KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE QUY DjNH CUA PHAP LUAT NHAT BAN VE TINH TRANG KHAN CAP VANHDtJG GUI MOI CHG VIET NAM C4m Vu Thao Nguygn* * Hitotusbashi University - Faculty of Sociology Thdng tin bai viet; Tit khoa: Tinh tr^g khdn c4p, phap ludt Nhdt Ban Lich sU bai viet: Nh^nb^ ; 01/06/2020 : 16/06/2020 Bien tdp Duyet bai : 19/06/2020 Article Infomation: Key words: State of emergency, laws of Japan Article History: 01 Jun 2020 Received 16 Jun 2020 Edited 19 Jun 2020 Approved T6m tat: Tinh tr^g khan cdp la trgng thdi xa hpi dupc thilt ldp xdy tinh huong bat thudng, dnh hucmg lon din ddi s6ng cua ngudi ddn cung nhu hoat dfng binh thudng ciia xa hpi, nhu dich benh, thien tai, b^io loan Vifc tuyen bo tinh trang khdn cdp giiip chinh quyen nhanh ch6ng lap lai trat ty, giiip ngudi ddn nhanh chong 6n djnh l§i cupe s6ng Bin canh do, vifc ban bo tinh tr^ng k h ^ cdp lai co kha nang lam anh hudng den nen phap quyen va cac quyin ngudi Vi vdy, Hien phap va phap lu§t ciin phdi c6 quy dinh chat che vl vdn dl ndy Bai viet phdn tich quy dinh vl tinh tr^g khan c^p Hien phdp vd phap luat Nhdt Bdn, nhung tranh ludn ciia gidi ludt hpc vl v4n dl niy boi canh Nhdt Bdn dang no lyc doi vdi dai dich COVID-19, td dd nit nhiing gpi md cho Vidt Nam Abstract: State of emergency is an extraordinary situation heavily affecting the * lives of its citizens as well as the nonnal functioning of society, such as epidemics, natural disasters, orriots,etc The declaration of a state of emergency helps the Government quickly restore social order, and help people quickly stabilize their lives In addition, declaration of state of emergency has the potential to affect the rule of law and human rights Therefore, the Constitution and laws need to have strict regulations on this issue This article provide analysis of the legal regulations on the state of emergency in the Japanese Constitution and law under the imperial period and modem era, as well as legal discussions on this issue in the context of COVID-19 pandemic in Japan, and based on that to draw lessons leamed for Vietnam NGHltN CUU I CQ S612(412)-T6/202O\_LAP P H A P *" KINH NGHIEM QUOCTE Quy dinh cua Hiin pliap Nli^t Ban vk tinli tr^ng Idiin c^p Dircri thai phong kien, Hien phap Nhat Ban quy dinh ro quyen ban bo tinh trang Idian cap thuoc ve lanh dao toi cao cua quoc gia - tlic Thien hoang Dieu Hien phap Nh^t Bdn nam 1899 quy dinh; "De bao dam s\r an toan cua cpng dong khoi tliam hog, tai uong, truong hgp Quoc hpi khong hpp dupc, dua tren nhu cau cap thiet, Thien hoang CO quyen sac lenh ve tinh trang khan cap Sac lenh co hieu Ivrc tam thai nhu luat, va phai dupc trinh len Quoc hpi ky hpp ke tiep Neu Quoc hpi khong thong qua sac l?nh nay, Chinh phu phai thong bap buy bp hieu luc sau dp" Dvra trSn sic l?nli wk tinh trang khan cap, Chinh phii CP thi ban bo viec thiet quan luat va cac bien phap ling ph6 tam thai' Dilu 14 HiSn phdp Nhat Ban nam 1899 quy dinh, quySn thiet quan luat - l?nh gicri nghiSm thupc ThiSn hoang Dac biet, DiSu 31 quy djnh; "cac quySn lpi, nghia vy cua ngudi dan, truang hop dit nuac xay chien tranh hoac bien cp" se bi gioi h^n de "khong lam c4n trd den dai quyen cua Thien hoang"l Ngoai ra, Hijn phdp Nhat Ban nam 1899 quy dinh vk qiidn ly tai chinh tinh trang khdn cip (DiSu 70)' Tu HiSn phap Nhdt Ban nam 1899 doi d6n nam 1946, Nhat Hodng da ban hdnh tdng cpng 108 sdc l$nh v6 tinh trjng khdn cip Tuy nhien, Hien phdp Nhat Bdn nam 1946 da khong ccn bap hdm bit cii quy Theo :k :^^MM^ dich bdi tac gia Nhu tren Nhu tren dinh ndo lien quan dSn tinh trang khdn cap Tren thuc ti, nhung tranh luan xung quanh su cip thiSt phdi quy dmh vk vi$c ban hdnh ttah trang khdn cdp m6i chi xudt hi?n khpdng thdp ky gin day Nam 1996, gido su Takeshi Tominaga vi6t bdi dang tren T?p chi T6ng hpp luan dn HiSn phdp cua Hpi nghien ciiu HiSn phdp Kansai', trpng dp khdng dinh: "HiSn phap hi$n hanh chua cc nhung quy dinh vk quyen cpn^ bo tmh trjuig khin cdp qu6c gia, rdt may mdn rang, thuc tk, viec thuc thi quySn cong bo tinh trang khin cip qudc gia van chua bao gio trd thdnh vin de"^ Trong Du thdo siia doi Hien phap nam 2005 Dang Ddn chu Tu Nhdt Bdn (Liberal Democratic Party of Japan - LDP) trinh Qudc hdi ciing khdng c6 dieu khodn ndo vk quySn cdng bd tinh trang khdn cap qudc gia Chi dSn nam 2012, sau xdy thdm hpa dpng dit sdng thdn Tphpku, ban D\r thdp sua ddi Hi6n phdp LDP trinh bdy mdi ldn diu de cap dSn vi^c "xay d\rng h$ thdng ling phd tinh trang khdn cap minh bach, tren co sd Hijn phdp"' Bdii dy thdo sira d6i HiSn phdp nam 2012 dd dd xuit bd sung hai didu mdi: DiSu 98 - Ban bd tinh trang khin cip; DiSu 99 - H? qud cua vi?c ban bo tinh trang khdn cdp Hai diSu da trd thdnh vdn de gay tranh cai den tan bay gid DiSu 98 quy dinh: QuySn ban bd tinh trang khdn cap thupc ve ngudi diing ddu Npi cac, dupc thuc hi?n sau thdng qua Npi cdc, tren ca sd quy dinh cua phap ludt hien The constitution of the Empire of Japan - B ^ I # I I S I S National Diet Library, « » t S « J » # , HB*SBfR#, 19964P6J! S*ôt (1996) rB*BôSI-lt^*.ôl-881 5ffiÊ*#L4i,>fc-it-t?*