugc xa hOi thtra nhgn Id cdng dn viOc lam va hi loai khdi cdc sd UOu thdng kl kinh tl Bdt bmh ddng kmh t l giiia nam vd nii edn thdi dO vd dtic tm bin r l ldu ddi ldm gidm Bin c^nh Hiin phip, cic vin bin phip lii$t CO hOi vd quyin ty chu eua phy nti rdt nhilu khdc nhu bO Lugt Ddn sy Lugt Gia dinh, Ludt nudc phy ntr ldm phdn ldn cdng vile chdm sde Lao dOng diu cy thi hda ede quyen cdng ddn ndi gia dinh vd vipc nhd khdng dugc ttd cdng, trung ehung va quyin phy nu ndi riing Vi dy, Singa- bmh cao hon gdp 2.5 idn so vdi nam gidi'^' Cdng pore cd Hiln chuong phy nu ndm 1961, siia ddi viOc bao gdra cdc vipc nhu ndu dn, dpn dpp, ndm 1996; Lao ed Lugt vl bdo ve vd phdt triln gidt qudn do, chdm sdc eho ngudi ttong gia cda phy nti (2004); Brunei ban hdnh Lugt gia duih, gdnh nudc vd kilm ciii Dd Id nhiing cdng dinh Hdi gido, Lugt vl phy nii dd kit hdn, Ludt vile edn thilt d l tdi tgo sue lao dOng, cho hgnh bdo vO phy niivd tti em gdi Da sd cdc nudc ban phuc va siic khde cua cd nhdn, gia iflnh, cOng hdnh ludt vl ehdng bgo lyc gia dmh nhu ddngvdcdnlnkinhte Tuy nhiln, cdccdngviOc Malaysia (1994) Phihppines (2002), Indonesia khdng duge tinh tdi ttong cdc biOn phdp (2004), Lao (2004), Campuchia (2005), ThaUand truyen thdng cua n i n kinh t l vd thirdng cdc (2007), Vipt Nam (2007) Nhilu nudc da tiidng chinh sdch kmh t l khdng cdng nhgn hodc ddu qua lugt chdng budn bdn ngudi (hodc phu nirvd tu ehinh ddng cho cac edng vile nay, ldm cho tti em) nhu Thailand (1997), PhiUppmes (2003), bat binh ddng ttd n i n tdi te hon Nghien ctiu Myanmar (2005), Carapuehia, Indonesia va cho thay phu nti n ^ e o cd xu htidng ddnh nhilu Mala>^ia (cung ndm 2007) Trong khu vye chdu thdi gian vdo cdng viec chdm sde gia dinh ban A, ViOt Nam da ban hdnh Lugt Binh ddng gidi nhiing ngudi phy nii gidu va d cdc nude cd mtic (2006) vd Thailand dang qua trinh sogn bdt binh ddng kmh t l cao hon thi sy khdc biet cdn ldn hon'^' Theo trdc tinh, thdi gian phu thdo Lugt ndy nti ddnh cho edng viec chdm sdc vile nhd khdng Tuy nhien d$o Hdilh tdn gido khd phdt triln dugc tta edng cd the dupc dinh gid d miic 10 d khu vye Ddng Nam A, ddc bill Brunei vdi 67% LYLUAN CHlNHTR|-Sd7/2020 li QU6CT£ n^iin ty dfi la My mfii nim Khfing binh ding ttong phin efing Qrieh nhifm doi vfii phy nti Uln quan tfii efing vile chim sfic vife nhi khfing diKjre tti cfing li mfit ylu to quyit dinh quan ttpng thi hifn ban chit bit bmh ding kinh tl dya ttln ylu tfi gifti Nfi tao "nghlo vl thfii gian", ban chl su lua chpn cua phu nii vi thfti gian danh cho efing vife, hay tham gia vio dfti sfing efing efingthflrigiannghinggi hoic giiitri Nfi cimg li mfit ylu tfi gfip phin lim cho ty If phy nu tham gia vio luc lupng lao dfing thip hpn, tap tiling vio cfing vifc bin thfii gian vi cfing vile lugng thip Tii nim 2009 din 2018, hf sfi bit bmh ding Gini tnmg binh ft chiu A, tutmg iing vflri ty If phin phfii thu nhip trongphamvimfit qufic gia, ting gip dfii so vfii phin cfln l^i cua thi gifii vi thira chi ting nhanh honftnhtmg nufic efi dinsfilftnnhuIndonesia.AnDfivi Trung Quoe Cie nin kinh tl mfii nfii niy dang chiu sy gia ting bit binh ding thu nhip vfli tfic dp nhanh chfing Dilu niy cho thiy cie nufic efi miic ting trufing cao nhit khfing phii luc nio cting ehia se lgi ieh mpt eich efing bing Quy Tiln tf Qufie tl (IMF) phit hifn ring, sy gia ting bit binh dingftraiiccyc doan khu vyc phin Iflrn duge thue diy bfti sy gia ting thu nhip cua nhimg ngufli dtmg diu nin kmh tl"' Trong giai doan 2009 - 2018, ty If thu nhip eiia nhflm 70% nguftitiiunhip tiiip hgn lai giimttongkhi ty If dfl cua nhflm 10% ngufti thu nhip eao nhit lai ting nhanh Thue te niy khflng phii li nhat ft chiu A mi li mfit phin cua xu huflng tpin ciu theo hufing tip tnmg eiia cii vao tayraptnhflm nhfi Iihiing ngufli giiu efi ttnng xi hpi'" Xu hufing bit bmh ding mang ylu tfi gifti ngiy cing gia ting ttln khip chiu A Nhin chimg da phin nhiing nguoi giiu nhitttongxi hgi li nam gifii, ttong phu nii tilp tye tip tmng ttong cic LrLUANCHlNHTR|-So7/2020 efing vife efi miie luong tiiip nhit vi khong efi duge sy bio dam liu dii, bin viing Mfit sfi nuficftehiuK bao gfim ci Campuchia viViftNamdiquy dinh ehfing phin bif t dfii xu trongtiiylndyng dya n*n gifii dnh;ftBangladesh vi PhiUppmes, phip luit quy dmh cfing vifc cfi giitiingang can dupetiiluong nhu nhau"i Tuy nhifn, vin cfin mfit hfi siu ngin cich giOa cie cam kit ttln giiy N-a dat dupc bmh ding kmh tigiua nam vi niitiongttiycte Bit bmh ding vl tiln luong vi CO hfii giiia nam vi nu vin tfin tai tiong toin khu vyc vi vupt ngoii khu vyc T^i chiu A, 75% cong vifc eua phy nii liftkhu vtrc khfing chmhfluie,khfing dupctilpcfn cie phuc Ipi nhuttpcipfimdau, nghi thai sin heic huu m™ Khoing cich gifii uong vi|e lim li khie ttong khu vyc: d cie nuflc Dfing Nam A, chlnh lfch vl ty Iffliamgia lim vifc giua nam vi nit fliip hon so vftiftcicnufic Nam A Nim 2018, tji Lio eu 100 nara gifii dupe myln dungfliicfi 105 phy nit dupe tuyln dungftXriLanka,t^ If niy li 100/42 viftPaklOdan li 100/27"' Bangladesh, 65% phy nulam vifettpngUnh vuc nfing nghifp, so vfii 40% nam gifti"™ Sy chlnh lech tiln luong giiia hai gifiilimfitdiy hifu cuasybit bhih ding gioi dai dingftchau A Tiln luong eiia phy nir ft tit ci cie nufic ehi bing 70-90% luong eua nara gifli"" Dilu kifn lim vifc nghlo nin ttong cic nginh sin xuit mi nu chilm uu thi li thich tinic hing dfii vfti hingtrifuphy niiftchiuALao dpng nfi phii chiu dung thfti gian lim vifc kf e dii, ip lyc tim ly va quiy rfii tinh dye, cfing vfti cictifuehuanantpinkhfing diy du tai nhilu noi Iim vifc li nhiing quan ngai dfii voi siie khfie vi dpi sfing eua hp Ket luan va khuyen nghi nhim hio vf tot hom quyen cia phy nirftcic nirfic chau A Tren eo sft kit qui nghien euu vltiiycttang phip luit vitiiycttangquyin eua phu nii cie Ji nudc chdu A chiing tdi cho rdng edn thiet cd cac bipn phdp khan cap d l giai quyit bdt bmh ddng gidi vd cdc hinh thiic bdt binh ddng khac ddn tdi vi tiilkmh tithdp cda phy nii Cdc biOn phdp ndy bao gdm viOc thye hiOn miie luong du sdng ldng cudng tilp cgn an sinh xd hOi dp dung chfnh sdch t h u l luy tiln d l tdi ttg eho djch vu cdng todn dan chdt Itrpng tdt Cdng nhgn, gidm bdt va phan cdng lgi cdng viec chdm sdc gia dinh vd viOc nhd khdng dupc tta cdng Quan tdra tdi vile md rOng lgi ich thy hudng eho ngtrdi lao dOng n i n kinh t l khdng chinh thiie ma da sd hp la phu mi ViOc ldm bin viing - mOt ttong nhtrng muc tieu phat triln bin viing - cd t h i Id mgt ttong nhting gidi phdp ehu ylu d l gidi quyit tinh trgng bdt binh ddng gia tdng, n i u nhiing ngudi d vi tri quyen lyc thuc ddy theo hudng ehuyin ddi tir vipc lam "con dudng thdp" sang vipc ldm "con dudng cao" MOt sy chuyin ddi nhu vgy se ed tdc ddng ddng kl, ddc biOt ddi vdi phu nii hipn dang tap trung cdc cdng viOc dugc trd Itrong beo bgt vd bdp binh Vdi sy hd ttg n'ch cue cua ehinh phd cdc cdng ly va xa hdi dan sy chiing la c6 till tgo mOt t h i gidi ma cdng vipe eua ngudi lao dOng dupc bao ddm vdi raOl miic luong du sdng nghia la cac nudc khdng logi trir nhau, bdng cdch nang miic luong tdi thieu; dam bdo dp dyng va thye thi phdp ludt ve tieu chuan lao dOng md rdng ddi vdi nhiing ngudi lao dgng tgi nha, lao dOng di cu va lao ddng phi ehinh thuc; chdm dut chenh Ipeh luong gitia nam va nii; thuc day cdc chuan mue xa hdi va thai dg tieh cyc ddi vdi vile lara cua phy nti Chinh phu va doanh nghiip cd thi eara kit ndng rauc luong tdi thieu Iln raiic du sdng, xay dung 10 ttinh cho vile ndy thdng qua tham khdo y kiln vdi ngudi lao dOng va cdng dodn Cam kit xda bd khodng cdch luong giiia hai gidi ed ttln quy djnh cua chinh sdch va thye tiii tten thuc tl Thuc ddy cae chuan myc xa hOi va thdi dO tich cyc ddi vdi vile lam eua phu nii Doanh nghiOp cd thi ddm bdo cho phu nii tilp cgn edc co hOi viOc lam tdt vd viOc ldm bdo ddm khdng phan biet ddi xu tgi noi lara vipe va phy nii cd quyin thdnh lap td chtic cua hp Ddm bdo hinh thuc vipc lam ehu yeu la vile lam thudng xuyen, hgp ddng ddi hgn va ky tryc tilp; bdt ky thay ddi ndo khdc vdi hinh thuc deu phdi ed ly ehinh dang, cd kl hoach cd gidi hgn va dtrpc qudn ly Cdng nhdn va tdn ttgng quyin cua mgi ngudi lao dOng vl mOt muc luong du sdng, hd ttg va thi hdnh cdc ehmh saeh hudng tdi ratic luong du D6 dal dupe miic luong binh ddng va du sdng, sdng ttong phgm vi kinh doanh cua minh va d Chinh phu cdc nudc d chau A cd the ddnh gid va cdc cap dia phuong, qudc gia va khu vuc Cdng chinh siia phdp lugt lao dOng hien hdnh nhdm nhgn, giam bdt va phan cdng lgi edng vipe chdm bdo ddm quyen ty Uln kit thyc sy va quyen sdc gia duih khdng dugc tta cdng Chinh phu cd cua ngudi lao dpng dugc lap td chuc cdng the cdng nhan sy ddng gdp cua cdng vipc ehdra dodn ddc lgp Ddnh gid cdc tieu chuan tiln Itrong sde gia dinh va viOc nha khdng dugc tta cdng ddi hipn tgi 66 ddm bdo ngudi lao dpng giup vile gia vdi nen kinh te va giup giara gdnh ngng cho phu dinh ngudi lao dgng di cu va ngudi lao dOng phi nil thdng qua cung cdp cae dicb vy chdm sde tte chinh thlic diu dtrgc dp dung tat ca eac lugt tieu em vd ngudi eao tudi, cho phep nghi vl vipe gia chuan lao dOng hien tgi va tuong lai Phdi hgp dinh va di khdm bOnh duge tta luong quy dinh hdnh dOng thdng qua cdc diln dan khu vyc nhu gid lam viOc Unh hogt va cho phep ngudi cha ASEAN vd dam bao mOt san choi bmh ddng nghi chdm eon sau sinh LYLUANCHlNHTR|-Sd7/2020 iSL QUdctt Ap dyng cie bifn p h i p an smh x i hpi mft rpng dfii vfii lao dfing di cu va lao dgng phi ehinh thiie, bao gfim: (i) Tilp can dieh vy ehim sfie sue khfie ein tiult va chim sfie tiiai sin (ii) An ninh thu n h i p eo b i n eho tti era (ui) An ninh thu n h i p c o b i n cho ngufii lao dfing trufing hpp fim dau, thit nghifp, thai sin v i khuyit tit v i (iv) An ranh tiiunhipcgbineho nguflri Iflm tufii Diu tu vio cic dich vy efing vi eo sft h? ting d l giim bfit vi tii phin efing cfing vifc e h i m sfle vife n h i khfing dupe tri cfing, bao gfim cie dieh vy cfing miln phi toin din vl chim sfic sue khfie, nufic s^ch vi vf smh Ting tiiul qufic gia ttieo t^ If GDP, tiifing qua dinh thulluy tiln, huftng gin hon vfii tfii uu ning lyc dfing thul d l cho phip diu tuvio nginh ehira sfie vifc n h i v i gia dinh Cii tiufn thu fliip du Ufu vl phin chia efing vifc ehim sfic vifc n h i khfing dugc tti efing, d l thyc hifn myc tify phit triln b i n vimg v i dfing thfti cfing nhin sy dfing gfip ciia eong vifc chira sfic gia dinh khfing dupc tri cfing chp nin kinh tl Phin ti'eh mfit cich hf thfing cic ehinh sich kinh t l dua Uln quan tfti tie dfing eua cie ehinh sich dfi dfii vfti ttf em gii v i phy ntr; eii thifn du Ufu hf thfing dii Ufu qufie gia va kl toin - kl c i dtm vi tinh duoi hfi gia dinh - d l giim sit va dinh gii tic dpng niy (ttong dfi cfi vifc phin chia Iai cfing vife ehim sfic gia dinh vi vifc n h i khflng dugc tri cfing) Uu tifn lap ngin sich quan tim tfli ylu tfi gifli d^ dinh gii tie dfing eila cic quyit dinh ehi tiiu dfii vol phu nir va tti em gii v i p h i n bfi ngufin lye tiieo cieh thue diy binh ding gifti Cie doanh nghifp efi t h i efing nhfn eic cfing vife ehim sfle vife n h i khflng duge Oi cflng v i tim cich giim bflt va phin chia l?i cflng vife niy tiiflng qua ho tto gift lim vife linh boat, cho p h i p ngufli cha nghi ehim eon sau smh v i eung cap cic co sft, tUch LYLUANCHlNHTR|-So7/2020 vy ehim sfie cho ngufti lao dfing nhu chim sfic tti em D (1) Hiln phip Indonesia nam 1945, dugc sua dfii, bfisunglinttiiimnim2002 (2) SaUm, Arskal etal:, Nhi nufic duflri gfic nhhi Chinh tti phip lyfthidonesia hif n dai, SaUm, Arekal etal eds, ISEAS, 2003, tt.1-16 (3) Uyban Phy nir Uln Hgp qufic: Tign b0 lrong thg gidiphif na 2009-2015, Chuyin ddi nfn kuih td, thi/c hifn quyin, hnp://progress.unwomen.org truy cip 9-5-2016 (4) S Gupta et al: Bit hinh ding Mnh tSvi vi$cnhi IrongbStbinhdingkinh tg,2Qia,a.l05-122 (5) Sonali Iain-Chandra, Tidiane Kmda, Kalpana Kochhar, Shi Piao vi lohanna Schauen (^a si cd nictingtrudng Phin a'cb debit binh dingdclliu A Tii Ufu lim vifc IMF, Bfi phin chiu A vi Thii Binh Duong hnps,//www.lmf.org, ttuy cap ngiy95-2016 (6) D Hardoon, R Fuentes-Nleva and S Ayele: MOt nin kinh ti dinh cbo 1%, Oxford, Oxfam, https//www.oxfam.org, tmy cap ngiy 9-5-2016 (7) Ngin hing Thi gifii: Pht; nu, Kinh doanh vi Luit phip, lip cosddirlieu, xem http//wbl.worldbankorg, truy cip ngiy 18-5-2016 (8) K Donald vi R Moussif: Phin conglai cdng vi$c chim s6c viec nhi khong dugc tri luong http//www.ids.ac.uk, truy cip ngiy 9-5-2016 (9) ILO STAT: Viec lam dieo gidi dnh vi lua tudi OLD uoc tinh va dy bio), 2018, http//www.ilo.org (10) Chi so cua Ngin hang Phit triln chiu A, http//data.worldbankorg, ttuy cfp 9-5-2016 (11) ILO van phflng khu vyc chiu A - Thil Binh Duong vi Ngin hang Phit ttiln chiu kPhvnavi thjtrudnglaoddngichiuA, Hi cin bing hudng tdi bmh ding gidi dii tmdng lao dfing ft chiu A, httpZ/www.Uo.org, ttuy cap ngiy 9-5-2016