VIEC THI HANH QUY DINH PHAP LUAT LAO DONG VE AN TOAN, VE SINH LAO DONG DOI v l LAO DONG N C T A I CAC DOANH NGHIEP HA NOI LAI THI TO QUYEN Tom tat: Hoat dong san xuat kinh doanh bao gid chng co sa lien quan m$t thiSt vdi an toan lao dong, v$ sinh lao dong Lao dong na vUa co tu each la mot Mc IWng lao dong tham gia vao qua trinh lao dong san xu^t, dong thdi thvtc hiSn thiSn chdc lam me, lam vO Xuat phat td nhiing dac Chii riengve tam, sinh ly, sufc khoe, chdc nang sinh de va nuoi va dac diem chung cua liic iMng lao dong, phap luat lao dong mot mat dam bao quyen binh dang giUa phu nil va nam gidi; mat khac, co cac quy dinh rieng nhkm bao vS lao dong nii linh vile an toan, ve sinh lao dong Bai viet ban ve viec thUc tbi cac quy dinh phap luat lao dong ve an toan, ve sinh lao dong cho lao dong nii tai cac doanh nghiep d Ha Noi, danh gia viec thuc thivaduara mot so giai phap nhkm nang cao viec thiic thi Ttt khoa: An toan lao dong; ve sinh lao dong; lao dong n H; doanh nghiep; dieu kien lam viec; phap luat lao dong Abstract: Occupational safety and hygiene are central to productivity These issues are especially important to female workers as they are not only workers but also mothers, wives, with gender-specific physical and psychological featuures Law on occupational safety and hygiene must, on one hand, ensure gender equality, but on the other hand, should have regulations exclusively for female workers This article reviewed how corporates in Hanoi city have implemented the Law on occupational safety and hygiene for female workers Implications and recommendations were discussed Keywords: Work safety; occupational hygiene; female worker; corporate; working condition; law of labor Ngay nhan bai: 12/4/2019; Ngay sda bai: 25/6/2019; Ngay dayet dang bai: 20/7/2019 Dat van de dUdc bao ve td't tbi cang kich thich dUdc Mot nhUng quyen cd ban cua sUc san xua't Dieu ndi len mdi quan ngudi lao dong ndi chung, lao ddng nU h§ bien chUng giUa qua trinh san xuat vdi (LDN) ndi rieng la dUdc dam bao lao ddng an toan lao ddng Xua't phat tU nhUng dac dieu kien an toan, ve sinh lao dong thd rieng ve tam, sinh ly, sUc khde, chlic Hoat ddng san xua't kinh doanh bao gid nang sinh de va nudi va dac diem ciing cd sU lien quan mat thiet vdi an toan chung cua lUc lUdng lao dong (LLLD), Viet lao ddng, ve sinh lao ddng SUc lao ddng la Nam da ban hanh luat phap, cac chinh yd'u to' quyet dinh nha't san xua't, dd mud'n tie'n hanh san xua't thi phai bao vd sUc lao ddng, ngUdC l a i , Slic lao dong sd 0.2019 ^ ^hS, Vien Tii di^n hoc va Bach khoa tha Viet Nam Email: daniellequyen@gmail.com NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI g] VIEC THI HANH QUY DINH PHAP LUAT LAO DONG VE sach Uu tien cho phu nU Vdi muc dich xay dung va ciing cd' luan cU khoa hoc, giiip cho viec danh gia thUc trang phap luat, viec thUc thi cac quy dinh pbap luat ve an toan, ve sinh lao ddng ciia LDN; dong thdi, dUa cac giai phap de nang cao bieu qua thuc thi cac quy dinh ve dieu kien lam viec cbo LDN theo phap luat lao ddng d Viet Nam Trong bai viet nay, tac gia se danh gia mot sd' va'n de qua viec nghien ciiu thUc tien tbi hanh cac quy dinh rieng cho LDN ve an toan, ve sinh lao dong theo phap luat lao ddng Viet Nam tai cac doanh nghiep d Ha Noi va dUa cac giai phap nham thiic day qua trinh thUc thi phap luat ve an toan ve sinh lao dong ddi vdi lao ddng nU dat hieu qua hdn Thiic tien t h i h a n h cac quy dinh rieng cho lao dong nii ve an toan, v§ sinh lao dong theo p h a p luat lao dong Viet Nam tai cac doanh nghiep of Ha Noi Cac quy dinh ve dieu kidn mdi tritdng cho lao dong nd Cac quy dinh ve an toan, ve sinh lao ddng dUdc quy dinh tai Dieu 133 den Dieu 152, ChUdng IX, Bo luat Lao ddng nam 2012 Dieu 152, cd nhiing quy dinh di xac lap quan he lao dong, ngUdi sii dung lao dong (NSDLD) phai bd' tri cdng viec phu hdp, dam bao an toan sUc khde ciia NLD, qua trinh lao ddng ciing phai cd trach nhidm tUdng Ung vdi viec dam bao sUc khde cho LDN Dieu 160 Bo luat Lao ddng nam 2012 quy dinh ve Cong viec khdng ditdc sd dung lao ddng nd - day la quy dinh mang tinh bat budc nham bao vd tdi da sUc khde, tinh mang cho LDN, la sU quan tam den vai trd va thien chUc lam me cua ho; nbidn, nhin v^ khia canh Q khac, quy dinh cd the khien LDN mat di cd hoi tim kid'm dUdc mot cdng viec co thu nhap dam bao, ban che' tuydn dung ddi vdi mot sd' ddi tUdng, dac biet la vdi nhUng lao ddng trinh dd chuyen mdn kem hoac nbUng ngUdi da lap gia dinh, sinh con, qua tud'i sinh de mud'n tim kiem cdng viec vdi phu ca'p cao hdn de tang thu nhap Ben canh dd, Nghi dinh 45/2013/ND-CP cua Chinh phu ban hanh 10/05/2013 ve Quy dinh chi tie't mot so' dieu cua Bg luat Lao ddng ve thdi gid lam vide, thdi gid nghi ngdi va an toan lao dong, ve sinh lao dong cd mdt sd' quy dinh hudng dan cu the cac quy dinh ndi trdn cua Bg luat Lao ddng Kdm theo la danh muc cdng vide khdng dudc s^ dung LDN, dUdc quy dinh tai Thdng tU so 26/2013/TT-BLDTBXH cua Bo Lao dong thuong binh va xa hoi Thdng tu 26 neu tren dUdc xay dUng tren cd sd ke thiia chinh sach da dUdc ban hanh nham phu hdp vdi thUc te, tren quan di^m bao ve sUc khde cua LDN, dam bao tudi tho lao ddng, phong tranh nhiing rui ro sUc khde LDN, thai nhi va em be, cung nhu xem xet den cd hdi vide lam cua LDN Ve CO ban, Thdng tU 26 khdng bd sung them cac chUc danh mdi khdng dUdc sii dung LDN so vdi Danh muc dUdc ban hanh tai Thdng tu lien tich so' 40/2011/TTLT - BLDTBXH - BYT 28/12/2011 ciia Bd Lao ddng ThUdng binh va Xa hoi - Bo Y te' vg Quy dinh cac dieu kien lao ddng cd hai va cac cdng viec khdng dudc sii dung LDN, LDN cd thai hoac dang nudi dudi 12 thang tuoi Ben canh dd, Cbinh p h i da ban hanh CP Nghi dinh so' 95/2013/ND 22/8/2013 quy dinh xii phat vi pham S NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI S6 8-2019 LAI THI TO QUYEN chinh linh vUc lao ddng, bao hiem xa hoi va dUa ngUdi lao dong Viet Nam di lam viec d nUdc ngoai theo hdp ddng; dd quy dinh tai Diem g, Khoan 2, Dieu 18 vi pham quy dinh vd' sii dung lao dong lam cdng viec khdng dUdc sii dung LDN theo quy dinh tai Di^u 160 ciia Bp luat Lao dong vdi mUc phat ttf 10 - 20 trieu ddng Tai cac doanh nghiep (DN) tren dia ban pho' Ha Noi cd the tha'y, viec dam bao an toan, ve sinh lao ddng, cai thien di^u kidn va mdi trUdng lam viec cho NLD dUdc quan tam, y thUc thUc thi cac quy dinh ve an toan, vd sinh lao ddng dUdc nang len Cac ngh^, cdng viec nang nhpc doc hai, cac DN hl,u nhu khdng bd tri LDN dam nhiem Nam 2014, cd 30.000 cd sd san xua't dUdc kidm tra mdi trUdng lam viec v6i gin 500.000 mau do, dd: 11% so' mlu khdng dat tieu chuan ve sinh cho phdp vdi phan Idn tU cac yeu td' bui, rung va didn trUdng Vidn Nghien ciiu Khoa hgc Ky thuat bao bg lao dong ciing dUa ket qua sau kbi danh gia ve tinh hinh d nhidm mdi trUdng tai 1.000 cd sd san xua't vdi 68% phan xudng san xua't d nhiem nhidt, d nhidm bui vdi 20%, d nhidm hdi ddc hai vdi 17%, , rat nhieu phan xUdng d nhidm ddng thdi tu yd'u to' trd len Tinh trang d nhiem mdi trUdng gay cac benh vdi ty le cao nhu: viem miii, vidm xoang, viem phe' quan, viem phoi (40,26%); cac benh dUdng tieu boa (14,35%); benh v^ xUdng, cd, khdp (12%) Ket qua phong va'n 300 ca nhan cac DN thudc nganh kinh te cho thay*^', did'u kidn lao ddng (DKLD) cd anh hudng xau den NLD Cd 46,8% sd'y kien dUgc hdi sd 8-2019 cho rang d DN ciia ho cd yeu td DKLD gay anh hudng xa'u de'n sUc khde Cac yeu td gay anh hudng xa'u bien nha't xep theo thU tu nhu sau: Bui (70,4%); vi hau (ndng bUc khd chiu - 53,7%; am cao 23,1%), on (52,8%), rung (18,5%), hdi ddc (18,5%), cac yeu td khac (13%) Ben canh cac yeu td DKLD khdng thuan Idi, cdn mdt sd yeu to nguy hiem dd gay tai nan lao ddng qua trinh lam viec can dUdc cac DN quan tam de tranh nbUng tinh hud'ng xau cd the xay dd'i vdi sUc khoe cua NLD Trung binh, cd 92,1% ndi rang DN thudng xuyen cai tien hoac mgi ngUdi ciing tham gia cai tien lien tuc cac yeu td' DKLD, 7,5% y kien cho rang viec cai tien la khdng thudng xuyen va 0,4% cho rang DN khdng cai tid'n Theo Bao cao tong hdp viec thuc bien chinh sach LDN nam 2018 Ha Ngi thi tha'y: Hien cd 77 DN lam viec mdi trUdng nang nhgc, doc hai nguy hidm, keo theo 3.734 LDN dang lam viec dd; Sd LDN lam cdng viec nang nhoc kbi mang thai tU thang thU 07, dUdc chuyen lam cdng viec nhe hdn hoac dUdc giam bdt 01 gid lam vide hang ma van hUdng du lUdng la 333 ngUdi Tinh trang kha phd bien didn d cac DN cd quy mo san xua't nho chinh la: Dieu kien lam viec cua cong nhan trUc tiep san xua't cham dUdc cai thien, tinh trang cong nhan phai lao dong thu cdng, nang nhgc, lam viec mdi trUdng khong dam bao an toan, ve sinh lao ddng "' Benh nghe nghiSp: Khong nen xem thudng!, Cong thong tin dien tik Bo Y te '^' Thuc hiSn trach nhiSm xa hoi Imh vifc an toan, bao ve sUc khoe va bao ve moi trUdng cho ngiidi lao ddng d cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam, Cong thong tin dien td Bo Lao dong - Thadng binh va Xa hoi NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI g| VIEC THI HANH QUY DINH PHAP LUAT LAO DONG VE Ve phitdng lao dong tien bao ve ca nhan De bao ve a n toan sUc khoe cua NLD thi t r a n g bi phUdng tien bao hp lao ddng cho NLD la mot va'n de can dUdc quan t a m va t h u c bien h a n g dau Day la nhiing bien p h a p true tie'p bao vd ddn tinh m a n g va sUc khde cua NLD nen khdng co cac binh thUc khac thay the', n h u phat tien, thoa t h u a n khdng c i n sii dung Trong cac Doanh nghiep ngoai n h a nUdc (DNNNN), chinh sach ve b a o hp lao dong cdn r a t b a n che', mdi cbi dUng lai d viec cung ca'p q u a n ao bao hp va k h ^ u t r a n g lao ddng Theo mot nghien cUu cho tha'y, cac phUdng t i e n ca n h a n dUdc ca'p chu yeu la: q u d n ao bao hp lao ddng (89,7%); k h ^ u t r a n g b a o bd lao ddng (57,1%), giay dep b a o hp lao ddng (50%); gang t a y bao hd lao ddng (57,1%); k i n h bao hp lao ddng (21,7%) Tuy vao dac t h u tUng DN, viec ca'p p h a t t r a n g t h i e t hi bao bd la khac n h a u , cd D N d i n h ky t h a n g A i n , cd DN n a m / l ^ n ; ddi vdi cac v a t d u n g cd dp b a o mdn n h a n h va gia t h a n h r e t h i chii yeu dUdc p h a t t h e o t h a n g hoac quy Ket q u a cho tha'y, ky cap p h a t theo n a m cd ty le 67,5%; t h e o quy la 19,3%; va t h e o t h a n g la 13,2%^-^' Vay, t r u n g b i n h cac vat d u n g dudc p h a t hang nam Ben canh t r a c h nhiem t r a n g bi phudng tien, hudng d i n sii dung, dinh ky kiem t r a cac phUdng tien bao vd ca n h a n q u a t r i n h l a m viec, NSDLD cdn p h a i td chUc h u d n g d a n NLD sii dung t b a n b thao cac phUdng tien dd trudc cap p h a t va k i e m t r a c h a t che qua t r i n h sii dung ciia NLD Tai cac D N thupc n g a n h kinh te"^^' t h i p h a n Idn cac DN q u a n t a m den viec thiet Q lap bd m a y p h u t r a c h cdng t a c an toan, bao ve sUc khoe cho NLD, vdi 93,2% so y kien ddng y r a n g D N cd p h a n cdng l a n h dao p h u t r a c h va'n de n a y , t r o n g dd: n g a n h Da Giay - Det M a y la n h i e u y kien nha't vdi 97,6%, va t h a p nha't la Dich v u ThUdng Mai (84,3%); va cd t r u n g b i n h de'n 95,5% DN cd bd p h a n l a m cdng t a c a n toan, ve sinh lao ddng Dieu n a y cho tha'y, D N thUc sU cd q u a n t a m de'n viec t h i e t lap bd m a y l a m cdng t a c a n toan, ve s i n h lao ddng Ve cdng t a c hua'n l u y e n a n t o a n , ve sinh lao ddng, cd ra't it y kien cho r a n g chua bao gid dUdc hua'n luyen a n t o a n , ve sinh lao ddng Mdt so D N n g a n h Thiiy s a n va Dich vu - ThUdng m a i dUdc hua'n luyen t u - n a m m o t lan, d a sd' dUdc hua'n luyen tU t h a n g - n a m / l a n N h i n c h u n g h a u h e t L D N d e u dupe t a p hua'n ve cac cdng t a c a n toan, ve s i n h lao dpng*^' Ket q u a k h a o s a t ciia Lien doan Lao ddng t h a n h phd' H a Ndi cbo t h a y , cac d o a n h nghiep vCra v a nho t r o n g cac linh VUc: xay dUng, dien, giao t h d n g v a t r o n g k h u cdng nghiep (KCN) la cac D N c h u a thuc hien n g h i e m cac q u y d i n h cua p h a p l u a t ve a n toan, ve sinh lao dong Cac Idi vi p h a m chii ye'u: k h d n g kid'm t r a , t u siia m a y mdc d i n h ky, k h d n g k i e m d i n h thiet hi cd yeu cau n g h i e m n g a t ve a n t o a n lao Hoang Thi Nga (2012), "Tac dong cua chinh sach xa hoi tdi ddi s^ng n a cong n h a n lao dong cac doanh nghidp ngoai nha nu6c hien nay" Tap chi Xa hdi hgc, so'4 (120), tr.46 ' ' "' Thac hien trach nhien, „~ hoi Imh vuc an toan ban ve sue khoe va bao ve n,6, truing cho nguU \bo dong a cac doanh nghiep ViSt Nan, rg„„iu- die„rtB6La„do„g-Th™gM„hv"xsM '" '" Thac Men trach nhiem xa hoi n„k toar, bao ve sctc khoe va bio ve „,6, trnon^\ "" "" lao dong i cac doanh nghiep Viet Nan, S l t " ^ " ffien rt B6 Lao dong - Thuong binh va Xa S "^ " - NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Sii 8-2019 LAI THI TO QUYEN ddng trUdc dUa vao sii dung, khdng hua'n luyen ANVSLD, Sd' lUdng ngUdi lao dong dUdc huan luyen ve cdng tac an toan, vd sinh lao ddng dat ty le tha'p so vdi tdc dp chuyen dich cd ca'u lao ddng va cdn nhieu NLD chUa dUdc tap hua'n Cac DN KCN thi cho tha'y: tinh trang NLD phai lao ddng thu cdng, nang nhpc, lam viec vdi cac may mdc, thiet bi lac hau chid'm ty le cao; van cdn nhieu DN, nha't la khu vUc FDI khdng thudng xuyen hua'n luydn ve an toan ve sinh lao ddng (ATVSLD) cho NLD, vi pham phap luat ve bao hp lao ddng NbUng DN sii dung nhieu LDN ve gia cdng may quan ao, tui xach, thudng tap trung san xua't cac nha xUdng Idn vdi sd' lUdng len de'n hang nghin ngUdi nhUng yeu cau ve dieu kien mdi trUdng lam viec khdng dat yeu c^u, nhU: nhiet dp, khong each ly dUdc mui ciia keo dan hda chat, Tu the lam viec cua LDN mot so' nganh nghe dac thu phai ngdi lam vide vdi thdi gian dai, thao tac ddn dieu, de gay met mdi, phat sinh cae benh anh hudng de'n siic khde ciia LDN Vdi thUc trang ve mdi trUdng, dieu kien lao ddng va viec thUc hien cac quy dinh ve an toan, ve sinh lao ddng nhu tren cbinh la nguyen nhan din de'n nhieu nguy cd tai nan lao ddng, benh nghe nghiep ddi vdi LDN Theo thdng ke nam 2018, sd' ngUdi mac benh nghe nghiep tren dia ban phd la 89 ngUdi, thang dau nam 2018, Ha Ndi dUng dau ca nUdc ve cd so' ngudi chet vi tai nan lao ddng (TNLD) Nguyen nhan chinh de xay tai nan lao ddng chet ngudi tdi tU NSDLD chiem 50,7% (khdng xay dUng quy trinh, bien phap lam viec an toan; khdng hua'n luyen ATLD hoac hua'n luyen chUa diy du; thidt hi sd 8-2019 khdng dam bao ATLD; khdng trang bi phuong tien bao ve ca nhan lao ddng; td chtic lao ddng va DKLD); tii NLD chiem 15,49% (vi pham quy trinh quy chu^n ATLD; khdng sii dung phUdng tien bao ve ca nhan); dac biet, khdng cd vu TNLD nao dupe chuyen hd sd de nghi khdi td'^\ Tuy nhien, sd' thd'ng ke ke tren la chUa cbinh xac, thUc te' cdn cd the nhieu hdn, so' DN bao cao tinh hinh TNLD chUa eao so vdi tong sd' DN dang boat ddng san xua't, kinh doanh Ha Ndi la mot nhflng ndi bao cao sd' lieu chua d^y du, mdi nam chi cd khoang 10% DN bao cao ve cac vu tai nan lao ddng, cdn rat nhieu DN khdng bao cao bdi nhieu ly nbu bg khdng xay tai nan lao ddng hoac cho rang nbUng vu TNLD la nho, khdng dang ke, khdng tinh la TNLD nen khdng can bao cao Tat ca cac vu tranh chap lao ddng va ngiing viec tap the xay khdng diing trinh tU, quy dinh cua pbap luat nbUng thudc pham vi quan he lao ddng va cd cd sd pbap ly nen cd ban nbUng kien nghi cua NLD ve tien lUdng, tien thudng, phu ca'p, chat lupng bUa an ca, da dUdc ngudi sii dung lao ddng dap Ung Cac quy dinh khac ve dieu Iddn lam viec cho lao dong nd Ben canh cac quy dinh ve an toan va ve sinh lao ddng ndi chung, phap luat lao ddng Viet Nam cd quy dinh ve nhUng dieu kien lam viec (DKLV) khac phuc vu cbo nbUng nhu cau thiet yeu cua LDN tai ndi lam viec Dieu 154 Bp luat Lao ddng 2012