Giới hạn nghĩa vụ bảo mật thông tin khách hàng trong hoạt động ngân hàng theo quy định của pháp luật việt nam

TAP c m KHOA H V L fnAJ- il x GI61 HAN NGHlA v y B A O M A T T H O N G TIN KHACH H A N G T R O N G HOAT £ ) N G N G A N H A N G THEO QUY DINH CtJA PHAP L U A T V I £ T NAM NGUYfiN THJ KIM THOA Khoa Luat Kinh t^ Tmdng Diu hpc Ngan hang TP H& Chi Mmh Economic Law Department, Banking University of Ho Chi Minh city Email: thoantk@buh,edu Tom tat Bai viit phdn tich mdt si vin d'i phdp if liin quan din gibi hgn aia nghia uu baom4t thdng tin khdch hang ciia ti chUc tin dgng theo quy dinh phdp lu4t Vi^t Nam, tU tio dua m^t vdi khuyin nghi nhdm hoan thiM cdc quy dinh ciia phdp lu4t Viit, Nam vS udn d'i Tfl khoa: hdo mdt, tiidng tin khdch hang, hogt di^ng ngdn hdng Abstract This article analyzes some provisions on the Umits of duty to keep confidential information on cUents of credit institutions, thereby giving some proposals contributing to improve legal provisions of Vietnam on this issue Keyw^ords: confidential, information of clients, banking operations Ngay nhan bai: 17/6/2019 Ngay duyfit dang: 10/01/2020 Nguyen tdc ciia nghia vu bao ddm bi mat thdng tin Idiach hang ho^t dOng n g ^ hang Bao dam bi mat (bao mat) th6ng tin khach hang la nguydn tdc chinh m6i quan ht giiaa t6 chiic tin dung (TCTD) va khach hang Nguyen tac duoc hinh dua trdn sU t6n quyfen rifeng tu eda ca nhan, nghia vu Hfen quan dfe'n hoat ddng chuyfen m6n nghfe nghiep va nguydn tac thien chi, trung thuc luat ve hdp dbng, phap luat vfe dai ly.' Theo do, T C T D kh6ng duOc dfe cho thfeng tin vfe cu6c sdng ridng tu ca nhan, tai chinh cua khdch hang bi chu thfe khac tu ti^p can, khai thac nfeu nhflng thong tin T C T D co dUOc khach hang cung c^p hoac th6ng tin phat smh qua trinh giao dich, cung ling cac nghifep vu ngan hang, san pham, dich vy trfen ccS s6 hop dbng gifla khach hang vdi cac T C T D Tuy nhifen, nguydn tac da va dang bi thach thUc theo thdi gian Su phat trifen cua khoa hoc cong nghe t^io nhifeu thuan loi cho khach hang va boat dfeng kinh doanh ngan hang nhung bfen canh sU thuan loi la nhflng rui ro va cO bbi gian lan phat sinh Chang ban, vide khach hang loi dung cac quy dinh bao m^t dfe thflc hidn vifec che giau tbi pham va hanh vi sai trai nhfl thflc hidn cac ' Nguyen Th} Kim Thoa, "Ngliia vu bao mJt thOiig tin khach hang theo quy dinh phdn |,,-, mijt s6 nil(5c trSn the gi6i va kinh nghifim cho Viet Nam", Tap chiKhoa Imphdp iji, 56 7^ 20I6 giao dich lifen quan dfen tai trO khiing bo, mua ban ma tUy, nia tifen se gay nhifeu ba^t loi cho xa hbi Trong trUbng hop nay, nha nfldc vdi tfl each la ngfldi dam nhjn chdc nang bdo dam tinh cd td chflc cila xa hbi, cd nghia vy tao difeu kifen thuan loi nhat cho vifec thUc hifen quyfen duOc bao mat thbng tin ciia cdng d i n khudn khb trat tu xa hdi Tuy nhifen, cin thifet dfe bao vd an ninh cdng cdng, an toan va phiic loi chung, thi nha nfldc quyfet dinh c'an ban chfe ddi vdi nhflng gi ma minh bao vfe va dUdng nhifen ckn c6 sfl can bang gifla ldi ich cdng cbng va quyfen tfl nhan, quyfen dan sfl Trong trfldng hdp nay, nghia vu bao mJt thbng tin khach hang cila cac T C T D cd thfe bi phap luat can thifep nh^m bao dam quyfen va ldi ich hdp phap cua cac bfen Qua phan tich trfen, cd thfe thaiy, bad mat thdng tin khach hang cua T C T D la nguyfen tac budc T C T D phai tnfet dfe tuin thu, nhifen nguyfen tac cflng cin dUdc gidi han mdt sd trfldng hdp nhit dinh Song, cac ngoai lfe can duoc xac dinh mdt each rd rang, cu thfe dfe khdng lam anh hfldng dfen dac quyfen cua khach hang va hoat ddng kinh doanh ngin hang cflng nhfl ldi ich cdng cdng H i u hfet, cac nUdc dfeu thdng n h i t rang nghia vfl khbng phai la tuydt dbi Chdng h^n, Theo luit Thuy Si, thdng tin ciia khach hang cd thfe dfldc tifet lO cac trudng hdp sau: (i) dang tife'n hanh difeu tra hinh sfl trfldng hop nhfl nghi ngd rfla tifen, vifen efla mdt td chflc tbi pham, trbm cap Nfeu cd can cfl cho ring cac tai san db c6 Hen quan dfen tbi pham, cac td chflc tai chinh cd thfe thdng bao cho chinh quyfen Difeu khdng trai vdi nghia vy bao m i t thdng tin efla khach hang (Difeu 305, khoan Luat Hinh sfl nam 1937); (ii) tife'n hanh thil tflc pha san; ii) tifen hanh thfl tuc td tung dan sfl nhfl thfla kfe, ly hdn; iv) cung cip sfl hb trO lin cac van dfe hinh sU qubc te.^ Tai Anh, nghia vu bao mat thbng tin cila khach hang dflOc dfe cap An le Tournier T h e o db, day la nghia vu dfldc xac dinh mac nhifen giUa ngan hang vdi khach hang, song khbng phai la tuyfet dbi An lfe Tournier da xac dinh bbn difeu kifen di kem nghia vu bao mat thbng tin, dd la: (i) vifec cdng bb thbng tin theo yfeu ciu efla phap luat; (ii) nhifem vu phai cdng bb cbng khai; iii) cac ldi i'ch cila ngan hang yfeu ciu cbng bb thbng tin; (iv) vifec cdng bd dfldc thflc hifen bdi sii ddng y rd rang hay ngfl f cua khach hang.^'' Nhfl vJy, cd thfe th%, cac nfldc The European Banking Federation, "Anti-Fraud anti Anti-Money Laundenng Committee and Fiscal Committee", Report on Banking Secrecy, 2004, tr 61 Sandra Booysen Dora Neo, "Can Banks Still Keep a Secret? Bank secrecy in Fmancial Centres around the Wodd", Cambridge University Press, 2017 tr 342 Hu Ying, Repori of Proceedings: Bank Secrecy Symposium, A Symposium at the Faculty of Law, Nanonal University of Smgapore, - December 2014, 2015, tr 27 84 TAP CHi KHOA H Q C PHAP LY v i ^ i f"^" theo hfe thdng dan luat va thbng lujt dfeu quy dinh nhflng trUdng hOp ngo^i lfe eua nghia vu bao mat thdng tin efla khach hang hoat dgng ngan hang (HDNH) nhung nhin chung, nghia vu cd thfe dfldc ti Id cac trfldng hop: mbt Id, nfe'u khach hang dbng y hoac theo y elu ciia ngfldi d^ii difen hdp phap cua khach hang cung cd thfe liy quy^^ tifet Id thdng tin dd dfen bdn thfl ba theo luat dinh; hai Id, theo ydu cau cila cd quan nha nUdc cd thim quyfen; ba Id, vi ldi ich cdng cdng hay ^ ich chung, T C T D phai cung cip cac thbng tin ciia khaeh hang Hdn quan dfen nhflng khoan tifen bit hdp phap, hay hanh vi rfla tifen, lfla dao cho CO quan nha nUde cd tham quyfen; bd'n Id, vi Idi ich chinh dang cua T C T D T C T D cdn cd thfe cung c^p thdng tin efla khach hang ndi bd T C T D theo nhflng thu tuc nha't dinh Gi6i han ctia ngliia vu bao mat thdng tin khach hang theo quy dinh cCia phap luat Viet N a m Phap luat Vifet Nam chiu anh hudng ldn tfl hfe thd'ng dan luat^ da ghi nhan nghia vu bao mat thdng tin khach hang nhfl la quyfen ngfldi Hifen phap n i m 2013.^ Dbng thdi, luat cflng quy dinh day la nghia vy phap ly phat sinh hoat ddng nghfe nghiap efla cac T C T D cac luat chung, luat ehuyfen nganh nhfl Bd luat Dan sfl nam 2015 (BLDS nam 2015), Luat Ngan hang nha nfldc Vifet N a m nam 2010 (Luit N H N N V N nam 2010), Luat Cac td chiic tin dflng nam 2010 (Luat cac T C T D nam 2010) va cac van ban hfldng dan cd Hfen quan Theo do, cic T C T D eb nghia vu bao mjt thbng tin khach hang va chi cung cap thbng tin khach hang nhflng trfldng hop luat dinh Cv thfe, Luat elc T C T D nam 2010 quy dinh: "TCTD, chi nhdnh ngdn hdng nudc ngodi (CNNHNNg) khbng duge cung cdp thbng tin Uin quan din tdi khodn, tiin gtii, tdi sdn gtii, cdc giao dieh eda khdch hdng tgi TCTD, CNNHNNg cho ti chtic, cd nhdn khde, trti trubng hgp eo yiu c'du ctia CO quan nhd nubc cd thdm quy'in theo quy dinh ctia phdp ludt hogc dugc sy chdp thudn cua khdch hang".'^ N h u vay, Lult cac T C T D nam 2010 k h i n g dinh T C T D CO nghia vii bao mat thdng tin Hfen quan den tai khoan, tifen giii, tai san gfli, cac giao dich efla khach hang tai T C T D , nhflng vifec bao mat dd se bi gidi ban hai trudng hop: i) Cd yfeu elu efla cd quan nha nfldc cb tham quyen theo quy dinh cua phap luat; ii) Dfldc sit cha:p thuan efla khach hang ^ * ' H $ thdng d i n lu^t din?c ti^p n h j n nhifeu m t d c A S E A N n o i c h u n g vh ViSt N a m noi rifine chii y^u g i n hin vdi qua ttinh xSm chigm t h u ^ c dja ciia cac nUdc chAu A u luc dja ddi vdi ca q u d c gia Vi^t N o m da tttng la thu