Một số bất cập và giải pháp hoàn thiện pháp luật việt nam về dịch vụ logistics

IUAT MOT SO BAT CAP VA GIAI PHAP HOAN THIEN PHAP LUAT VIET NAM VE DICH v y LOGISTICS • V6 TH! THANH UNH - N G U Y I N THI THU HOAI TOM TAT: Nganh Logistics cd mat tai Viet Nam khodng 30 nam trd lai day vdi td'c dp phdt uien vd cung a'n tffdng, gop ph^n thuc day phdt trien kffih td' Song phap ludt dilu ehinh dich vu logistics chifa thffc stf hoan thidn, ton tai nhffng bd't cap Iam han che nang life canh tranh ciia doanh nghidp; ddng thdi chffa dilu chinh he't nhu cau phdt irien cua dich vu logistics, E-logistics Do dd, bai vid't ndy di sau nghidn effu nhffng bat cdp vl phdp ludt Unh vffc logistics va difa cdc giai phap d l hodn thien phap luat ve linh vffc TiJf khoa: Logistic, E-logistics, Ludt Thffdng mai DatvS'ndd Sau mot Ihdi gian dai phdt trie'n, dich vu logistics da dffdc the che' hda Lual Thffdng mai 2005 (Sau day gpi la LTM 2005) Vdi vide ban hanh Nghi dinh sd 163/2017/ND-CP va Chl ihi 21/CT-TTg cua Thu tffdng Chfnh phti da tao nhilu dilu kien thudn Idi cho dich vu logistic phat trien Tuy nhidn, sau mdt thcfi gian ngdn thffc hien, cac van ban phdp ly dilu chmh dich vu logistics da bdc Id nhffng bat cdp lam ban che' nang life eanh tranh eua doanh nghiep, dffdi ddy la nhffng bd't cap cua phap ludt vl dich vu logistics Nhu'ng baft c$p cua phap luSt dieu chinh vl dich vu logistics 2.1 Quy dinh khdi ni$m "dich v^i logistics" d Viet Nam chdd th^ hi$n ro bdn chd't ciia dich vu logistics, thid'u quy dinh vi dich vu E - logistics Mot id, ve khdi niem "dich vu logistics" Mot thffdng nhdn dffdc coi la cung ffng dich vu logistics thu'dng nhan ihffc hien mdt sd eac boat dpng khac nham hd trd cac boat ddng mua bdn hang hda hodc dich vu hau can lien quan den hang hda Tuy nhien, theo quy dinh tai Dilu 233 Lual Thffdng mai 2005, thu'dng nhan chi can Ihffc hien motff-ongcac hanh vi quy dinh tai dilu dd la thffc hien dich vu logistics, Sd dd du'di day cho tha'y logistics khdng phai la mdt hoat dpng ddn le ma la mot chudi cdc boat ddng lien tuc, cd quan he mat thie't va tac dgng qua lai ldn nhau, bao irum mpi ye'u to'tao ndn san pha'm, tff viec nhap nguyen lieu dau vao cho de'n giai doan tidu thu san pha'm cud'i cung Cac ngudn tai nguyen dau vao khdng chi bao gdm vo'n, vat iff, nhdn Iffc md cdn bao ham ca dich vu, thdng tin va cdng nghd, Cac hoal dgng cung dffdc phdi ke'l hdp irong mdt chie'n Iffdc kinh doanh long the' cua doanh nghiep tff lam hoach dinh de'n thffc thi id chffc va trien khai ddng bd tff mua, dff trff, tdn kho So 12-Thang 7/2019 13 TAP CHi CdNG THIfdNt bao quan, van chuyd'n dd'n thong tin, bao bi, ddng gdi Nhd vao sff ke't hdp cac boat dgng kinh doanh dffdc hd trd mdt cdch td'i ffu, nhip nhang va hieu qua, tao dddc sff thoa mdn khdch hang d mffc dp cao nha't hay mang lai cho hg nhffng gid tri gia tang ldn hdn so vdi dd'i thii canh tranh Vf du: Cong ly X thda thuan vdi cdng ty Y {kinh doanh dich vu logistics) vd vide van chuyen hda chat tff kho de'n cang de xud'l khau Cdng ty Y td chffc theo phffdng an: ddng bao kidn hang, van chuyen kidn hang tff kho cdng ty • J^" '''^' contanier cang, lam diu tuc thdng kho la: kho cang va xuat kha'u theo dffdng bien Nhu' \ a>, cong ty Y da thffc hidn mdt sd cac boat dong khac nhdm hd trd cong ty X hoal dgng mua ban hang hda, chff khdng ddn thuan la boat dgng van chuyen hang hda Vdy, ne'u theo linh than lai Dieu 233 LTM 2005, thffdng nhan chi can thu'c hien mot cac hanh vi quy dinh lai dieu da la thifc hien dich vu Sd Cac phdn va hoqt dpng cd ban cua djch vu logistics' Nghiep vu quan Iy Thuc hien Lap ke hoach Cac ngudn luc tu nhien (dat dai, Cff sff vat chat, thiet bi) ANC C Nguon nhanluc Nguon tai chinh Dinh hudng thi trudng (loi the canh tranh) Q u a n tri logistics Nguyen lieu Luxi kho san xuat Thanh pham e Nguon thong tin > / / Cac hoat dong logistics - Dich vu khdch hang - Lua chou dia diem - Dir bdo nhu cdu kho chira - Thong tin Irong - Tint gain phan phoi -Dong goi - Kiem sodt Imi kho - Xep da hang tra Igi - J 'an chuyen - Phdn logi hdng hoa nguyen vat lieu Van ldi - Qud Irinh dat hdng - LUTI bdi vd luu kho - Dich vii vdphii - Ghi ky ma hieu kien hd tra 14 So 12-Thdng 7/2019 -< Tien Igi % e thM gian va dia diem \'an chuyen hieu qua den khach hang Tai san sff huu LUAT logistics thi chifa dung thffc te Tham khdo cac quy dinh ve dich vu logistics d cdc nffdc nhff: Phap, My, Nhat Ban, Singapore cho thay cac nu'dc dIu cho rang dich vu logistics la mot chudi cungffngdjch vu cd mdt xich vdi Trong cudn sach hffdng ddn vl dich vu logistics cua USAID deliver project cho rang: "Logistics la mpi bd phan cd'u cua chudi cung ffng bao gdm vide Idn kd'hoach va kiem soat hidu qua dong chay cua hang hda theo ca hai chidu tff diem san xua't den diem lieu Ihu theo yeu cau cua khdch hdng".^ cho nganh rieng le chudi va hai Id dilu kien chung cua chudi logistics hi gpi la nganh nghe kinh doanh Mdi hoat ddng ttfdng ffng vdi mdt nganh, nghe kinh doanh vd dffdc dilu chinh bdi phdp lual chuyen nganh Do vay, doanh nghiep phdi thoa man dilu kien vl khai thud' hai quan hay van lai hang hda, ddng thdi phai cd cai "mii" dieu kidn cua nganh Logistics ne'u dang ky kinh doanh theo tdn Dilu la vd IJ', vffa khdng phuc vu muc tidu quan ly nha nffdc, vffa lam lang chi phi luan thu cua doanh nghiep^ Nhtf vdy, khai niem "dich vu logistics" d Viet Nam chtfa the' hien ro ban chd'l cua dich vu logistics Hai Id ve dich vu E - logistics (dich vu logistics dien td) Dich vu E-logistics Id mdt loai dieh vu hau can dffdc thu'c hidn thdng qua mdi trtfdng Internet E-logistics cd nhffng khdc bidt rat ldn so vdi dich vu logistics truyen thd'ng, mang linh hidn dai va hieu qua cao hdn, hffdng den phdl trie'n theo khuynh hffdng dich vu logistics bdn thff nam (fifth party logistics- 5PL) Nghi dinh sd 163/2017/ND-CP gian tiep lao dilu kidn cho phep doanh nghiep nffdc ngodi tie'n hdnh hoat dgng logistics d Viet Nam Tuy nhidn, dich vu van chtfa dtfdc khai niem eu the, Nghi dinh sd 163/2017/ND-CP mdi chi ggi ten mot each chung chung vl thtfdng nhdn kinh doanh dich vu Logistics^ Vl vay, nhieu ngtfdi nham lln vl khdi niem va ban chat eua logistics va E - logistics, tff dd danh gid khdng dung vi trf, vai Ird cua boat dgng khid'n hoat ddng cd nhilu bd't cap Them vdo do, phdp Iuat quy dinh hanh vi van chuyd'n hang hda tren dffdng phai cd hda ddn, chffng tff^, "tuy nhien cung vdi sff bung nd eua hoat dpng thffdng mai didn tff mdi ngdy cd hang tram ddn hang, cd ddn hang chi vai chuc nghin ddng thi thffc sff rd't khd cd the' kep hda ddn cho tffng ddn hdng"^ Nhff vay, viec quy dinh mang tinh rang budc vd khdng md rpng cho cac dich vu E - logistics la khdng phii hdp vdi dilu kien thffc te'xa hoi 2.2 Quy dinh ve dieu ki^n kinh doanh dich vu logistics ldm han ehe quyen td kinh doanh cua doanh nghiSp Hidn nay, doanh nghiep ddng ky kinh doanh dich vu logistics dang phai tuan thu cung luc ft nhd't tang dilu kien kmh doanh, mot Id dilu kidn Viec dang ky kmh doanh dich vu logistics d nffdc la vdn nhilu ban chd', vd'n dT khdng hi ton tai mot "nganh, nghe" dich vu logistics dpc lap, ndn nd'u cff tid'p tuc giff logistics Id ngdnh nghi kmh doanh co dilu kidn thi doanh nghiep se bi ban che'quyen Iff kinh doanh 2.3 Bat eqp ve guy dinh quyen vd nghia v^i cua thUdng nhdn kinh doanh dich vu Logistics Mot Id, chffa quy dinh cu the' the' nao la "chi phi hdp ly" hoac "ly chinh ddng" xac dinh nghia vu cua doanh nghidp kmh doanh dich vu Igistics Nhff da phan tich, cac chu the kinh doanh dich vu logistics cd quyin thoa thuan vdi vl quyin vd nghia vy Sff ihda thuan cua cdc chu the dtfdc phap ludt dat Idn hdng dIu, trffdng hdp cac chu the khdng thoa thuan dffdc ihi theo quy dinh hp cd cac quyin va nghia vu tai Dieu 235 LTM 2005, la quyin dtfdc htfdng thu lao dich vu va cac chi phi hdp ly khac Tuy nhidn, "chi phi hdp ly khac" la chi phi gi thi chtfa cd van ban hffdng d§n Mat khac, thffdng nhdn kinh doanh dich vu logistics phdi tudn thu cdc quy dinh cua phap ludt va cac nghTa vu da thda thudn hdp ddng, dd cd vide tudn thu cac chi dan ciia khdch hang Nd'u cd Iy chinh ddng vi ldi fch cua khach hang thi thffdng nhan kinh doanh dich vu logistics cd the thffc hidn khdc vdi chi dan cua khdch hang Song hien chffa cd van ban ndo giai thich thd' nao la Iy chinh dang Viec dp dung chu yeu dffa vdo sff thda thudn cua cac ben, neu cdc ben khdng thoa thudn thi rd't khd giai quyd't ed tranh cha'p xdy ra, Hai la, cdc quy dinh ve quyin va nghia vu giffa cdc ben irong hdp ddng dich vu Logistics nam rai rac nhilu van ban, Cac quy dinh vl hdp ddng dich vu logistics So 12-Thang 7/2019 15 TAP CHJ CdNG THtftfNG khong dtfdc tap trung lai mdt vdn ban phdp ly nhd'l dinh ma ndm rai rac d nhieu van ban khdc nhau, gay khd khan qud tnnh ki ke't giffa hai bdn Dac biet, nd'u thtfdng nhan kinh doanh dich vu logistics theo chudi qua trinh thi viec hinh hdp ddng ddp ffng du cac tidu chuan d cac van ban khdc Id dilu rd't khd, nhd'l la chudi dich vu vdn tai Ngoai ra, he thd'ng phdp lual ve dich vu logistics khdng cd quy dinh nao dilu chinh vl cac thu tuc, chffng tff Day cung la mot thie'u sdt cua phap lual Viet Nam ve dich vu Logistics 2.4 Quy dinh tri&ng hop miin trdeh nhiem do'i vdi thit