• KHOA HOC XA Hpl • Cd CHE TAC DONG CUA NGUYEN NHAN VA DIEU KIEN CUA TINH HINH TOI PHAM: KHIA CANH LY LUAN HOSYSdN**' Tom tat: Mac dii Id khia canh quan cua ly luan nguyin nhan va diiu kiSn cua tinh hinh toi pham va c6 y nghia thitc tien to Idn dot vdi viec nhan dien thitc trang nguyen nhan va dieu kien cua tinh hinh toi pham, xay ditng va to chiic thitc hiin cac bien phdp phong ngiia tinh hinh toi pham, song cac quan diem ve ca che tac dong cua nguyen nhan va dieu kien cua tinh hinh toi pham CO khd nhieu diem khdc nhau, tham chi chi£a that chudn xdc ve mat khoa hoc Tren cd s6 phdn tich nhOng diem khdc vd chiCa that chudn xdc do, s& dung mot tSng the cdc each tiep can nghien cvtu khdc di nghien citu cd che'tdc dgng cua nguyen nhan vd dieu kien cua tinh hinh toi pham, bdi viei diidi day nhdm trd Icfi cau hoi Id nguyen nhan vd dieu kien 1dm phdt sinh tinh hinh toi pham thdng qua ccf chS'ndo? Tie khoa: Cd chi'; cd che'tdc dong; cd cfie'tdc dong cua nguyin nhan vd dieu kien cua tinh hinh toi pham Abstract: Despite being an important aspect of theories on causes and conditions of crimes and having great practical impacts, views on mechanisms influencing causes and conditions of crimes remain diverse and sometimes scientifically incorrect Based on an analysis of these divergences and utilizing a more comprehensive approach, this article analyzed mechanisms influencing the causes and conditions of crimes Keywords: Mechanism; causes and conditions of crime Ngdy nhan bdi: 30/01/2019; Ngdy su-a bdi: 15/2/2019;Ngay duyit dang bdi: 29/03/2019 Cd che tac dgng cua nguyen nhan va dieu ki^n cua tinh hinh toi pham la khia canh ly l u | n quan cua nguyen nhan va dieu kien cua tinh hinh toi pham Tuy vay, va'n de cd che tac dong cua nguyen nhan va dieu ki§n cua tinh hinh toi pham thudng chi dtfdc nh^c den "mot each nhan tien" cac nha toi pham hoc nghien ciiu mot van de nao cua ^ i pham hpc c6 lien quan den nguyen nhan va dieu kien cua tinh hinh toi pham Hdn the, ngoai kha nhieu diem khac nhau, th^m chi la chUa that chuan xac ve mat khoa hoc Chang han, c6 quan diem cho rling "cd che tac dong cua nguyen nhan va dieu kidn la sU tac dong qua lai gixita cac yeu to tieu cUc thuoc m6i triicJng song va cac yeu to tam sinh ly tieu cUc thuoc ca nhan ngiicii nhiing hoan canh, tinh huong nhat dinh d i n tdi viec thUc hien mot hanh vi nguy hiem cho xa hoi ma phap luat hinh sii quy dinh la toi pham" Su tac dong nhiing dilm giong nhau, cac quan diem vi cd che tac dong cua nguyen nhan ^ ^ „ , , , \ , , ^ , v^ dieu kien cua tmh hmh toi pham co '*' PGS.TS Hoc vien Khoa hoc xa hoi; gj^gii hosyson56@yahoo.coin Sd 4-2018 * NHAN Lire KHOA HOC XAHdl Q CO CHE TAC DONG CUA NGUYEN NHAN VA DIEU KIEN , do, theo q u a n diem dang p h a n tich dien r a theo hai qua trinh tiXdng tac n h a p t a m va qua trinh tifdng tac xua't tam, tUdng tac n h a p t a m la qua t r i n h ngiidi chuyen tii phia moi trifdng song vao b a n than minh nhuing quy luat b a n chS't cua the gidi de tao t h a n h t a m ly, y thiic, n h a n each cua ban than, bSng each chiem linh the' gidi; qua trinh d i i n dau 6e eon ngUdi va diidc hoc 16 ben ngoai thong qua qua trinh tUdng tac x u a t t a m ; titdng tac xuat t a m la qua t r i n h boc lo t a m ly, y thiie, dac biet la y thiic p h a p l u a t r a b§n ngoai thong qua ke hoach hoa va hien thuc hoa h a n h vi Qua t n n h tifdng t a c xua't tSm khong the chi bi^u hien la h a n h vi cu the nao do, ma p h a n a n h ca qua t r i n h tifdng tac x u a t tam"'^* Quan diem dua vao cd che h a n h vi p h a m toi de ly giai qua t r i n h n h a p t a m va qua trinh xuat tam, ct m^c d6 n h a t dinh ciing luan ban ve cd che tac dong cua nguyen n h a n va dieu kien cua tinh hinh toi, song ehua cho t r a Idi mot each thoa dang cac cau hoi vi c6 nguyen n h a n va dieu kien cua tinh hinh toi p h a m chung, vi c6 nguyen n h a n va d i l u kien cua t i n h h i n h nhom toi pham va vi lai c6 nguydn n h a n va dieu kien cua tinh hinh toi cu the Dong th6i, quan diem chifa ly giai diTdc cd c h ^ b e n (tii n h a n thiic gia tri cuoc song), Cd che xa hoi, cd chg' nhom cua sU tac dong cua nguyen n h a n va dieu kien cua t i n h hinh toi pham Dac biet, q u a n diem n a y chua de cap den sU hien dien cua nhiing m a u t h u I n xa hoi cd che tac dong cua nguygn n h a n va d i l u kign cua t i n h h i n h toi p h a m O mot binh dien h e p hdn, luan ve cd che tac dong cua nguyen n h a n va dieu kidn cua t i n h hinh toi p h a m , c6 q u a n di^m chi l u a n ve cd che tac dong cua nhiing yeu g to' la nguyen n h a n cua toi p h a m Theo q^^ diem nay, "di^u kien thtic day toi p h a m p h a t sinh b a n t h a n k h d n g t a c dong t& tpi p h a m m a no chi tao r a nhiing hoan canh, t i n h huohg t h u a n Idi de n g u y e n n h a n t a c dong tdi toi pham"*^' Cac d a n g cua sii t a c dong cua cac yeu to' la n g u y e n n h a n cua toi p h a m , theo q u a n diem d a n g phfin tich CO nguyen n h a n ddn triic tiep, n g u y e n n h a n ddn gian ti§'p, n g u y e n n h a n k e p t n i c tiep va nguyen n h a n ddn k^p g i a n tiep, t a c dgng day chuyen Mac du t h t t a n h a n c6 cac p h a m trti t i n h h i n h toi p h a m , n g u y e n n h a n va dieu kien cua t i n h h i n h toi p h a m , song s\i d u n g cap p h a m t r u n h a n - q u a cua trie't hoc Mac - L e n i n chi de l u a n v^ "con duldng h i n h t h a n h " cua toi p h a m n h u la ket q u a t a t ye'u cua nguy§n n h a n , m ^ khong da dong gi d§'n dieu k i e n cua toi p h a m , lieu c6 t h e diTdc coi la c h u ^ n xac V a n de k h n g chi n a m d t h u a t ngii "t6i p h a m " vo'n dudc sii d u n g t r o n g k h o a hgc l u a t h i n h sU va linh vUc p h a p l u a t h i n h sii, m a nkm h ch6 c h u a ly giai dUdc vi toi p h a m vdi t u each la h a n h vi p h a m t6i cu t h e lai xay ra? vi eo ngUcfi p h a m toi, song CO ngu6i k h o n g p h a m t6i? vi c6 nhiing ngiicJi p h a m toi n a y lai c6 n h i i n g ngifdi p h a m t6i k h a c T r o n g q u a n diem nay, cd che b e n trong, cd che xa h6i, cd ch§' nhom va ed che toi p h a m cu t h e cua sii t a c dong cua nguyen n h a n va di§u ki§n cua t i n h h i n h toi p h a m von g&n n h u c^u, Idi ich, dinh h u n g gia tri, su lua chon phUdjig thflc th6a m a n n h u e^u, Igi ich cAa gfin m a u ta Hocv,enCanhsat,J,andan(2(„,> „ - van de toi pham hoc Viet Nam (Tai Kd i n g cho he dao tao sau (Jai hoc) H» M-' hoc Vtet Nam: Mot so van ' Xem: V6 Khanh Vinh, Sdd, tr.84 NHAN Lin: KHOA HOC XA HOI pham CO CHE TAC DONG CUA NGUYEN NHAN VA DIEU KIEN , mot tong the cac tiidng tac cua nhiing yeu to' (hien tiidng xa hoi) nao ma mot tong the lam phat sinh va tai san xua't tinh hinh tgi pham vdi tinh each la "ket qua", "san pham" ciia chung Tinh hinh tgi pham la pham tru tong hdp dUdc dung de chi ta't ca nhiing tgi pham cu the da xay va nhiing ngiidi da thiic hien chiing khoang khong gian va thcd gian nha't dinh, Neu coi tgi pham cu the xay la "san p h ^ " , la "ket qua" cua sii tac dgng cua nhiing cai c6 tritdc do, tiic la cua nguyen nhan va dieu ki$n cua no, thi ve mat logic, trifdc c6 tgi pham cu th^ xay da phai c6 sii tiidng tac (tac dgng qua lai lln nhau) giiia "nhiing cai gi do" trilde Ciing theo logic do, de c6 tinh hinh tgi pham (ket qua), theo chiing toi, at da phai eo sii tUdng tac giiia nhiing cai gi CO trifdc va chiing &t phai tiidng tac (tac d6ng qua lai) vdi nhiing cai ^ c6 trude niia de mot t^ng the c6 diide tong th^ ket qua la tinh hinh toi pham NhQng dieu vtfa dUdc lap luan diing d§ khang dinh, cd che tac dgng cua nguyen nhan va dieu kien cua tinh hinh tgi pham (tong the noi chung), ngoai Cd che ben trong, c6 cd ch^ nhom va cd che tgi cu th^ ^ De nghien ciiu diidc cd ch§' ben cua SU tac dgng cua nguyen nhan va dieu kien cua tinh hinh tgi pham, c^n tra Idi mgt each xac dang mot loat cau h6i khac, Chang han nhu trudc toi pham cu th^ xay tren thuc te' da c6 "nh&ig cai gi" xay trudc hay hay khong hay tai CO ngUdi pham tgi lai c6 ngucii khong Cd che tac dong ditdc hieu la tong the pham tgi?; tai c6 ngudi pham toi (cu tifdng tac cua nhieu yeu to khac Vi vay, ve mat ly luan, nghien ciiu cd che tac dgng cua nguyen nhan va dieu kien ' Xem V6 Khanh Vinh Sdd, tr.87 Xem: V6 Khanh Vinh, Sdd tr 113 cua tinh hinh tgi pham, can nghien ciiu '"" Xem; V6 Khanh Vinh, Sdd tr l i s he tho'ng tac dong lan cua nguyen nhan va dieu kien bao gid ciing c6 sii khac ve cha't ca cl tinh cha't cua sii quyet dinh luan ciia viec gay va tao dieu kien lan ngi dung cua no"'^', "cac nhu c^u, y dinh, dii dinh, ke hoach va Idi ich sii tac dgng \kn vdi he tho'ng cac dinh hudng gia tri cua ca nhan sinh cac dgng cd cua hanh vi pham tgi"*^' "trong so cac nhom cd che hanh vi pham toi cd cd che hanh vi pham toi lien quan t6i mau thuIn giiia cac nhu cau va Idi ich cua ca nhan; cd che hanh vi pham toi lien qua tdi mau thuan giiia cac nhu cau, Idi ich va cac kha nang cua chu the; cd che hanh vi pham toi lien quan den t6i sii bi§'n dang cac quan ni$m v^ dao diic, v^ phap luat, vi cac dinh hu6ng gia tri va muc dich xa hoi cua ca nhan; cd che hanh vi pham toi lien quan tdi cac khuyet tat, sai sot qua trinh vao thiic hien quyet dinh" ''* quan diem viia dUdc de cap phan tich cl miic dang ke ly giai dUdc cO chg' tac dgng ciia nguyen nhan va dieu kien cua tinh hinh toi pham Di^'u dang ghi nhan nha't ci quan diem la da lam ro miic dang ke cd chg' ben (tii nhan thiic gia tri cugc song); cd che xa hoi; cd che nhom va cd che toi cu the Dac biet, miic xa hoi, quan diem vUa dUdc de cap phan tich nhin tha'y sii hien dien cua nhiing mau thuIn xa hoi cd ch^' tac dgng cua nguyen nhan va dieu kien cua tinh hinh tgi pham Dong thdi, quan diem vxia diidc de cap phan tich lam ro dUdc vai tro cua tinh huong xa hoi cd chS' tac dgng cua nguyen nhan va dieu kien ciia tgi pham cu the n NHANLUCKHOAHpCXAHOI sJvau HO SY SON th^) nay, lai c6 ngUdi pham tgi (cu the) khac? De c6 the tra Icii mot each xac dang nhflng cau hoi do, theo chiing toi, trUdc het phai phan tich cd che tac dgng den hanh vi bat dau tii nhu cau, Idi ich; nhan thiic ve nhu c^u, Idi ich; dinh hudng gia tri cuoc song; phUdng thiic thoa man nhu cau gkn vdi ca nhan, nhom ca nhan Chang han, noi ve nhu c^u thi ciing c6 nhu c^u, song phUdng thiic thoa man nhu cau lai dUdc cac ca nhan liia chgn khac tiiy thuoc vao kha nang cua chinh m6i ca nhan viec thoa man nhu cau cua minh va tiiy thuge vao kha nang cua xa hoi viec lam thoa man nhu c^u cua ca nhan Bdi vay, de nghien cttu cd che tac dgng cua nguyen nhan va dieu ki§n cua tinh hinh tgi pham, theo chiing tgi, can nghien ciiu cd che ben trong, cd che xa hoi, cd che nhom, ed che tgi cu th§ cua sU tac ddng cua nguyen nhan va dieu kien den tinh Mnh tgi pham pham tgi, nhdm nhiing ngudi da hi ket an tai pham tgi ) Cac Mac da hdn mot lan khang dinh rang, xet den ciing la nhu cl,u va thoa man nhu c^u Tuy nhiSn, bdi nhu cau la hien tUdng dgng, vi vay, can g^n ed che ben cua sii tac dgng cua nguyen nhan va dieu ki$n ciia tinh hinh tgi pham vdi trang thai dgng cua nhu chi, tiic gSn nhu cau va thoa man nhu clu vdi giai doan lich sif nhat dinh Chang han, viec phan tich tinh hinh tgi pham d chau Au cho tha'y rang tgi pham d Chau luc it xay so vdi cac Chau luc khac Dieu cho tha!y rang, ngoai kha nang cua ban than eon ngUdi viec thoa man nhu cau cua minh, kha nang cua xa hoi viec phiic dap nhu c^u cua ca nhan (thong qua cac chUdng trinh giai quy§'t viec lam va an sinh xa hoi giii vai trd quan trong viec giai quyet van de tgi pham Chinh sii phiic dap nhu cdu cua ca nhan tii phia xa hoi lam cho ca nhan nhan thUe Cd eh§' ben cua nguyen nhan va tich ciic hdn ve cac hien tUdng va qua dieu kien cua tinh hinh t6i pham la tong trinh xa hoi, tranh xa cac te nan xa hgi, vi the cac tUdng tac cua nhi^u y@u to' khac pham phap luat va tgi pham Thiic trang thuoc ve ca nhan, eo nhu dd da va dang hien di$n tai mot so' nUde c^u, nhan thtic nhu cau, Idi ich, dinh chau Au nhu Thuy By, Na Uy chang han, hudng gia tri song, liia chgn phUdng thiic ndi doi vdi nhiing ngUdi tha't nghiep, Nha thoa man nhu c^u, Idi ich cua hg Bdi nude giai quyet cho hg dUdc hudng trd ca'p hanh vi pham tdi (cu the) la bi^u hien y that nghiep thdi han tim viec lam; chi cua ngUdi (pham tgi cu the) th§' het thdi han tim viec lam ma van tha't gidi ben ngoai dudi hinh thtic hanh dgng nghiep, Nha nUdc van giai quyfit cho hg pham tgi hoac khong hanh dgng pham tgi, dUdc hudng trd ca'p tha't nghiep d mtic n§n phan tich cd chd' ben can thap hdn Ket qua la tgi pham cang it xuSit phat tU nhu c^u, Idi ich, dinh hudng xay gia tri, kha nang dap ting nhu c^u cua ca Tinh hinh tdi pham va cai quyet dinh nhan va cua xa hoi, phUdng thiic thoa luan ciia no khong the va khong chi dUdc man nhu cau (khong hdp phap) cua ca nghien cUu d trang thai tinh ma nhan (ngudi pham tgi), ciia nhom ca nhan nghien ciiu ca d trang thai dgng Dieu dd (chang han nhU nhom ngUdi du6i 18 tuoi cd nghia la, nguyen nhan va dieu kien cua pham t6i, nhdm nhiing ngUdi cd chiic vu tinh hinh tgi pham phai dUdc nghien ctiu quyen han sii dung ehtic vu, quyen han de moi lien he bien chfing vdi cac hien S6i^2019 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI CO CHE TAC DONG CUA NGUYEN NHAN VA DIEU KIEN tUdng xa hgi khac, c6 t i n h h i n h tgi pham Dieu ciing c6 nghia la can nghien ciiu ca cd che xa hgi cua sii tac dgng cua nguyen n h a n va dieu kien cua tinh hinh tgi pham Do la tong t h e cac tac dgng qua lai l l n n h a u ciia nhiing hien tUdng, qua trinh, yeu to xa hgi tieu ciic m a chiing CO the dUde ggi mot each quy Udc la nhiing hien tUdng xa hgi tieu ciic Nhiing hien tUdng xa hgi tieu cue xua't hien, ton tai, t h a m chi p h a t trien cac linh vUc khac n h a u cua ddi song xa hgi Chiing ciing CO t h ^ x u a t hien tii nhUng qua t r i n h xa hgi tich ciic von h a m chUa ben ca nhiing hien tUdng xa hgi tieu ciic va se xuat hien neu khong dUdc n h a n thUe va ngan ngUa mot each tha'u dao C h a n g h a n , vdi tinh each la hien tUdng xa hgi tieh ciic, nen kinh te thi trudng tac dgng tich cUc den ddi song xa hgi, dem lai nhieu khdi sac va t h a n h tiiu giai quyet cac va'n de ciia ddi song xa h6i, song mat t r a i ciia no (vi chua dUdc khac phuc tot) keo theo n h ^ g hi^n tUdng xa hgi tieu ciic nhU sii p h a n hoa giau ngheo (ngay cang sau sic), kinh doanh, ehup giat, tron thue, te n a n mai dam, ma Nhiing hien tUdng xa hgi tieu cUc dd sU tac dgng vdi nhiing hi#n tUdng xa hgi tieu cUc khac va dUde "trung chuyen" vao tinh h i n h tgi p h a m thdng qua "d4u dc cua nguoi" tU hinh t h a n h d hg n h a n t h a n tieu cUc (hay n h a n each lech chuan hoac tiem nang p h a m tgi) de roi sii tac dgng vdi hoan canh, tinh huong pham tgi, l a m xua't hien t i n h dgng cd p h a m tgi va dUdc hien thUc hda t h a n h h a n h vi p h a m tgi cu the Xa hgi luon van dgng va p h a t trien (c6 t i n h quy luat), vi vay luon keo theo sU x u a t hien ciia nhieu hien tUdng xa hgi k h a c n h a u , c6 nhUng hien tUdng xa hgi tieh ciic lan nhiing hien tUdng xa a hgi tieu cUc vo'n luon t a c dgng q u a lai lan n h a u va c6' n h i e n chiing d e u t a c dgng den ngUdi song t r o n g xa hgi vdi tU each la bg p h a n h a y "tieu h e tho'ng" khong t a c h rdi eua xa hgi Tiiy t h u g e vao dac diem, t i n h cha't, y nghia cua m i n h m a cac hien tUdng xa hgi dd tac dgng den t i n h h i n h tgi p h a m (thong q u a d a u 6c eon ngudi) t h e o hudng l a m p h a t sinh t i n h h i n h tgi p h a m , n g a n c h a n t i n h h i n h tgi p h a m hoac k i e m che t i n h h i n h tgi p h a m T i n h n h a n - q u a (nguyen n h a n - k§'t qua) cua sU t a c dgng dd t h e hien: cai tich ciic t a c dgng vdi cai tieh ciic d i n den cai tieh ciic, cai tich ciic t a c dgng vdi cai t i e u ciic d i n d§'n cai t r u n g tinh, tUc k h o n g l a m gia t a n g cijng k h o n g l a m giam t h i e u cai tieu ciic (tinh h i n h tgi p h a m ) va cai tieu cUc t a c dgng v6i cai ti§u cue d i n den cai tieu ciic Bdi vay, vi6c ly giai nhiing h i e n tUdng x a h6i n a o (tich ciic h a y tieu eUc) la n g u y e n n h a n va dieu ki$n cua t i n h h i n h tgi p h a m p h a i dUdc d a t moi lien h e n h a n - q u a cua n g u y e n n h a n va di^u kien cua t i n h h i n h tgi p h a m vdi tU each la hien tUdng x a hgi t i § u ciic v a nguyen n h a n va di^u kien cua tgi p h a m vdi t u each la h a n h vi n g u y h i e m cho xa hgi ma Bg l u a t H i n h sii quy d i n h la tgi p h a m (cu the) va moi lien h e c u a chiing vdi yeu to'con ngUdi (pham tgi) Tinh h i n h tgi p h a m la p h a m t r i i tong hdp dUdc hdp t h a n h tU ta't ca cac tgi p h a m da xay r a t r e n thiic te' va nhiing ngUdi d a thuc hien chiing khoang thdi gian va khong gian nha't dinh, c6 b a n cha't t i e u cue, cd h a i cho xa hgi, trai vdi c h u ^ n mUc p h a p ly h i n h sii va cac chu^n mUc x a hoi khac Tgi p h a m cu the ciing vay, la h a n h VI tieu cue, CO h a i cho xa hgi, t r a i vdi chuan muc xa hgi "bdi le no la bi^u h i e n cua SU lech ehu^n" each Ung xii cua nguoi p h a m toi" Nguoi p h a m toi 14 nguSi , NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI S84-M19 HO SY SON ed "nhan than tieu cUc" hay "nhan each lech chuan" hay "tiem nang pham tgi" Theo logic ndi tren c6 the khang dinh ring, nguy§n nhan va dieu kien ciia tinh hinh tgi pham la nhiing hien tUdng xa hgi tieu ciic, cd hai cho xa hgi, trai vdi chuan miic phap ly hinh sii va cac chuan miic xa hgi khac, cac hi6n tUdng xa hgi tieh cue cd anh hudng den tinh hinh tgi pham d nghia ngan chan, ki^m che tinh hinh tgi pham da hi§n hiiu tren thue te, ehii khong lam phat sinh tinh hinh tgi pham Nhu vay, mac dii deu tac dgng den tinh hinh tgi pham, nhUng nhiing hien tUdng xa hgi tieu ciic va nhiing hien tUdng xa hgi tieh ciic cd "vai tro" hay "hUdng tac dgng" khac ddi vdi tinh hinh tgi pham Tuy nhien, nhin tiX gdc nghien ciiu nguyen nhan va dieu kien cua tinh hinh tgi pham, viec phan dinh tinh tieh eUc hay tieu ciic eua cac hien tUdng xa hgi ciing chi mang tinh cha't tUdng doi Chang han, mUc do thi hda, nUde bien dang, nhiem moi trUdng liic nao la tieu cUc Itic nao la tich ciic va ngUdc lai, that khd ma phan dinh dUde mot each rach roi Xet theo vai tro (hudng tac dgng), cac hien tUdng xa hgi tich.eiie cd tac dung han che dan, loai trii dan tinh hinh tgi pham, cac hien tUdng xa hgi tieu cUc lam phat sinh tinh hinh tgi pham O phUdng dien nay, cac hien tUdng xa hgi tieu ciic d! nhien dudc coi la nguyen nhan va dieu kien eua tinh hinh tgi pham, cac hien tUdng xa hgi tich ciic ciing tac dgng den tinh hinh tgi pham nhUng d nghia khac phuc nguyen nhan va dieu kien eua tinh hinh tgi pham ma xet d^n ciing la han che, kin ham, d^n loai trCt tinh hinh tgi pham khdi ddi sd'ng xa hgi Trong cd che xa hgi eua sii tac dgng cua nguyen nhan va dig'u kien cua tinh hinh tgi pham c6 sii hien $64-2019 dien cua nhiing mau thuIn xa hgi khac Do vay, ve mat ly luan, can dat va giai quyet mot each tha'u dao ly thuyet ve mau thuIn xa hgi, nha't la nhiing va'n de ve ban cha't, hinh thiic ton tai, nguyen nhan cua mau thuIn xa hgi; cac ehii the cua mau thuIn xa hgi; quy mo, pham vi cua mau thuan xa hgi; khach the eua mau thuan xa hgi; qua trinh sinh va ton tai, phat trien va dUde giai quyet (cha'm dtit) mau thuIn xa hgi; phan loai mau thuan xa hgi (mau thuIn kinh te, mau thuan chinh tri, mau thuIn ddi song hang nay, mau thuan van hda, mau thuIn xa hgi (d nghia hep), mau thuIn moi trUdng, mau thuan nhu cau va Idi Ich, sU khac biet va mau thuIn Idi ich ) Vi§e nghien ctiu nhiing mau thuan xa hgi cho phep nhan dien "nguon gdc" va 'TDIU cha't" ciia nhiing hien tUdng xa hgi tieu ciic, qua dd ly giai ed che xa hgi cua sii tac dgng eua nguyen nhan va dieu kien eua tinh hinh tgi pham Tuy nhien, khong dUdc khang dinh mau thuan xa hgi la nguyen nhan va di§'u kien ciia tinh hinh tgi pham, bdi mau thuan xa hgi la dgng luc cua sU phat trien xa hoi Va'n di d day thuge ve cac loai, tinh chat, pham vi, quy mo ciia mau thuan xa hgi D§ nghien cUu mot each dly du, toan dien va sau s^c cd che tac dgng eua nguyen nhan va dieu kien cua tinh hinh toi pham, ben canh viec nghien ctiu cd che ben trong, cd che xa hgi, phai nghien ciiu cd che nhdm Va'n de la d cho, moi "mot loai tdi pham, m6i nhdm tgi pham luon cd nhiing dau hieu phap ly hinh sU va dac diem tgi pham hgc khac nhau, moi dia phUdng, mdi loai ngUdi pham tgi ciing c6 nhiing dac diem rieng Mot yeii to' moi trUdng cd anh hudng Idn doi vdi mot so loai tgi pham nhUng lai ed anh hudng NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HM Q CO CHE TAC DONG CLTA NGUYEN NHAN VA DIEU KIEN nho, t h a m chi khong a n h hudng tdi cac loai tgi p h a m khac"'® Do vay, nguyen n h a n va dieu kien cua tinh hinh mot nhdm tgi p h a m (cac tgi pham xam p h a m a n ninh quo'c gia, chang han) cd moi q u a n he bien chUng vdi nguyen n h a n va dieu kien eua tinh h i n h tgi p h a m noi chung theo quy luat tac dgng giiia cai chung va cai rieng Trong cd che' nhdm cua sU tac dgng cua nguyen n h a n va dieu kien ciia tinh hinh tgi p h a m , vi vay, ngoai nhiing hien tUdng xa hgi xa hgi tieu ciic la nguyen n h a n va dieu kien cua t i n h h i n h tgi p h a m (ndi chung) ed nhiing hien tUdng xa hgi tieu ciic (dac thu) ciia n h d m tgi tUdng ilng Do cac nhdm tgi p h a m ed t i n h dae thii dUdc quy^t dinh bdi khach th^ dac thii va y thUc ehii q u a n (muc dich ehong chinh quyen n h a n dan cua ngUdi p h a m tgi cac tgi xam p h a m a n n i n h quoc gia hay muc dich chiem doat t a i s a n cua ngUdi pham tgi nhom tgi x a m p h a m sd hCtu c6 tinh cha't chiem doat, chang han), nen nguyen n h a n va dieu kien cua tinh h i n h nhdm tgi pham h a m chUa ngi dung dac thii so vdi nguyen n h a n va dieu kien cua t i n h hinh nhdm tgi pham khac va ngUde lai Mac dii chu th^ thuc hien tgi p h a m thuge nhdm tgi nao la cac ca n h a n cu the, song nguyen n h a n sau xa ciia nhUng ngudi p h a m tgi n l m sau nhiing mUu kinh te, m u u chinh tri t h e hi^n sU m a u t h u I n , xung dot Idi ich kinh te hoac chinh tri - t u tudng Bcii vay, nguyen n h a n va dieu kien cua t i n h hinh n h d m tgi p h a m la hi6n tUdng xa hgi tieu ciic, cd nhiing hien tugng xa hgi tieu cue dac t h u (dac trUng) su tac dgng l l n n h a u va tac dgng den ngudi h i n h t h a n h d hg n h a n t h a n tieu eUc (hay n h a n each lech chuan hoac tiem n a n g p h a m tgi) m a sU tac dgng vdi t i n h IQ hud'ng p h a m tgi, n h a n t h a n tieu ciic dUdc hien thUc h d a t h a n h h a n h vi pham tgi thuoc n h d m tgi nha't d i n h va nhU vay l a m s a n sinh, d u y t r i n h o m tgi nhU la mot loai tgi p h a m "dae t h u " (trong sii so s a n h vdi cac n h d m tgi p h a m khac) dUdc q u y dinh p h a p l u a t h i n h sU Viet N a m Trong cd che n h d m , vi vay ed sU tac d g n g cua nguyen n h a n va dieu kien cua t i n h h i n h tgi p h a m ndi c h u n g va n g u y e n n h ^ n v a dieu kien "dac thii" cua n h o m tgi p h a m tUdng ling ndi rieng Dong thdi, t r o n g cd ehe n h d m cua sii t a c dgng cua n g u y e n n h a n va dieu ki§n eua t i n h h i n h tgi p h a m ciing CO sii h i e n dien cua nhflng m a u t h u I n xa hgi k h a c n h a u Bdi vay, k h i p h a n tich "nhiing hien tUdng x a hgi t i e u eiie t a c dgng lan n h a u " t r o n g cd c h ^ n h d m c u a sii t a c dgng cua n g u y e n n h a n v a dieu k i e n eua t i n h h i n h n h o m tgi p h a m k h o n g t h e khong p h a n tich ca nhflng m a u t h u I n x a hgi, bdi chiing la mot t r o n g "nhiing cai d i n den" sU xua't h i e n cua cac n h d m tgi p h a m khac n h a u n h u cae tgi xSm p h a m a n n i n h quo'c gia; cac tgi x a m p h a m t i n h m a n g , slic khoe, n h a n p h a m , d a n h dii cua ngUdi; cae tgi xam p h a m sd hiiu Ca ly l u a n l l n thiic t i i n deu cho tha'y cd che t a c dgng cua nguyen n h a n va dieu kien cua cac tgi x a m pham a n ninh quob khong h o a n t o a n giong vdi Cd che' tac dgng cua nguyen n h a n va d i l u kien cda cac tgi p h a m ve" m a tiiy, khong hoan toan gio'ng vdi ed che' t a c dong cua cac tgi xam p h a m t i n h mang, sUe khde, n h a n pham, d a n h du cda ngUdi Ngoai viec p h a n tich ed che' ben t r o n g Cd che xa hgi, cd che' nhdm, theo chiing toi' can phai p h a n tich ea cd che' tdi cu t h i cii^ «>_Xem: Vien Nghien cflu Nha nu6c va ^ Phap luat, sach I91 pham hoc Viet Nam (2000), Mot s^vS'; A'T '''"^" va thuc t^n, Nxb Cong an n h i i dan Ha M-'^ '^ ^ " ^ " NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hfil Sd 4-2019 HO SY SON sii tac ddng cua nguyen nhSn va dieu kien cua tinh hinh tgi pham, bdi tgi pham eu th^ la k6't qua cua sii tac dgng l l n gifla ca nhan cd nhan than tieu cUc (cd nhan each lech chuan hay la ti^m nang pham tgi) vdi hoan canh khach quan ben ngoai ca nhan dd Trong sii tac dgng dd, hanh vi pham tgi xay Dieu ed nghia la nguyen nhan tnic tiep cua tgi pham eu the the hien cac dae diem v^ nhu cau, Idi ich, quan diem, quan he, he thong cae dinh hudng gia tri va tinh dgng ed pham tgi eua ca nhan (ngUdi pham tgi) va tong the cac hoan canh ben ngoai quyet dinh sU Mnh dgng cd pham tgi va sii quyet tam thiic hien tdi pham eu the cua ca nhan (ngUdi pham tgi) dd Yi vay, cd ch^ tac ddng ciia nguyen nhan va dieu kien cua tgi cu the cd dae diem tam ly - xa hdi cua hanh vi pham tgi cu the, nhiing hien tUdng xa hdi tac dgng den sii hinh nhiing sai lech (lech chuan) cua ca nhan (ngudi pham tgi), cae tinh huohg pham toi cu the, khia canh nan nhan ed che hanh vi pham tgi Bdi cac tgi pham cu the ra't da dang, nen tren cd sd nhan thiic cd che hanh vi pham tgi ndi chung, can nghien ciiu cac dang (phUdng an) khac cua no v6ii gan cac dac diem nhan chung hgc xa hgi, cac dac diem vi vai tro xa hgi, cac dac diem tam ly - dao diic eua nhan than ngudi pham tgi Viec phan tich cac dac diem nhan chung hgc - xa hgi va cac dac diem ve vai tro xa hgi cua nhan than ngudi pham tgi (gidi tinh, liia tuoi, dia vi xa hgi, nghe nghiep, hoan canh gia dinh ) cho phep lam sang to nhiing hi§n tUdng xa hgi tieu cue tac dgng d^n sU hinh dinh hudng gia tri khdng diing dan cua nhiing ngudi pham tgi Tuy nhidn, nhiing dac diem khdng dac trUng cho ca nhan S6 4-2019 (eon ngudi) vdi tU each la ngUdi pham tdi, bdi sU tac dgng vdi cac dieu kien va hoat ddng song eua ca nhan, chiing anh hudng den tinh cha't ciia sU giao tiep xa hgi, hinh nhu cau, Idi ich va nhan thtic nhu cau, Idi ich va dinh hudng gia tri eua ca nhan ThUe ti§n cho tha'y nhiing dac diem ve lUa tuoi, dia vi xa hgi va nghe nghiep, van hda va hgc va'n, hoan canh gia dinh cua ca nhan d nhiing mUc nhat dinh d^u tac ddng den sU hinh nhiing sai lech (bien dang) nhan each ca nhan Nhiing sai lech (bien dang) dd, nha't la nhiing sai lech (bien dang) ve nhu cau, den lUdt minh lam sinh va cung cd' dgng cd pham tgi vdi tU each la cai dieu chinh hanh vi pham tgi, ttie nguy§n nhan ridng cua hanh vi pham tdi Cac ddng ed chinh tri - tU tudng (c^m thu giai ca'p, ehd'ng ddi Nha nu6c, phan biet tdn chung toe, tdn giao ); dgng cd vu Idi (vi Idi ich vat cha't); dgng ed ea nhan (thii h l n ca nhan, tra thu, ghen tuong, coi thudng viec thiic hiin cae nghia vu eua ban than, thd d ddi vdi nhiii^ ngudi xung quanh d nhiing mUc khac gan vdi nhiing sai lech (bien dang) nhan each eua ca nhan va giii vai trd la nhiing cai dieu chinh hanh vi pham tdi cu the Thiic tiln cho thay, nhiing hien tUdz^ xa hdi tieu eiic gia dinh, nh&ig hien tUdng xa hdi tieu ciic giao tiep, loi sd'ng, nghi ngdi, lam viec tai nhiing tieu mdi trUdng xa hgi khac, nhiing han che thieu sot, khuyet diem hoat dgng eua cac cd quan, td chiic d miic hay d mUe khac deu tac dgng hinh cac dac diem tieu cUe, dd cd sai lech (bien dang) v^ nhu clu, Idi ich, ve nhan thUc nhu cau, Idi Ich, ve dinh hudng gia tri sd'ng, ve Ilia chgn phUdng thtic thoa man nhu clu, Idi ich ca nhan (nhan than) ngUdi pham tdi NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdi Q| CO CHE TAG D O N G CUA NGUYEN NHAN VA DIEU KIEN Tinh ddng cd eua tgi p h a m (he tho'ng cac dgng cd pham tdi cua cac tgi p h a m cu the) khdng tii no "bien t h a n h " h a n h vi pham tgi cu the No phai su tac ddng l l n n h a u vdi hoan canh t i n h hud'ng p h a m tdi ma nhin tU gdc mdi q u a n he n h a n qua la dieu kidn vo'n ton tai b e n ngoai ca n h a n (ngUdi p h a m tdi) mdi lam phat sinh h a n h vi p h a m tdi Do vay, k h i p h a n tich cd che' tac dgng cua nguyen n h a n va dieu kien cua tgi cu t h e , khdng the khdng de cap d e n tinh hud'ng p h a m tgi Tinh hud'ng p h a m tgi ra't da dang, vi vay cd t h e nhdm chiing lai t h a n h cac nhdm de p h a n tich Dd ed t h e la n h d m t i n h hud'ng lien quan den thdi gian, dia diem, nhdm ngUcfi t h a m gia thiic hien tgi p h a m Cac dac diem ve t h e cha't cua ngUdi p h a m tgi, ve vat t h e va cac doi tUdng tac dgng khac cua tgi pham ciing la nhiing t i n h hud'ng pham tgi NhQng tinh huong p h a m tdi eo t h e chinh ngUdi p h a m tgi tao trUdc dd, ciing c6 th^ hoat dong cac hoat dgng t r a i dao dUc, trai p h a p luat ciia nhUng ngUdi khac tao r a Cae t i n h hud'ng p h a m tdi xua't hien thien tai, lii lut, hoa hoan hoac cac hoan canh n g l u nhien tao Nhiing h a n che, thieu sot, vi pham cac hoat dgng ciia cac cd quan, td chUc ciing cd t h e dUdc xep vao t i n h hud'ng p h a m tdi Trong so' nhiing t i n h hud'ng p h a m tgi cd t h e ke den thai thieu t h a n trgng, vd y, qua tii tin ve an toan ca n h a n va t a i san ciia n a n nhan; trang thai t h e lUe, t a m ly h a y sU t h a m gia ciia n a n n h a n vao cac hoat ddng bat hdp phap Vdi t i n h each la t i n h hud'ng p h a m tgi, khia canh n a n n h a n chi ed cd che h a n h vi p h a m tgi eua mot so'tgi cu the N h u vay, cd che tac ddng eua nguyen n h a n va dieu kien ciia t i n h hinh tgi p h a m Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI bao h a m t r o n g nd cd chd' b e n trong, cd cne xa hdi, cd che n h d m va cd che tgi cu t h e Mdi mot cd che' t a c ddng dd cd vi t n , vai tro ciia m i n h t r o n g viec xac dinh nguyen n h a n va dieu kidn c u a t i n h h i n h tdi p h a m ndi chung, cua t i n h h i n h nhom tgi p h a m , ciia t i n h h i n h m g t tgi p h a m va cua tgi p h a m cu t h e noi rieng Dac biet cac ed che tac ddng dd cho tha'y md'i lien h e giiia nguyen n h a n va dieu kien ciia t i n h h i n h tdi p h a m (d cac cap k h a c n h a u ) vdi nguydn n h a n va diiu kien ciia tdi p h a m cu the, theo dd, n g u y e n n h a n va dieu kien cua t i n h h i n h tgi p h a m ndi c h u n g b a o h a m nd n g u y e n n h a n va dieu kien eua t i n h h i n h n h d m tgi p h a m va n g u y e n n h a n va dieu kien cua t i n h h i n h m g t tgi p h a m , den lUdt chiing bao h a m n g u y e n n h a n va dieu kien ciia tdi cu t h e va ngUdc lai TAI L I E U T H A M K H A O Hgc vien C a n h s a t n h a n d a n (2013), Mgt so van de tgi phg.m hgc Viet Nam, (Tdi lieu tham khdc diing cho he dao tg.o sau dg.i hgc), H a Ngi TrUdng D a i hgc L u a t H a Ndi (2017), Gido trinh tgi pham hgc, Nxb Cong a n n h a n dan, H a Ngi TrUdng Dai hgc L u a t T h a n h p h o Ho Chi Minh (2013), Gido trinh tgi pham hoc, Nxb Hong Dtic, Hgi L u a t gia Viet N a m Vien nghien cUu Nha nude va p h a p luat (2000), Tgi pham hgc Viet Nam: Mot so van de ly luan vd thuc tiin, Nxb Cdng an n h a n dan H a Ngi / • ' l ° ^ f f ^ ' ' * (2003), Gido « „ / , « ; phum hoc Nxb Cong an nhan dan, Ha Noi Vo K h a n h Vinh va Chu Van T u a n (2013), Xung dot xa hgi vd d6ns th, - - '.oi, Nxb Khoa hoc xa h o Ha No, "