Kiểm soát quyền tư pháp trong nhà nước pháp quyền

n^ NGHIEN CffU - PHATTRIEN LY LUiilN KIEM SOAT QUYEN Tl/PHAP TRONG NHA Nl/dC PHAP QUYEN • TS T O N G BlfC THAO Hoc vien Chinh tri qudc gia Hd Chi Minh • Tom tdt: Kiem sodt quyen tUphdp Id vdn de nan gidi vd phdc tap cd tren gdc ly ludn vd thiic tikn, dieu ndy xudt phdt tii nhiing mau thudn not tai cua bdn thdn ddi song xa hoi vd tinh ddc thii cua quyen tii phdp - Id sii doc lap moi quan he vdi quyen lap phdp vd hdnh phdp Quyen tUphdp la quyen xet xd md nhdn ddn giao cho Toa dn, day Id quyen bdo vey chi chung cua quoc gia bdng viec xet xti cdc hdnh vi vi pham hten phdp, phdp luat tii phia cong ddn vd cd quan nhd nUdc; cd quan, to chiic vdcd nhdn khdng dtidc can thiep vdo hoat dgng cua cd quan tii phdp Bdo ve phdp ludt, cong ly, tii cua cong ddn Id trdch nhiem hdngddu ciia tUphdp Cd thecd nhieu cdch khac to chdc thiic thi quyen liic nhd niidc nhUng tUphdp dgc lap la mgt nhiing nguyen tdc quan trgng mang tinh quyet dinh cua Nhd niidc phdp quyen (NNPQ) • Tii khda: kiem sodt quyen tUphdp, sii dgc lap ciia tUphdp nhd nUdcphdp Quan niem ve quyen tir phap nha nu-ffc phap quyen Ngay ttf thdi Hy Lap, La Ma cd dai eac nha tu tudng chinh tri - phap ly cho rang d dau cd phap luat thi d phai ed mdt he thdng cac thiet che nhkn dam bao cho phap luat dugc diuc thi nghiem chlnh Cac thiet che la he thong cac CO quan tu phap Thuat ngir "quyen tu phap" lan dau hen dugc xuat hien hong tac pham Tinli than phipluatciia Montesquieu (xuat ban lan dau vao nam 1748) Tai quyen XI, Montesquieu da giai thich quyen lap phap la quyen "lam luat, sira ddi hay buy bd luat", cdn quyen hanh phap la quyen "quyet dinh viee hda hay ehien, giii dai su di cac nude, thiet lap an runh, de phdng xam luge" LYLUAN CHiNH TRI-So 5/2019 quyen va quyen ttr phap la quyen "trimg tri tgi pham, phan xir tranh chap giaa cac canhan"'>\ Noi tiep nhirng tu tirong cua Mongtesquieu, tac pham Ban ve Idle u&c xa hoi (1762), Rousseau da viet: "Khi nguoi ta khong the diilh ro mpt ty le chinh xae giiia cac bo phan cSu cua nhii nuoc, hoijc mil nhitng nguyen nhan khach quan lam suy yeu khong ngimg mcji quan he giiia cac bo phan ay, thi nguoi ta phai aatm6tcoquanditcbiet,kh6ngthamduviiobat cu mot bp phan nao, Co quan dat m6i bo phan vao dung VI tri cua no, liim moi diiy lien lac va yeu to trung gian giira Chinh phi, viii nhan dan,hoacgiuaChlnhphuvoicoquanquyJnluc toi cao, hoac giiia ca ba ve ay kh, can Co quan _D naytdiggi la coquan tuphap"'^' Quan niem ciia Rousseau ve ca quan tu phap eung khdng ed nhieu khae biet vdi Montesquieu, theo dng noi den ea quan tu phap phai hieu dd la toa an, la hoat ddng xet xu cua tda an Nhu vay, ea Montesquieu va Rousseau deu eoi quyen tu phap la quyen ap dung cac quy dinh eiia phap luat CO lien quan dexac dinh rd quyen, nghia vu, trach nhiem, hau qua phap ly eiia eae ben tham gia tranh chap dua tren nhimg tinh tiet khaeh quan eua vu viec Thdng qua viec thuc hien quyen tu phap, phap luat duge ap dung, tdn trgng va chap hanh bdi cac td chiie, ea nhan xa hdi Ndi each khac, mdt nhirng "dau vao" thuc hien quyen tu phap ehinh la phap luat - san pham cua quyen lap phap phat sinh tir viec mdt didu gi dd ed phii hpp hay khdng phii hop vdi phap luat dieu chinh viee ay"'^\ Tren phuang dien ly luan eung nhu thuc tidn td chiie he thdng bd may d nhieu qudc gia tren the gidi, ngudi ta thudng xem tu phap la mdt nhiing nhanh quan trgng cua he thdng quyen lire nha nude, thudng ddng nhat tu phap vdi boat ddng xet xir cua tda an Ngay nay, d eac nude, quyen tu phap dugc nhin nhan tir nhieu giac dd, song tuu trung, dd la quyen xet xir, la viec nhan danh cdng ly giai quyet tranh chap, giai quyet xung dot xa hdi bang viec xet xir, thdng qua thii tuc xet xir luat dinh, cho toa an va cac tham phan xem xet va quyet dinh cac vu viec va dua phan quyet cd gia tri bdt huge thi hanh ddi vdi cae vu viec ay; quyen giai thleh va ap dung phap luat cd tranh eai Tuy nhien, d day edng can cd su phan biet co quan tu phap vdi quyen tu phap Xuat phat tir nhung diem dac thii eiia thg che chinh tri - phap ly, Nghi quyet sd 49-NQ/TW 2-6-2005 ve Viet Nam, theo Tir dien Tieng Viet thi "tu phap" cd nghia la "viec xet xir cac hanh vi pham phap va cac vu kien tung nong nhan dan""' Cdn Chiu anh hudng tu tudng cua cac luat gia thdi quyen tu phap theo TH dien Luat hoc ciia Vien Khai sang, xay dung ban Hien phap nam 1787, Khoa hoc phap ly (Bd Tu phap) ed nghia la: cac nha lap hien Hoa Ky da quy dinh d Dieu III, "quyen xet xii cae vu an hinh su, dan su, hdn khoan nhu sau: "Quyen lire tu phap Hoa Ky se nhan, kinh te, lao ddng, hanh chinh Quyen tu dugc trao cho Toa an toi cao va nhirng toa an cap phap dugc giao cho tda an nhan dan thue duoi ma Qudc hdi cd the thiet lap mpt sd hien"'^', Cdn tac gia Vd Khanh Vmh cho rang: trudng hpp" Va hau het eae hien phap ciia cae "quyen tu phap la kha nang va nang lire neng nude tu ban nhu Nhat, Phap, Diic, Thuy Dien ciia cae eo quan tda an, chiem vi tri dac biet sau quy dinh ve quyen tu phap deu coi dd bd may nha nude thuc hien de tac ddng la hoat ddng eiia eac toa an Nhu vay, quan niem den hanh vi ngudi, den qua trmh xa hgi"'^' CO hnh ehung nhat theo nghia hep ve quyen tu (J Viet Nam, kertrkhi cd Hien phap nam 1946 phap tir ly thuyet den xay dung hien phap den nay, ca quan xet xti la TAND eac cap, tda an van cua cac nude ed lieh su lap hien lau nam deu quan suva ed the them tda an dac biet Mdi sd thiet dupe hieu la quyen xet xii eiia cac toa an che nhu nong tai, td ehiic hda giai dcasd hiy thuc Quan niem ve quyen tu phap thdi ky hien chiie nang gan gidng vdi xet xir, nhung khdng Khai Sang cd anh hudng Idn den sir hinh the ggi la ca quan xet xii Hien nay, quyen tu phap tu chinh tri - phap ly hien dai Theo dinh da dugc lam rd ve mat tham quyen, dreo quy dinh nghia ciia Black's Law Dictionary thi, quyen tu Hien phap nam 2013 thi "Tda an nhan din thuc phap (judicial power) la "tham quydn duge trao hien quyen tup/iap" (Khoan 1, Dieu 102), LVLUAN CHINHTRI-So 5/2019 NGHIEN CU'U - PHATTRIEN LY LUAN "Chien luge cai each tuphap den nam 2020" eho rang cac ca quan tuphap khdng chi la tda an, ma cdn bao gdm ea vien kiem sat, cae eo quan dieu tra, eo quan thi hanh an O Viet Nam, ngoai he thdng tda an, edn cd cac ca quan khae khdng thue hien quyen arphap, nam ngoai he thdng tu phap nhungvan dugc ggi, duge eoi la eaquan tu phap, Bd Tuphap (diudc Chinh phii), Uy ban Tu phap ciia Qude hdi, ca ca quan dieu tra, co quan cdng td, Vien kiem sat, ea quan thi hanh an cung duge liet vao danh sach ca quan tu phap''^ Tir nhirng net dac thii ve the che ehinh tri, phap ly va hanh ehinh Viet Nam eho thay su tham gia eiia eae eo quan dieu tra va cdng td nong viec thue thi quyen tu phap la can thiet, boi mot minh toa an khong the tien hanh toan bd cac hoat ddng td tim ehirng eii, xae minh, danh gia chimg cir den xet xu Tren the gidi edng khdng CO nude nao to chiic he thdng tda an vdi tat ca chirc nang va nhiem vu do, Khi thuc hien nhiem vu bao ve phap luat, cac co quan dieu tra, CO quan edng td chi tham gia d cae mirc dp nhat dinh vao qua ninh giai quyet va bao ve cong ly, Tda an vdi chiic nang xet xit ciia minh ludn ludn la chii the bat budc cua quan he td tung Vdi vi m' dd, tda an la co quan ddng vai nd Uung tam he thdng coquan thue thi quyen tuphap, va the hien rd nhat quyen tu phap Hoat ddng dieu na cd thg duge thue hien bdi cac co quan hanh phap nhung thue hien chirc nang tu phap hoac eaquan cdng td hoac tda an dam nhiem Thi hanh an xet ve ban chat khdng phai la boat ddng tu phap thuan tdy ma mang tinh chait hanh chinii - tuphap Tiii hanh an la giai doan sau cua xet xir, khdng cd sii menh xae dinh sir that cua vu an ma chi thuc thi phan quyet cua tda an Vdi each tiep can quyen tu phap ma trgng tam la quygn xet xu cae vu an cua tda an thi quygn tu phap cd eae dae digm chinh sau day: - Ve mat phap ly: Quygn tu phap la quyen dua phan quyet cd gia tri bat bude thi hanh eua ea quan cdng quyen (ma cu the la tda an) ve tinh diing/sai, hgp phap/bat hgp phap ciia mdt hanh vi nhat dinh Ca sd phap ly cua viec thirc hien quyen tu phap (de tda an phan quyet) chinh la phap luat va chi la phap luat San pham cua viee thuc hien quyen tu phap la eae phan quyet cd hieu luc phap luat ciia Ida an, budc moi ca nhan, td chiie, cd ca cae eo quan nha nude phai tuan thu va chap hanh Quyen tu phap, vi vay, chinh la quygn bude hanh vi ciia cae ben tranh chap phai chiu sir phan xet cua phap luat Thye hien quyen tu phap (xet xii) la mot dang eiia boat ddng ap dung phap luat va thong qua do, phap luat duge tdn nong va bao ve, Quyen tu phap, vi vay, cung chinh la quydn buoc cac chil the xa hdi phai dat minh dudi phap luat thuong tdn phap luat Nhu vay cd the hieu, quyen tu phap theo nghia hep chi gidi han dtda an vdi ehiic nangxet xir, nhan danh Nha nude dua phan quyei ddi vdi cac hanh vi vi pham phap luat hoac vi pham quyen, lgi ieh cua cdng dan, td chiic; ap dung - VSmatxa hoi: Vdiy nghia la quygn giai quyet phap luat; phan xet hanh vi hop phap eiia cae co eac tranh chap phap ly, quygn tu phap, duoc quan, cdng chirc nha nude, thuc hien mdt each dung dan se gop phan lam Quyen tuphap tlieo ngliia rdngduoc thuc hien diu hoac giai tda nhung mau thuan, cang thang thdng qua boat ddng ciia he didng cae ca quan tirong xa hdi ^ bao ve phap luat nhu co quan dieu na, co quan ^^Wmat^tfruat Thuc hienquyen tuphap (,et cdng td va tda an Trong he thdng cac coquan dd, >«) lamp, qua tnnh toa an raquye,dmlrd« giai tda an vdi ehiic nang xet xu ed vai trd trung tam quye, cac tranh chap ve quyen, loi ich hop phap LYLUAN CHINHTRI-So 5/2019 m ciia cac ben Qua tiinh quyet dinh kha dac biet so vdi eac qua timh quyet dinh cua cac ca quan lap phap hoac ca quan hanh phap Trong quytirinhra quyet dinh nay, chat lugng cua quyet dinh khdng chi phu thudc vao nang luc chuyen mdn ciia ngudi quyet dinh, ma cdn phu thudc vao lugng va chat lugng thdng tin ma eac ben tham gia tianh chap cung cap eho tda an"" 2.Tinh tat yen, muc dich ciia kiem soat quyen tir phap nha nu'dc phap quyen Quyen lire nha nude la quygn lire uy quygn, mang tinh dai dien, do van de dat d day la lam iiy quyen nhimg khdng mat quyen; ban che viec dimg quygn lue cdng de sii dung vao cae muc dich tu Tdm lai, lam giai quyet duge van de khdng de cho quygn luc nha nude bi tha hoa, sir dung khdng dtmg muc dich, day la cau hoi het siic khd khan ca nen phuang dien iy luan chinh tri va phap ly mdt thdi gian rat dai Ly luan va thuc tign ehinh tri - phap ly d ca phuong Ddng lan phuong Tay hang ngan nam qua dgu cho thay viec tim kiem ca ehe thuc thi quyen lue nha nude la can thiet Lich sii phat tiien ciia nha nude ed khoang ban 3.000 nam, nhung lich sii cua bp may nha nude dugc phan quyen mdi chi cd khoang gan 300 nam, ke tii CO each mang tu san Tu phap d phuang Tay dugc hieu ddng nghia vdi xet xii, la hoat dpng ciia Toa an de tim edng ly, edng bfing cho tat ca mpi ngudi phuong Tay, tu phap duge xem xet nhu la mdt nhanh quyen luc, can bang vdi lap phap va hanh phap Qua trinh tim kiem md hinh va phuang thirc thuc thi quyen lue nha nude chinh la qua trinh hoan thien va tdi uu hda td chiic quyen lire nha nude nham lam cho td chiie dugc the hien quyen lire mpt each tot nhat, dap ling yeu can su phat tri en cua xa hpL Tinh tat yeu kiem soat quygn tu phap nha nude phap quygn duge the hien d nhiing ly sau: + Quyen tuphip la quyen luc duoc uy nhiem: Quygn luc nha nude ndi ehung va quygn tuphap ndi rieng la quyen lire ngudi dan iiy nhiem Sir liy nhiem dien mdt chii die nhirng rao can khaeh quan nen khdng the ti; minh giai quyet nhiing van dg eu the lien quan den viec thuc hien quyen lam chu ciia minh, va hg phai tiidng qua mdt ehii the khac de thuc hien edng viec Sir uy quygn dugc tiiue hien thdng qua hgp ddng hay cdn gpi la "khe ude xa hdi" Ngudi duge iiy quygn thue thi quyen luc nhan danh chii the da uy quygn cho minh theo hpp ddng, ehii the uy quyen giii vai nd chi phoi ngudi duge iiy quyen, ngudi duoc iiy quygn ehi duge hanh ddng khudn khd duge try quygn Tuy nhien, da iiy quygn thi xuat hien nguy co quyen luc bi lam dung Thuc tifin lich sii eho thay, quyen lue nha nude ludn cd xu hirdng bi lam dung, hi "tha hda" bdi nhflng ngudi thuc thi De Nha nude thuc hien diing nhGng digu ma minh da uy nhiem, da tiida thuan; dam bao eho quyen luc nha nude duoc sii dung dung muc dieh va phat iiuy hieu qua tiiuc te ddi hdi phai cd sir phan cdng, phdi hgp va kiem soat quyen luc + QuySn tuphip dpi ngu thuc thi phip luat nim gia nen xuat hien nguy cobi thao tiing, dan dat boi loi ich ca nhan De dam bao thuc till, quyen lire nha nude can phai tap tnmg de tao nen siic manh ehung, nhung dieu dan tdi he qua ban than nhirng ngudi cam quygn eung cd nhu eau tiida man lgi ieh ca nhan eiia minh, Digu xuat phat tir ban tinh VI ky, su tham lam eung nhu khat vgng thda man quyen luc ciia eon ngudi"^' Xet ve ban chat, eon ngudi ludn cd san ban tiiih tu lgi, chiu anh hudng bdi cac loai tinh cam, due vpng khac nliau Tren danii nghia nhirng ngudi duge uy quyen thue thi quyen tu phap dai dien eho y ehi, nguyen vgng ehung ciia sd ddng, su dung quygn luc de dieu hanh cdng viec ehung LYLUAN CHiNH TRI-So 5/2019 EL NGHIEN CCrU - PHATTRIEN LY LUAN theo su tiida thuan eac ban "khe ude", Nhung qua tiinh thuc hien quyen tu phap, ranh gidi giira Im ich cdng ddngva lgi ieh ea nhan; lgi ich chung va loi ichriengnhieu khdng dugc phan biet rach rdi Dieu dan den nguy co quyen lue ehung (quyen luc dugc iiy nhiem) bi tiiao tung, dan dat va hi chi phdi bdi eae Igi fch ca nhan Do dd, neu khdng ed co che td ehire hpp iy thi viec sir dung quygn lire chung phuc vu eho lgi ich rieng rat dl xay De khae phue tinli nang nay, ttong co cau td chirc quyen lire, ngirdi ta deu tinh den viec thiet lap co che phan cdng, phoi hpp va kiem soat quyen luc n h ^ chdng lai su tha hda, chdng lai xu hudng quyen lire nha nude hi sir dungvi muc dich ea nhan nhiing quyet dinh ddng dan qua trinh xet xu nham tao ca che bao ve cae quyen cua edng dan, tao niem tin ciia ngudi dan vao cong ly Hinh fhirc liigm soat quy^n tu phap nha nirdc phap quyen Tha nhat, giam sat (supervision) la thuat ngir dung de chi mdt hoat ddng xem xet cd tinh bao quat eiia chii the ben ngoai he thdng ddi vdi khach the thudc he thdng khac Theo Tir dien Bich khoa thi: "Giam sat la mdt hinh thiic boat ddng ciia ca quan nha nude hoae to chiic xa hgi nham bao dam phap che hoac su eh^p hanh nhflng quy tSe ehung nao do"''"' Tir dien Hin Viet Dao Duy Anh bien soan giai thieh: "Giam sat la xem xet va dan hach"''" Theo quan luem thi giam sat la xem xet, kiem tra ngoai ddi tupng hi giam sat phai chiu sir ehat van eua chii the giam sat, Cdn tii dien Tieng Viet Nguyen Nhu Y bien soan tiii eho rang: "Giam sat la tiieo ddi, kiem tra viee tiiue hien nhiem vu""^' + Kiem soat quyen tuphap phai la dieu kien can thiet de cho quyen luc nha nuoc duac sii dung diing din, dam bao cac quyen tu cua cong dan Cdng ly va quyen luc cd mdi quan he vdi nhauhet sire ehat che, "eongly khdng dua vao quyen luc tiii bat luc; quyen lue khdng di ddi vdi Dudi gdc dd phap ly, tiieo Tiidien Luathgctia: cdng ly till tan bao Vi vay can phai ket hgp giua "Giam sat la sytiieodoi, quan sat hoat ddng mang cdngly va quygn luc, va nham muc dich nay, phai tinh chil dpng, tiiudngxuyen, lien tiic va sin sang lam the nao cho nhung dieu hop cdng ly phai cd tac ddng bang cac bien phap tich cue de budc va dd quygn luc; hay nhirng dieu dua vao quyen luc hudng boat ddng di dung quy dao, quy ehd n h ^ phai hgp vdi cdng ly", day la dieu ma dai van hao dat dupe muc dich, hieu qua da dugc xae dinh tir ngudi Phap Pascal da kliang dinh tii nam 1662 tnrdc, dam bao cho phap luat duae tuan tiieo Nha nude la chu the nhat duge thuc hien nghiem cbinh""^" Cdn theo quan niem ctia khoa quygn cuong ehe, nd Uen quan ttuc tiep den viec hoc hanh chinh tiii: "Giam sat dimg de chi hoat dam bao cac quygn ea ban eua cdng dan Quyen dpngciia cac eaquan quyenlircnhanude,tdaan, tu phap la quyen xet xir ciia tda an, dieu anh caetochucxahgivacdngdan nham bao dam su hudng tiire tiep den quygn tu do, quygn tai san, quyen nhan than eiia ca nhan, td chuc, Neu quyen hoi '"'.Nhuvay, quan niem ' " dugc tiiuc hien nghiem ehinh, diing dan se ehinh quan niem giam sat r; tao niem tin eiia ngudi dan vao edng 1^ nguge , , -^^^ rang, bao gdm he lai, nd se vi pham nghiem nong den eac quyen ca thongg.amsattrongndibdcuabdmaynhanudc ban eua cdng dan Xuat phat tir tinh nhay cam va vah^thong^amsatnamngoMbdma n h a n u T tinh dg bi lam dung, quyen tu phap can dugc dat Gram sat la theo doi, xem xet h o a , n g " T a dudi su giam sat thudng xuyen de ed the dua c h u t h e t i r y c h i e n n h i ^ g q u y d i n h d u n X y " V.v,y,ho,t ddnggi^nr sated chu dich ^ : ; LVLUAN CHINH TRI-So 5/2019 m hudng ddi tugng hoat ddng phai thirc hien dirng nhung quy dinh va thue hien nhung giai phap chu thg giam sat de Viee giam sat dd can: "phai cd tinh doe lap va phai bao dam yeu cau khach quan""^' Cdn cudn Tim hiiu mpt s6 thuat ngQ van kien DaihgiXcua Dang, cac tac gia cho r&ng: Giam sat la "theo ddi, kiem tra, phat hien, danh gia eiia ca nhan, td chiic, cpng ddng ngudi doi vdi ea nhan, td ehiic, cgng ddng ngudi khac nong ITnh vue boat dgng kinh lg- xahdi, ttong viee thue hien Hien phap, phap luM, dudng ldi, quan diem eua Dang, ehinh saeh ciia Nha nude, cac quyen, nghia vu eua cdng dan, eiia td chiic chinh tri - xa hpi va kien nghi phat huy, iru didm, tuu, xir ly ddi vdi ca nhan, td chiic cd nhiing hanh vi sai trai""^' tirtii xa hdi nhir giam sat cua cdng dan qua tiiue hien quyen khieu nai, td cao; giam sat ciia MTTQ va cae td chuc tiianh vien; giam sat eua bao ehi, truyen thdng tiiuc hien quyen tu phap Hoat ddng giam sat eua eae chu the khdng mang tinh quyen lire nha nude ma nd tao ap lire, du luan xa hdi huge eae ea quan tu phap phai tuan thu phap luat, dam bao cdng ly, su nghiem minh eua luat phap dua ban an va cac quyet dinh xet xu Nhung chii thg giam sat khdng cd quygn ap dung cae bien phap eudng ehe mang linh quygn luc nha nude Thiihai, thuc hien hieu qua cong tic kiem tra Kiem tra duoc hieu la "xem xet tinh hinh thirc te de danh gia, nhan xet""^' Kiem tra la xem xet, danh gia boat ddng eiia eo quan, to chtic, ca Mac dii cd nhiing quan niem khac nhau, nhung nhan xem ed phu hgp vdi phap luat hay khdng noi ham cua giam sat cd nhiing didm chung: la va ap dung eae bien phap bao dam va khdi phuc theo doi, xem xet, quan sat eua mdt chit the vdi su phu hpp dd Hoat ddng kiem tra mang tinh mgt ddi tugng nao dd bi giam sat Cd the hieu, chat ndi bd, la hoat ddng eiia ehii the nham tien giam sat la theo ddi, xem xet hoat dpng cua chii hanh xem xet, xae minh mdt viec gi dd ciia ddi die cd tham quygn the hien tinh chii ddng, lien tugng bi quan ly xem cd phii hgp vdi trang thai tuc, thirdng xuyen va tac ddngbang cae bien phap dinh trudc hay khdng Kiem tra la boat ddng cd tich cue nham hudng hoat cua khaeh the (ddi tinh thudng xuyen, hen tuc Chii the ed tham quyen kigm tra thue hien tuong) thuc hien diing nhiing digu da quy dinh Theo quy dinh ciia Hien phap va phap luat ehiic nang ciia minh tren ca sd quy dinh phap Viet Nam hien hanh, he tiidng giam sat bao gdm luat, cd the kiem tra dinh ky hoac kiem tra dot hai loai; giam sat ben the che nha nude xuat Chil tiie tien hanh kiem tra ed quyen tiieo (mang tinh quygn lire nha nude) va giam sat xa doi de boat ddng ciia coquan, td chue duac diln hpi (giam sat etia bao chi, truyen thdng, xa hdi Uieo diing vdi chirc nang, nhiem vu dugc giao; dan su ,) Giam sat mang tmh quyen lue nha ed quyen yeu cau ddi tuong bi kiem tra cung cap nude gdm cd; giam sat cua cac ca quan dan eii hd so, tai heu, chung eii lien quan den van de (Quoc hdi, HDND); giam sat ciia VKSND ddi vdi kiem tra; cd quyen de xuat cac phuong hudng, boat ddng td tung tu phap eua TAND va ca quan thdi ban va each khac phue nhung thieu sdt digu na"^' Su giam sat eua cae ea quan nham bao dam phap che, su diing dan nong ban an va cac quy dinh ciia Ida an Giam sat xa hdi ddi vdi quygn tu phap la su (1) Montesquieu (1748): Ban vetinh thanphaplual giam sat ciia eae tiiiet ehe ngoai Nha nude mang (ban dich tieng Viet ciia Hoang Thanh Dam), Nxb LY LUAN CHlNH TRI-So 5/2019 Q^ NGHIEN CLTU - PHATTRIEN LY L U A N (9) Ndi ve tinh vi ky ea nhan, tac pham lewaLyluan chinh tri, HaNoi, 2006, n,105-106, (2) Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762): Ban vekheiroc £/ian (1651), Hobbes chi ngudi la nhirng diuc xa hpi (ban dich cua Hoang Thanh Dam), Nxb Ly tiig tu lgi mang tinh ban chSt, tinh tu loi la dpng co dan dat hanh dpng ciia ngudi Theo Hobbes, luan chinh tri Ha Npi, 2004, tr.2J8 (3}BryanA Garner (ed.): Black's Law Dictionary, tinh tu loi va sy khao khat quyen lire chi mat di ngudi chet Montesquieu cho r^ng: "BSt cii 9"= ed, (St Paul, MN; 2009) at 924 (4) HoangPhe - chu bien (1997); Tiidien TiengViet, cd quygn dgu cd xu hudng lam quyen va hg cir su dung quygn den nao gap phai gidi han" Cdn Nxb Da Nang va Tmng tam tii dien hoe, tr 1034 (5) Vien Khoa hpc phap ly - Bo Tu phap, Tir dien nha Sli hgc ngudi Anh, Lord Action lai khang dinh: Luat hoc, Nxb Tir dien bach khoa va Nxb Tu phap; "Quyen luc ludn cd xu hudng ddi bai, quygn luc HaN6i,2006,n,657 tuyet ddi se dan den su ddi bai tuyet ddi" (6) Vo Khanh Vinh: Quyen tuphap Pong nha nuoc (10) Trung tam tir dien hpc, Tir dien bach khoa Viet phap quyen xa hdi chu nghia cua dan, da dan, vi dan Nam, Nxb Tir dien bach khoa, Ha Ndi, 2002, n 112 dVietNam.Ja.pchiNhanii6cvaphapluat,s68/2QQ3 (11) Dao Duy Anh: rdA'eh/Zan- Vier,NxbVanhda (7) Thuat ngd cac co quan tu phap nude ta hien tiidng tin, Ha Ndi, 2003, n,154 chua dugc hieu va sii dung mot each thdng (12) Nguygn Nhu Y: Dai' tirdien TiengViet, Nxb Van nhat cac van ban cua Dang va phap luat cua hda - Thdng tin, Ha Npi, 1998, n.728 Nha nude Can phan biettiiuatngir CO quan tuphap (13) Vien Khoa hpc phap ly: Tirdien Luat hgc Nxb vdi thuat ngu cac ca quan ciia "nganh tu phap" Tir dien Bach khoa Ha Ndi, 1999, n, 174 thuoc he thdng hanh phap (g6m Bp Tu phap, cac (14) Hpc vien Hanh chinh Qude gia: Hanh chinh s6, phong, ban tu phap) Mac dti cac co quan nha nuoc va cdng nghe hanh chinh Nxb Khoa hgc deu CO cum tir "tu phap" gSn sau ten co quan va ky tiiuat, Ha Noi, 2007, tr.217 nhung thuc chat, cac co quan khong tmc tiep (15) Dao Tri Uc: Quan niem vegiam sat thuc hien thuc hien cac hoat dong tu phap, Theo chuc nang, quyen lire nha nude va ca che thuc hien giam sat nhiem vu dupe giao, cac ca quan la co quan Tap chi Nha nirdc vaphap luat, sd 6-2003, tr.7, quan ly nha nude ddi voi mpt so td chdc va hoat (16) Ngo Van Du, Hong Ha, Tran Xuan Gia: Tim dpng lu phap (thi hanh an dan su luat su, cong liiSu mot sd thuat ngd Pong van hen Dai hpi X cua chung, giam dinh tu phap,.,), ngoai ra, Uong linh Dang, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia Ha Noi, 2006,tt.184 vue xay dung phap luat, Bd Tu phap dugc giao chu tri xay dung mot sd van ban luat lien quan true tiSp (17) Theo quy dinh ciia Luat to chiic Vien Kiem sat dgn hoat dong tu phap (nhu Bo luat hinh su, Bo luat nhan dan va phap luat vg to lung hinh su tiii dan su, Bo luat thi hanh an, Luat luat su.,.), la qua ninh kiem sat cong tac digu tta, Vien Kiem sat vien tiiam gia va tham dinh tat ca cac van ban phap nhan dan co quyen: "phe chuan, khong phe ehuan luat lam co sd phap ly cho td chiic va hoat dong ciia cac quya dinh cua co quan digu tra tiieo quy dinh cua phap luat, quyei dinh ap dung, ihay ddi hoae cac CO quan tu phap huy bo cac quyet dmh irai phap luat cua co quan (8) Xemtiiem:Nguygn Van Cuong: QuySn tuphap dieu tra va"quyet dinh tmy to bl can; qnyet dinh nlia nude phap quyen xa bpi cbii nghia - dinh chi hoac tam dinh chi dieu Ua" Nhimg van de dat linh hinh m&i (18) Tir dien tieng Viet, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hni u • hitp://viavw.moj,gov,vn Npi, 1994, tt.882 "°cxahoi,Ha LVLUAN CHINHTRI-So 5/2019 ... phap luat nhu co quan dieu na, co quan ^^Wmat^tfruat Thuc hienquyen tuphap (,et cdng td va tda an Trong he thdng cac coquan dd, >«) lamp, qua tnnh toa an raquye,dmlrd« giai tda an vdi ehiic nang... dinh kha dac biet so vdi eac qua timh quyet dinh cua cac ca quan lap phap hoac ca quan hanh phap Trong quytirinhra quyet dinh nay, chat lugng cua quyet dinh khdng chi phu thudc vao nang luc chuyen... 1^ nguge , , -^^^ rang, bao gdm he lai, nd se vi pham nghiem nong den eac quyen ca thongg.amsattrongndibdcuabdmaynhanudc ban eua cdng dan Xuat phat tir tinh nhay cam va vah^thong^amsatnamngoMbdma