Xu hướng quốc tế hóa của luật hình sự việt nam và vấn đề đặt ra cho lập pháp hình sự

NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT XU HirdNG QUOC TE HOA CUA LUAT HINH SIT VIET NAM VA VAN DE DAT RA CHO LAP PHAP HJNH SIT Dao Lf Thu* *TS Trtfdng Dai hgc Luat Ha Noi Thdng tin bai viet: Tit khoa: B9 luat hinh sv, xu huong quoc te hoa Lich su bdi viit: Ngily nhita bai Bien t^p Duyft bai 03/5/2020 03/6/2020 09/6/2020 Article Infomation: Keywords: The Criminal intemational trend Article History: Received Edited Approved Code; 03 May 2020 05 Jun 2020 09 Jun 2020 Tom tat: Bai vilt n^y luan giai xu huong quoc ii hoa cua lu§t hmh syr VlSt Nam, dua phan tich va binh luan ve nhiing biSu hi|n ro net ciia xu huthig quoc te hoa Bo luat Hinh su nam 2015, va xac dinh mpt s6 van de dSt cho viec hoan thipn lu^t hinh si^ Vi$t Nam theo xu huong qu6c ik hoa Abstract: This article firstly privides discussions on the intemationalization trend of criminal law of Vietnam, provides an analysis and comments on the clear manifestations of the mtemationalization trend in Vietnam's Criminal Code of 2015 and also identifications of a number of issues for improvements of Vietnam's crimmal law in the intemationalization context Ly gidi cho xu hudng quoc te hoa cua lu^t hinh SIT Vift Nam Lu|t hinh su yi?t Nam da trai qua nhung diu moc phdt trien vao thoi diem ban hanh cdc Bplu^t Hinh s\r (BLHS) nam 1985, nam 1999 va nam 2015 M6i BLHS (ciing vai cac luat sura d6i, b6 sung mpt s6 diSu ciia BLHS) ddu chiu anh huong va mang diu in ciia nhung xu hudmg l$p phap hinh s\r nhit dinh Cl giai d o ^ ban dau cua qua trinh phap didn hoa luat hinh s\r, khia c?nh qu6c td ludt hinh s\r Vi?t Nam mdi chi thd hi?n a muc dp rit khiem t6n Diu tien, BLHS nam 1985 ghi nhan hi^u l\rc cua BLHS theo mpt s6 nguyen tic ciia luat hinh sv qu6c td va quy dinh mpt s6 tpi pham nham bdo vd lpi ich ciia c6ng dong quoc te Sau do, BLHS nam 1999 da tiep tuc CO mpt so siia doi, bo sung nham bao ddm trdch nhidm cua Viet Nam vdi tu each la vien ciia mpt so didu uac quoc te ve hinh su Tuy nhien, hai van ban luat van chua thuc sir tao nen xu huong quoc te hoa cua luat hinh su Viet Nam Luat sua d6i, bd sung BLHS nam 2009 va dac bidt la BLHS nam 2015 da dupc siia d6i, bd sung nam 2017 (BLHS nam 2015) trd nhung bidu hidn ro net cho xu hudng lap phdp hinh su BLHS nam 2015 thd hien nhung xu hudng cai each Iuat hinh su nhu: hi$n dai hoa, hudng thien, hpi nhap quoc td, cai each tu phap, tdn trpng quydn ngudi, v.v Vay xuat phat Xix nhihig ly nao ma luat , NGHliN cini I S6 12 (412) - T6/2020\_ l A P P H A P " NHA NU6C VA PHAP LUAT hinh su Viet Nam lai chiu anh hudng va thd hi?n cang r5 net xu hudng quoc td hoa? Thu nhdt, yeu cdu cua cdc dieu u&c quoc te md Viet Nam Id thdnh vien BLHS nam 1985 dupc ban hanh bdi canh Vi?t Nam chua cd nhidu quan he hop tdc quoc td; BLHS nam 1999 ddi hoan ceoih Viet Nam cung chua hpi nhap kinh td quoc td sau rpng Vi vay, d thdi diem do, luat hinh s\r Vi?t Nam chua phan anh dupc nhidu dac diem va yeu cau dau tranh phdng, chong tpi ph^im didu kidn hpi nhap quoc te, cung chua tao ca sd phap 1^ day du va thuan lpi cho vi?c hpp tac qudc td dau tranh phong, chdng tpi ph^im Trong nhung nam gdn ddy, Vi?t Nam da chu dpng h$i nhap qudc te bdn^ vi^c tich cue tham gia nhidu td chirc quoc td, to chiic khu v\rc va da trd thdnh thdnh vidn cua nhieu didu udc qudc td da phuang va khu vuc co lidn quan ddn vi?c phong, chdng tpi pham qudc td vd tpi pham xuydn qudc gia Ddng chii y, \^dt Nam da tham gia vao cdc cdng udc vh phdng, chong tpi pham nhu: Cdng udc Chong tpi pham cd td churc xuyen qudc gia va Nghi dinh thu ve Phdng, chdng buon bdn ngudi, d^c bi$t Id phy nii vd tre em nam 2000; Cdng udc Chong tham nhiing nam 2003; Cdng udc Chdng tra tin nam 1987; cdc di^u udc quoc td lidn quan den chdng khiing bd, tai trp khung bo, rua tien, cudp bien, bit cdc tin, v.v Cac dieu udc qudc te ITnh v\rc hinh s\r ddi hoi cdc quoc gia thdnh vidn phai npi lu^t hoa nhiing quy ^nh cd tinh bat budc nhu vide xdc ldp quyen tai phdn ctia luat hinh s\t qudc gia lam ca sd dd truy cdu trdch nhidm hinh svr, vi$c t$i pham hda nhihig dang hdnh vi nguy hidm cho xa hpi nhat dinh, vi?c xay dung nhihig chd dinh iuat hinh s\i lam ca sd dd xdc dinh t0i ph^m, v.v Vi?c siia ddi, bd sung BLHS nam 2015 la mot ca h^i dd Viet Nam tiep tyc npi Iuat hoa nhimg quy dinh vd hinh s\r cdc didu udc qudc td ma chung ta tham gia nham thuc hidn day du cdc nghia vu cua qudc gia vien Tht^ hai, yeu cdu ciia cupe ddu tranh chong tgi phgm boi cdnh hpi nhdp va todn cdu hoa Co thd thay ring, cung vdi qud trinh hpi nhap kinh td qudc te, Vi§t Nam dang phdi doi mat vdi su gia tang cua cdc loai tdi pham cd td chiic xuydn qudc gia, cac tpi pham ngudi nudc ngodi thyc hidn Cling liic do, cac tpi pham qudc td va tpi pham xuydn qudc gia nhu tpi pham chien tranh, chdng loai ngudi, tpi ph^im ve ma tuy, mua ban ngudi, nia tidn, khiing bd va tdi trp khung bd, tpi pham sir dving cdng ngh? cao cang dien bien phiic tap, nghidm trpng, gay anh hudng vd gdy quan ngai cho cpng ddng qudc td ndi chung va cdc quoc gia ndi ridng Vide hoan thi^n cdc co che phdp lu|it dd tao ca sd phap ly thuan lpi cho vipc chii dpng vd tang cudng hpp tac qu6c te phong, chdng tdi pham, d|c bi?t Id cdc t^i pham cd td chiic xuydn qudc gia Id mpt xu thd tit ydu b6i canh hidn nay' Thic ba, mdt hi^n tupng dang t^o xu hudng qudc te hda phdp lu^t hinh sy cua nhieu qudc gia trdn the gidi, d6 c6 Vi?t Nam, la hdi hoa hoa vd nhdt the hoa phdp ludt Phdp lu^t hinh sy d nhidu khu vyc trdn the gidi dang dupc cai cdch theo xu hudng ndy dl tao sy hai hda vd cao hon nua la su thdng nhit Nhihig khai ni?m "iu|it hinh sy quoc te", "luat hinh sy xuydn qudc gia", "luat hinh sy khu vyc", "luat hinh sy so sanh", v.v da dupc hinh va dang dupc phdt tridn cang m^nh me, vdi sy nd lyc cua cdc qudc gia vi?c dua phap luat hinh su cua minh ngdy cang ti?m c ^ vdi cac chuin myc phdp Iuat qudc te vd bdo Xem them: T6 trinh ve Dy ^ Bp lu$t hinh s\f (sua d6i) s6 186/Trr-CP ngiy 27/04/2015 ciia Chmh phu trinh Qu6c hpi, tr.4-5 h * iMOHliH CI*U / L A P PHAP_/S612(412)-T6/2020 NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT ve quydn ngudi, chdng nhiing loai tpi pham gay nguy hilm cho ca cpng ddng ciing nhu ngdy cdng dap iing dupc tinh hidn dai cua khoa hpc luat hmh sy trdn thd gidi^ Xu hirdng quoc t l h6a Bp luSt Hinh syr Vi^t Nam nam 2015 - Xu hur&ng quoc ti hoa the hifn chinh sdch hinh sif cua VletNam BLHS nam 2015 da cd nhihig siia ddi, bd sung quan trpng, thd hi?n nhimg chuyen bidn can ban chinh sdch xd \^ hinh sy Trong dd, nhihig thay d6i ro r?t nhit la vi$c ghi nhan trach nhiem hinh sy (TNHS) d6i vdi phdp nhan thuang m^i, chinh sdch nhan dao quy dinh vl hinh phat vd chinh sach xii ly than thi^n d6i vdi ngudi dudi 18 tudi pham tdi Ddy dlu Id nhirng bieu hi?n cua xu hudng quoc te hda ciia luat hinh sy Viet Nam Trudc hit, vi^c quy dinh TNHS cua phap nhan thuang mai BLHS nam 2015 nham ddp iing nhihig khuyen nghi ciia cac dieu udc qudc te ve chong tham nhiing, nia tien, budn bdn ngudi, khiing bd, tai trp khung bd ma Vi$t Nam la vien Bdn canh dd, vdi tu each la qudc gia vien cua Nhdm chau A-Thdi Binh Duang vl chdng nia tiln (APG), Vi?t Nam cd trdch nlii?ra thyc hi?n day dii cac Khuyen nghj ciia Luc lupng dac nhi^m tai chinh ve chong rua tiln (FATF), dd Khuyin nghj lidn quan den vide quy dinh TNHS ddi vdi phdp liian Han niia, dilu ki?n hpi nh^p kinh td qudc tl nay, ca hpi diu tu kinh doanh cua cac doanh nghi?p Vi?t Nam d nudc ngoai ciing nhu^ doanh nghidp nudc ngoai vdo Vi^t Nam dlu gia tang Nlu Vi§t Nam khdng quy dinh TNHS sy ddi vdi phdp nhan nhu phdp luat cua da sd qudc gia ASEAN khac thi se thidu cdng bang cho cac doanh nghidp vd ngoai nudc ciing vi phEun phap luat nhu Vdn de TNHS cua phap nhdn da dupc ghi nhan phap ludt hinh sy d nhilu nudc Qua nghidn cihi va sodt, ca quan soan thdo BLHS nam 2015 xdc dinh trdn thi gidi cd 119 nudc quy dinh TNHS ddi vdi phap nhdn, didn hinh la cac quoc gia theo truyin thdng Common Law nhu Anh, My, Canada, Australia hoac nhidu nudc chau Au theo truydn thdng Civil Law nhu Phap, Hd Lan, Bd Dao Nha, Phin Lan, Vuong qudc Bi, Thuy Si, Tay Ban Nha, Slovakia, Hungari, Lavia, Estonia, Croatia ho^c diln hinh cho khu vyc Bac A nhu Nhat Ban, Trung Qudc Trong so dd, khu vyc ASEAN cd sau nudc da quy dinh TNHS ciia phap nhdn Id Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Phillippines, Indonesia va Cambodia^ Chd dinh TNHS cua phdp nhan dupc dua vdo BLHS nam 2015 trdn ca sd nghien ciiu cdc quan didm ly luan, hpc thuydt co lien quan vd can cii phat sinh vd dac didm trdch nhidm hinh sy cua phdp nhan, loai phdp nhdn phdi chiu TNHS, lo^i tpi md phdp nhan phdi chiu TNHS, cac hmh phat dp dung ddi vdi phap nhdn, ciing nhu kinh nghidm lap phdp d mpt sd nudc vd vin de ndy Ben canh ddi mdi can bdn vd chinh sach hinh sy ghi nhan TNHS ciia phdp nhan thucmg mai, ludt hinh sy Viet Nam cdn the hi?n tinh thin nhan dao va hudng thidn bang vi?c sda ddi manh me chinh sdch xii ly hinh sy ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nien pham tdi tren tinh thin dap dng cac nguydn tic cua Vi dy xem: Antonio Cassese et al., Cassese's Intemational Crimmal Law, Oxford Umversity Press, Oxford 2013; Neil Bolster, An Introduction to Transnational Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012; Markus Dirk Dubber, "Comparative Criminal Law" in The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law, M Reimann & R Zimmermann (eds), Oxford University Press, Oxford 2006, pp.1287-1325 Xem: Td trinh v^ D\rfinB$ lu^t Htah s\r (sua d6i) s6 186/TTr-CP 27/04/2015 ciia Chinh phu trinh Quoc hpi, tr.28 , NGHI£H CUU I S6 12 {412) - T6/202O\^ L A P PHAP c '' NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT Cdng udc cua Lidn hpp qudc (LHQ) vl quyen tre em"* Sy ddi mdi dd the hi?n d vide siia ddi, bd sung nguyen tac xu ly ddi vdi ngudi dudi 18 tudi pham tdi (Dilu 91) bao gdm: (i) bd sung nguyen tic bdo ddm lpi ich tdt nhat ciia ngudi dudi 18 tudi tren tinh thin Cdng udc vd quyen tre em; (ii) bd sung nguyen tac uu tien xem xet ap dung cac bi?n phdp thay the xu ly hinh sy trudc quydt dinh viec truy cihi TNHS ddi vdi ngudi dudi 18 tudi pham tpi; (iii) khang dinh nguydn tdc chi dp dyng hinh phat ddi vdi ngudi dudi 18 tudi phgm tpi, nhat la hinh phat tii, sau da xem xet, can nhic khd nang dp dyng cdc bifn phdp tu phdp nham thd hidn tinh than nhan dgo tgi Didu 37 Cdng udc vd quyen tre em la vi?c bat, giam giG hay bd tii tre em chi dupc dung ddn nhu mdt bi$n phap cudi cung va thdi hgn thich hop ngan nhat Xu hudng qudc te cua luat hinh su Viet Nam the hidn ro net nhat d viec bd sung quy dinh ve dp dyng bi?n phdp giam sdt, gido due thay the xu ly hinh sy^ Theo do, xii ly ngudi dudi 18 tudi pham tpi, co quan tien hanh td tyng quydt dinh mien TNHS va dp dung bi?n phap cd cac dieu ki?n nhu: (i) thudc trudng hpp phgm tdi lan dau (thudng la tdi phgm it nghidm trpng hoac nghidm trpng), cd nhidu tinh tidt gidm nhe, ty nguyfn khac phyc phdn ldn hdu qud; (ii) ngudi chua thdnh nien vd ngudi dai dien hpp phdp ciia hp ddng y vdi vi$c dp dyng bipn phap gidm sdt, giao due Bi$n phdp thay thd xu ly hinh sy gdm cd: khidn trdch; hda gidi tai cdng ddng va gido due tai xa, phudng, thi trdn Day la quy dinh nhdm dua ngudi chua thdnh nidn khdi quy trinh td tung hinh sy va dp dyng cdc bidn phap xii ly khdc mang tinh giao dye - phdng ngiia vdi y nghia giup cac em nhdn rd dupc ldi lam, co thai dp an nan hdi cdi, khac phuc sai pham^ Nhihig cdi cdch ddi vdi chinh sdch xii ly ngudi chua nien phgm tpi neu tren dupc thyc hien tren ca sd nhung khuyen nghi cac van kien qudc td vd bdo ve tre em nhu: Quy tac chuan tdi thieu cua Lidn hpp qudc vl qudn ly tu phdp ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nien, Quy tac cua Lien hpp quoc vd bdo vd ngudi chua nidn bi tudc quydn ty do, Hudng ddn ciia Lien hop qudc vd phdng ngiia pham phdp d ngudi chua nidn.' Cac nguyen tac nhu tu phdp thdn thidn, tu phap phuc hdi, nhiing bi?n phdp xu ly chuyen hudng theo tinh than cua nhiing khuydn nghi ndy ciing vifc nghien ciiu kinh nghidm cua cdc qudc gia nhu New Zealand, Australia* da trd dianh co sd cho nhung sira ddi, bd sung tich cyc BLHS nam 2015 The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, ban hanh theo Nghi quyet so 44/25 20/11/1989 ciia Dgi hpi d6ng Lidn hpp qu6c Muc CAc bi^n phdp giam sat, gido due ip d^g tniong hpp dupc mien trdch n h i ^ hinh s\r - Chuong XII (Nhiing quy dinh doi voi nguoi duoi 18 tuoi pham tpi) BLHS nSm 2015 Cv the xem tu Dieu 93 den Dieu 95 BLHS nam 2015 da dupc siia doi, hh sung nam 2017 Tim doc cdc van bdn cung nhu cdc thong tin co lien quan den tu phdp nguoi chua nien t^i: https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/world-programme-of-action-for-youth/juvenile-justice.html Day la nhung quoc gia di dlu vi?c xay dung va phat trifin mo hinh tu phap than thi?n, tir phip phyc hoi chii trpng he thong bi?n phdp xij ly chuyen hudng d6i vdi nguoi chua nien phgm tpi Trong thoi gian sogn thao BLHS nam 2015, mpt so hpi thao quoc t£ co si^ gop m^t cua cac chuyen gia ve tu phdp nguoi chua nien ciia cac quoc gia da dupc to chiJrc tai Vift Nam vdi myctieula phat triln he thong tu phdp ngueri chua nien chuyen biSt d6 co vi?c cdi cdch p h ^ lugt hinh si^ lien quan den nguoi chua ianh nien pham tpi Vi dy: Hpi thao tham van "Tang cu6ng tu phdp doi vdi ngudi chua nien Du thao Bp lugt hinh su vd BO luat t6 tyng htah sy" Bp Tir phdp phoi hpp vdi UNICEF Vi?t Nam dong t6 chirc tai Ha Npi vao 01-02 /I0/2015 e " iNeHltNCVU LAP y PHAP_/S612(412)-T6/2020 NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT -Xu hu&ng qudc dhda thi hi^ qiQf dinh t^ Phin chung cua BLHS ndm 2015 Thir nhat, xu hudng thi hi$n d vi?c ghi iihgn hi^u lyc ciia BLHS theo nguydn tac qudc tich hi ddng (Principle of Passive Personality) va nguyen tic bao ve chu quydn, an ninh qudc gia (Protective Principle), khoan Dilu BLHS nam 2015 quy dinh: "Ngudi nudc ngodi, phap nhan thuang mgi nudc ngodi pham tdi d ngodi lanh thd nudc Cpng hda xa hpi chu nghia Viet Nam cd thd bi truy ciiu TNHS theo quy djnh ciia B0 lugt trudng hpp hanh vi phgm tpi xam hai quyin, lpi ich hpp phdp ciia cdng ddn Viet Nam hoac xdm hai lpi ich ciia nudc C0ng hda xa hpi chd nghTa Viet Nam " Quy dinh khang dinh hidu lyc cua ludt hinh su Viet Nam ddi vdi nhung hdnh vi phgm tpi xdy d ngoai lanh thd "S^et Nam ngudi khdng cd qu6c tjch Viet Nam thuc hi^n nhung ngn nhan cda tpi pham Id cdng ddn Vi$t Nam hoac xam hai nhung lpi ich vd an ninh qudc gia cua Vi^t Nam Day la sy ghi nhdn hi?u lyc cua lugt hinh su trdn ca sd nhimg nguyen tac chung ciia phdp luat qudc td vd theo kinh nghidm d nhilu qudc gia trdn thd gidi' Thu hai, dd tgo co sd phap ly chu dpng ngan chan sdm tdi pham xdy ra, gdp phdn nang cao hi|u qud phdng ngda tpi pham, ddng thdi phii hprp vdi tinh than cua Cdng udc cua LHQ ve chdng tpi pham cd td chiic xuydn qudc gia (Cdng udc Palermo)'" ma Viet Nam la thdnh vidn, BLHS nam 2015 bd sung them hanh vi thdnh lap, tham gia nhdm tpi pham dd thyc hidn mpt tdi pham cy the ben canh cdc hdnh vi chuin bi phgm tpi da dupc {^uy dinh BLHS nam 1999 nhu tim kidm, sda soan cdng cu, phuang tifn hoac tgo nhiing didu kien Ididc dd thyc hipn tdi phgm (Dilu 14) Day ciing Id mdt bidu hidn cua xu hudng qudc tl hda lugt hinh sy Vipt Nam, vide xay dyng che dinh td chuc tpi pham (hoac nhdm tpi pham cd td chiic) vd vi?c tdi phgm hda hanh vi tham gia vdo nhom tdi pham cd td chde trdn ca sd Cdng udc Palermo dang trd nen ngdy cang phd biln ludt hinh su d cdc qudc gia trdn thi gidi" Thit ba, BLHS nam 2015 da bd sung quy dinh tai khoan Dieu 28 vl khdng dp dyng thdi hidu tmy cuu TNHS vd Dilu 61 vl khdng dp dyng thdi hieu thi hanh bdn dn doi vdi tdi tham d tai sdn vd tdi nhgn hoi Id thupc logi tpi dac bi#t nghidm trpng Vdi quy dinh nay, nhung ngudi pham tpi tham nhung dac bidt nghiem trpng ndu trdn cd thi bj truy cuu trach nhi^m hinh sy hoac bi thi hdnh bdn dn ve cac tdi ndy bdt cd liic nao, ndu CO quan chiic nang phat hidn dupc hdnh vi phgm tdi ciia hp hoac phat hi$n ban dn chua duac thi hdnh Day Id mdt no lyc ciia Viet Nam vdi tu each la qudc gia vien Cdng udc cua LHQ vd chdng tham nhung (UNCAC)'^ Ve npi dung va nhiing bieu hifn ciia cac nguyen tic luat hinh sy quoc te va ludt hinh sy mpt so quoc gia, xem di£m: Neil Bolster, An Introduction to Transnational Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012, tr 144-147; hoge; Christoffer Wong, Criminal Act, Criminal Jurisdiction and Criminal Justice, Polpress Publisher, Krakow 2004, pp.94-103 10 The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, ban hanh theo Nghj quyet s6 55/25 ngdy 15/11/2000 ciia Dgi hpi d^ng Lien hpp qu6c 11 Xem vi dy nhu thfing tin cy the vl t^i phgm hoa hdnh vi ndy d hang logt quoc gia chau Au tgi: Francesco Calderoni (2010), Organized Crime Legislation in the European Union; Hamonization and Approximation of Criminal Law, National Legislations and the EU Framework Decision on the Fight against Organized Crime, Nxb Springer; ho$c o nhieu quoc gia chau A tai: https://www.unafei.or.jp/publications/ pdPRS_No59/No59_45RC Group2_Phase2.pdf 12 Dieu 29 Cong udc LHQ ve chong tham nhiing quy djnh mot didi hi?u dai hon hoac xda bd thdi hi?u doi vdi cdc tpi phgm tham nhung se giiip cho vi$c thyc thi cong ly ddi vdi ngudi pham tpi mot cdch thich ddng NGHltN , NGHItN CUU II S6 12 (412) - T6/2020\_ L A P P H A P ' NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT Cdng udc cua Lidn hpp qudc (LHQ) vd quyen tre em"* Sy ddi mdi thd hien d vi?c sua ddi, bd sung nguydn tic xii ly ddi vdi ngudi dudi 18 tudi pham tdi (Dilu 91) bao gdm: (i) bd sung nguydn tdc bao dam lpi ich tdt nhdt cua ngudi dudi 18 tudi trdn tinh thdn Cdng udc vd quyen tre em; (ii) bd sung nguyen tdc uu tien xem xet dp dung cdc bien phdp thay the xu ly hinh sy trudc quydt dinh vide tmy ciiu TNHS ddi vdi ngudi dudi 18 tudi pham tpi; (iii) khang dinh nguydn tac chi dp dung hinh phgt ddi vdi ngudi dudi 18 tudi pham tpi, nhat la hinh phgt tii, sau da xem xet, can nhac khd nang dp dung cdc bi§n phap tu phdp nham the hi^n tinh than nhdn dgo tgi Dieu 37 Cdng udc ve quydn tre em Id viec bat, giam giii hay bo tii tre em chi dupc dung den nhu mpt bidn phdp cuoi ciing vd thdi han thich hop ngdn nhdt Xu hudng qudc td ciia lugt hinh sy Viet Nam the hien ro net nhat d viec bd sung quy dinh vd dp dung bi?n phap gidm sat, gido due thay thd xii ly hinh sy^ Theo do, xii ly ngudi dudi 18 tudi phgm tpi, co quan tien hdnh td tyng quyet dinh midn TNHS vd ap dyng bi?n phdp ndy co cdc didu kien nhu: (i) thupc trudng hpp pham tdi lan dau (thudng la tpi pham it nghiem trpng hoac nghidm trpng), cd nhidu tinh tidt gidm nhe, ty nguydn khdc phyc phdn ldn hau qud; (ii) ngudi chua nidn va ngudi dai dien hpp phdp cua hp ddng y vdi vide dp dyng bi?n phap giam sdt, giao due ndy Bidn phap thay thd xu ly hinh sy gdm cd: khidn trdch; hda gidi tgi cdng ddng va gido due tai xa, phudng, thi trin Ddy la quy dinh nhdm dua ngudi chua thdnh nidn khdi quy trinh to tung hinh su va dp dung cac bi?n phdp xu ly khac mang tinh gido dye - phdng ngira vdi y nghia giiip cdc em nhgn ro dupc ldi lam, co thdi dp an nan hdi cdi, khac phyc sai pham^ Nhihig cai cdch ddi vdi chinh sdch xd ly ngudi chua nidn phgm tpi ndu tren dupc thyc hien trdn ca sd nhung khuyin nghi cdc van kipn qudc te ve bao v§ tre em nhu: Quy tdc chuan tdi thidu cua Lidn hpp qudc vd quan ly tu phdp ddi vdi ngudi chua nidn, Quy tic ciia Lien hpp quoc vd bdo V? ngudi chua nidn bi tudc quyin ty do, Hudng ddn ciia Lien hpp qudc vl phdng ngiia phgm phdp d ngudi chua nidn.'' Cdc nguyen tac nhu tu phdp than thien, tu phdp phuc hdi, nhiing bi?n phdp xir ly chuyen hudng theo tinh than cua nhiing khuyin nghi ciing vi^c nghidn ciiu kinh nghidm cua cdc qudc gia nhu New Zealand, Australia* da trd ca sd cho nhung siia ddi, bd sung tich cyc BLHS nam 2015 The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, ban hanh theo Nghi quyet so 44/25 ngdy 20/11/1989 cua Dgi hpi dong Lien hpp qudc Myc Cdc bi?n phdp gidm sdt, giao dye dp dung tmdng hpp dupc miln trdch nhi?m hinh sy - Chirong XII (Nhung quy djnh dfii vdi ngudi dudi 18 tuoi pham tpi) BLHS nam 2015 Cy the xem tii Dieu 93 dgn Di6u 95 BLHS nam 2015 da dupc siia d6i, b6 sung nam 2017 Tim dpc cac van ban cung nhu cac thong tm co lien quan din tu phdp ngudi chua nien tgi: https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/world-programme-of-action-for-youth/juvenile-jiistice.html Day la nhirng qu6c gia di dau vi^c xay dung va phdt trign mo hinh tu phap than thi^n, tu phdp phyc h6i dd chii trpng he thong bien phap xu l;y chuyin hudng ddi vdi ngudi chua niSn phgm t^i Trong thdi gian sogn thao BLHS nam 2015, mpt so hpi thao quoc tl dd co sy gdp m$t ciia cac chuyen gia ve tu phap ngudi chua nien ciia cdc qudc gia da dupc td chuc tgi Vi?t Nam vdi myctieuId phdt trien hp thdng tu phdp ngudi chua thdnh nien chuyen biet c6 vifc cdi each phdp lugt hinh sy lien quan din ngudi chua nien phgm tpi Vi dy: Hpi thao tham van 'Tang cudng tu p h ^ doi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nien Dy thdo Bp lugt hmh sp va Bp luat td tyng hinh sy" Bp Tu phap phoi hpp vdi UNICEF Vift Nam ddng tl chiic tgi HdNpi vao ngdy 01-02 /10/2015 G lNGHlCNCUU LAP I PHAP^S612(412)-T6/2020 NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT - Xu hui^gquScd hoa the hi^ quy dinh tgiPhhn chung cua BLHS nam 2015 Thir nhdt, xu hudng ndy thd hi?n d vi?c ghi nhdn hi^u lyc ciia BLHS theo nguydn tic qudc tich b] ddng (Principle of Passive Personality) va nguydn tic bao v? chu quydn, an ninh qudc gia (Protective Principle), khodn Dilu BLHS nam 2015 quy dinh: "Ngudi nudc ngoai, phap nhan thucmg mgi nudc ngodi pham tdi d ngoai lanh thd nudc Cpng hda xa hpi chu nghia Viet Nam co thd bi truy ciiu TNHS theo quy dinh ciia Bd lugt ndy tnidng hpp hdnh vi phgm tpi xdm hai quyin, lpi ich hpp phap ciia cdng dan Vipt Nam hoac xam hai lpi ich cua nudc Cpng hda xa hdi chu nghia Vipt Nam " Quy djnh khang dinh hi$u lyc cua luat hinh sy Viet Nam ddi vdi nhimg hdnh vi pham t$i xdy d ngoai lanh thd Vift Nam ngudi khdng cd qudc tjch Vi$t Nam thyc hidn nhung nan nhan ciia tpi phgm Id cdng ddn Viet Nam hoge xam hgi nhiing lpi ich vd an ninh qudc gia cua Viet Nam Day la su ghi nhgn hipu luc cua ludt hinh sy tren ca sd nhiing nguydn tdc chung cua phap ludt qudc td va theo kinh nghidm d nhidu qudc gia trdn thd gidi^ Thu hai, dd tao ca sd phdp ly chii d^ng ngan chan sdm tpi phgm xdy ra, gop phin nang cao hipu qud phdng ngiia tpi phgm, ddng thdi phu hpp vdi tinh thin cua Cdng udc ciia LHQ vl chong tpi phgm cd td chiic xuydn qudc gia (Cdng udc Palermo)'" ma \^pt Nam la vidn, BLHS nam 2015 bd sung thdm hanh vi thdnh lap, tham gia nhdm tpi phgm dl thuc hien mdt tdi phgm cu thi bdn canh cac hanh vi chuin bi pham tdi da dupc cpy dinh BLHS nam 1999 nhu tim kidm, siia sogn cdng cu, phuomg tidn hoac tao nhiing^ dilu kidn khdc de thyc hien tpi pham (Didu 14) Day ciing Id m^t bieu hidn cua xu hudng qudc tl hda ludt hinh sy Vift Nam, vipc xay dyng chd dinh td chiic tpi phgm (hoac nhom tpi phgm cd td chiic) va vipc tpi phgm hda hanh vi tham gia vdo nhom tdi pham cd td ehdc trdn CO sd Cdng udc Palermo dang trd nen ngdy cdng phd bidn lugt hinh sy d cdc qudc gia trdn the gidi" Thic ba, BLHS nam 2015 da bd sung quy dinh tgi khodn Dilu 28 vl khdng dp dyng thdi hi?u truy ciiu TNHS va Dilu 61 vl khdng dp dyng thdi hidu thi hdnh bdn an ddi vdi tpi tham d tdi sdn vd tpi nhgn hoi If thupc logi tpi dac bidt nghidm trpng Vdi quy dinh ndy, nhirng ngudi phgm tpi tham nhung dac bidt nghiem trpng neu tren cd thi bi truy ciiu trdch nhidm hinh su hodc bi thi hanh ban an vl cac tpi bat cii liic ndo, neu CO quan ehdc nang phdt hien dupc hdnh vi pham tpi cda hp hodc phdt hidn bdn dn chua dupc thi hdnh Day la mpt nd lyc cda Viet Nam vdi ty each la qudc gia thdnh vidn Cdng udc cua LHQ vd chdng tham nhiing (UNCAC)'^ Ve npi dimg vd nhiing bieu hi^n cua cac nguy&i tic lugt hinh sy qudc te vd lugt hinh sy mpt so qudc gia, xem them: Neil Bolster, An Introduction to Transnational Criminal Law, Oxford Umversity Press, Oxford 2012, tr 144-147; hoac: Christoffer Wong, Criminal Act, Crimmal Jurisdiction and Criminal Justice, Polpress Publisher, Krakow 2004, pp.94-103 10 The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, ban hanh theo Nghi quylt so 55/25 ngdy 15/11/2000 cua Dgi hpi dong Lien hpp qudc 11 Xem vi dy nhu thdng tin cy the vS tpi phgm h6a hanh vi d hang loat qudc gia chau Au tai: Francesco Calderoni (2010), Organized Crime Legislation in the European Union: Hamonization and Approximation of Criminal Law, National Legislations and the EU Framework Decision on the Fight agamst Organized Crime, Nxb Springer; hoac d nhilu quic gia chau A tai: https://www.unafei.or.jp/publications/ pdfiTlS_No59/No59_45RC_Group2_Phase2.pdf 12 Dilu 29 Cdng udc LHQ ve chong tham nhiing quy dinh mpt thdi hi^u dai hon hoac xoa bo thdi hi^u dli vdi cac tpi phgm tham nhiing se giiip cho vi$c thyc thi cong ly ddi vdi ngudi pham tdi mpt cdch diich ddng , NGHI£N CUU I S6 12 (412) - T6/202O\^ L A P P H A P T ' NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT TTHi-ftf, BLHS Vipt Nam nam 2015 da bd sung mpt che djnh vl nhiing trudng hpp logi tni TNHS (Chuang IV), dd, tidp tuc tri va cy the hda 04 trudng hpp nhu BLHS nam 1999 (su kidn bit ngd, phdng vd chinh ddng, tinh the cdp thidt vd tinh trang khdng cd nang lyc trdch nhidm hinh sy), ddng thdi, bo sung thdm 03 tnrdng hpp loai trii TNHS la: gay thiet hai hong bit giii ngudi phgm tdi (Dilu 24); nii ro nghidn ciiu, thd nghifm, dp dyng tien bd khoa hpc, ky thuat va cdng nghf ^ i d u 25); thi hanh mf nh If nh ciia ngudi chi huy hoac cua cip trdn (Dilu 26) Thir ndm, BLHS nam 2015 thu hep phgm vi dp dung hinh phgt tu hinh, tang cudng quy dinh cac hinh phgt khdng giam giii cung vdi thu hep phgm vi dp dung hinh phat tu, quy dinh bifn phdp tha tu trudc thdi han c6 dilu kifn Cy thd nhu sau: BLHS nam 2015 da xoa bd hinh phat td hinh ddi vdi 07 tpi danh; md rpng pham vi dp dung phgt tien Id hinh phgt chinh doi vdi cdc tpi phgm it nghidm trpng (Didu 35), rieng cdc tpi xam phgm trgt ty qudn ly kinh tl vd tpi phgm vl mdi trudng thi phat tiln cdn dupc quy dinh la hinh phat chinh cd the dp dyng ddi vdi cd tpi rat nghidm trpng, pham vi dp dung hinh phat cdi tao khdng giam giu cung dupe md rpng tdi cd tpi rat nghiem trpng vd y (Dilu 36), khdng dp dyng hinh phgt hi ddi vdi ngudi lan dau pham tpi it nghiem trpng vd y (khodn Didu 37) Dau tidn, dl thi hidn sy ton trpng tinh than cua cdc didu udc qudc te vd quydn ngudi ma Vift Nam la vien, ddng thdi phu hpp vdi xu hudng chung cua thi gidi, BLHS Vift Nam nam 2015 da xac dinh rd chinh sdch han chi pham vi dp dung hinh phat tu hinh Nhd ldm ludt Vift Nam da cdn nhac cac khuyen nghi cua cpng ddng qudc td vd van dd nay, nhdn thay rdng cac khuyen nghi deu xuat phdt tii ly td hinh Id hinh phgt tudc di quydn sdng - quydn CO ban, quan trpng nhat ciia ngudi vd nhu vdy da tudc bd ca hdi phuc thifn, tai hod nhap cdng dong cua ngudi bi kdt an ciing nhu logi trd kha nang khac phyc dn oan, dilu co thd xdy trdn thyc td Trdn ca sd tham khao cd chpn Ipc kinh nghiem cua mpt sd nudc cdn quy dinh hinh phgt tir hinh nhu Hoa Ky, Lidn bang Nga, Tnmg Qudc, Nhgt Bdn, Thai Lan, Indonesia, Malaysia,'^ dd hinh phgt tli hinh chi dp dyng ddi vdi mpt sd tdi ddc bidt nghiem trpng thudc logi tpi chdng Nhd nudc, xdm phgm tinh mgng ngudi, tpi phgm ve ma Trdn tinh thin nay, BLHS nam 2015 da xda bd hinh phgt tii hhih ddi vdi 07 tpi danh Bdn cgnh dd, BLHS nam 2015 cdn md rdng pham vi ap dung phgt tiln la hinh phgt chinh doi vdi cdc tpi phgm it nghiem trpng (Dieu 35) Chinh vi vay, so khodn co quy dinh phgt tidn Id hinh phgt chinh ddi vdi tpi it nghidm trpng Phan cac tdi phgm tang ddng kl so vdi quy dinh ciia BLHS nam 1999 Pham vi dp dyng phgt tiln Id hmh phat Td trmh^ve Dy an Bp luat Mnh sy (sua dli) so 186/rrr-CP 27/04/2015 ciia Chmh phu trinh Qudc hpi da dan so li?u Co^quan phdng ching tpi phgm va ma tiiy cua Lien hpp qudc (UNODC) tai Hd Npi cung cap,tiieodd tinh den thdi dilm 30/6/2014 da cd 162 quic gia va vung lanh thd da bai bd dn tu hinh theo lugt hoge tren thyc te, do: - Co 100 nudc da bai bo hoan toan hinh phat tir hinh, - Cd 55 nudc cd quy dinh hinh phgt tir hinh nhung khdng dp dyng tren thyc tl - Co nudc da bai b6 hmh phgt hi hinh dli vdi "cac tpi thong thudng", tri hbh phat tii hinh dli vdi cdc tpi ngogi 1? nhu mpt sd tpi theo lugt quan sy hoan cdnh dge bi?t - C6 37 nudc va vung lanhtiidvln cdn tri hinh phgt tii hinh dli vdi cdc tpi phgm thong thudng - Trong 10 nudctiidnhvien ASEAN, cd nudc da bai bd hmh phat hi hmh (Cam-pu-chia vd Phi-hp-pin); CO 03 nudc van iri hmh phgt tii hinh hoge c6 quy djnh hinh phgt tu hinh nhung khdng ^ dyng tren thyc te INGHICNCUU I LAP PHAP_/S612{412)-T6/2020 NHA NUbC VA PHAP LUAT chinh ddi vdi cdc tpi phgm nghidm trpng cung dupc md rf ng Rieng cdc tpi xam phgm trat ty qudn ly kinh tl vd tdi phgm vd mdi trudng thi phgt tidn cdn dupc quy dinh la hinh phgt chinh co thd dp dyng ddi vdi cd tpi rit nghiem trpng Phgm vi dp dyng hinh phgt cai tao khdng giam giii ciing dupc md rpng tdi cd tpi rdt nghiem trpng vd f (Didu 36) BLHS Cling quy dinh khdng dp dung hinh phat tii ddi vdi ngudi ldn dau phgm tdi it nghidm trpng vd y (khodn Didu 37) Ddng thdi, tai Phan cdc tf i pham, so lupng cdc khodn khdng quy dinh hmh phgt tu tang ldn khd nhidu so vdi quy dinh cua BLHS nam 1999 Nhiing sira ddi, bd sung ddu thd hien xu hudng qudc td vifc quy dinh hinh phgt, la trdn ca sd cua "thuyet ngan ngda" thay vi chiu dnh hudng cda "thuydt triing phgt" nhu giai doan trudc day'^ Ciing theo xu hudng quoc tl, BLHS nam 2015 da bd sung quy dinh ve tha tu trudc han cd didu kifn; theo dd, phgm nhan cd thd dupc mien chap hdnh phan hinh phgt tu cdn lai cd du cac didu kifn quy dinh tgi Dieu 66 Tha tu trudc thdi hgn cd dieu kifn la mdt gidi phdp cho phep dua ngudi phgm tf i bi xd phat tu quay trd vd vdi cpng ddng sdm hom dd gido dye, cdi tgo vdi sy giup dd vd gidm sat cua gia dinh, cac ca quan, doan thi xd hdi Ddy la mdt bifn phap dupc dp dung tai nhidu nudc trdn thd gidi dudi cdc tdn gpi nhu phdng thich co dieu kifn hay tra tu co dieu kien'^ - T^i pham hoa mpt so hdnh vi nguy hiim cho xa hpi tren c