Vấn đề môi trường trong giải quyết tranh chấp đầu tư quốc tế giữa nhà đầu tư và nhà nước

VAN DE MOI TRUONG TRONG GIAI QUYET TRANH CHAP DAU TU QUOC TE G I C A NHA DAU TU VA NHA N U C DAO KIM ANH **' VO PHUONG THAO " Tom t&t: Bai viet khai quat ve nhiing each tiep can khac doi vai vk'n de moi trudng thpc tien giai quye't tranh chap diu tu quoc te giUa nhk diu tu nUdc ngoki va Nha nudc tiep nb$n diu tu, t&p trung vao each Nha nUdc sd dung cac l&p lu&n ve mdi trudng va quan diim cua trgng tki diu tu xem xit v&'n de Tiep theo, thdng qua phan tich vu Burlington Resources Inc v The Republic of Ecuador^^' - mot tranh ch&'p diu tU gin day cd lien quan tdi trach nhi$m boi thuang tbi^t h$i nhiem moi trudng cua nhk diu tu, bai viet phan tich xu budng mdi vigc sd d\ing l&p lu^ bio ve moi trudng nbu mgt 'Vu khf di Nha nUdc bao ve lai ich cua minh trUdc cac khieu ki^n cua nhk diu tu, tU dd rut ke't lu&n vk mdt sd'kinh nghiem cbo Viet Nam Tiikboa: Bao ve mdi trUdng; tranh ch&'p diu tUqud'c te trgng tai diu tu; Vi^t Nam Abstract: This article examined different approaches in dealing with environment issues in investor-state dispute settlement at international arbitration We focused on bow the state uses environment-related arguments to support their case and how arbitral tribunals resolve this issue in practice Further, by analyzing the case of Burlington Resources Inc v The Republic of Ecuador - a recent investment dispute involving habiiity of investors for environment damages, the article revealed a new trend in applying environment argument.^' to protect the state's interests in disputes with foreign investors, thereby drawing out conclusion and recommendations for Vietnam Keywords: Environment protection; international investment dispute, investment arbitration; Vietnam Ngay nh&n bai: 17/11/2019; Ngay sda bki: 26/12/2019; Ngay duyet d&ng bki: 27/2/2020 Dat va.'n de mdi trfldng nghiem trpng Mac dfl diu tfl Ha tha'p cae tieu chuan radi trfldng da nfldc ngoai ddng gdp quan trpng vao sfl tflng dflpe eac qud'c gia sii dung nhfl mot phat trie'n kmh te nhUng eung keo theo yeu to' de canh tranh linh vfle thu tinh trang d nhiem mdi trudng va suy hiit vd'n diu tU qud'c te Dieu dupe ly giai la nhfi d i u tU nUde ngofii ed xu hUdng , , - - , - L -' -• Iua chpn cac quoc gia eo tieu c h u a n moi trfldng tha'p nhfim tiet kiem chi p h i v a nguin luc vi du nhU chi p h i d i u tfl h e thdng xii ly ehfi't thai, n a n g c a p may mde '^* Tuy nhien, thflc te chflng minh rjng chinh sach tren keo theo nhieu tac ° , - , , - • dpng khdng mong mud'n ddi vdi nUde tiep nhfin d i u t u , dac biet la h a u q u a d n h i e m , j 7.2020 '"' Gifing vien Khoa Lufit, Trucfng Dai hoc Ngo^i thuong; Email: anhdkeftu.edu.vn ,- Troly luat sU, Cong ty Lufit l.NT & Partners, ^^^BurlingtonResourcesInc v Republic of Ecuador (vif Burlington) ICSID Case No ARB/08/5, Decision on Ecuador's Counterclaims dated February 2017 i,ttps://ww»-.itaIaw.com/sites/defaultyfile8/ca8edocuments/itilaw8206.pdf,truycap ngfiy 20/10/2018 "' Kvia Tieoh , (2006, w^stVo Doo, K„„„ c.n Hurt You- Investor-State Disputes and the Protection ^^^^^ En\ironment in Developing Countries, (ilobal Environmental Politics 6:4 tr.85 NHiW Ll^ KHOA HOC XAHOI Q vAX DE MOI TRCOXC TRONG CLAI QUYET TRANH CHAP giam tai nguyen dfic biet la cac qudc gia Cau hdi dfit r a lfi t r o n g t r a n h c h a p vdi h e thd'ng quy dinh p h a p luat mdi gifla trUdng "long leo" co nguy cd bi bien thfinh thufin gifla ldi ieh cua n h a dau tU va "bai rfic cdng nghe" cua the gidi nha diu tfl va Xhfi nflde mau nhflng Ipi ich mdi trfldng dfldc bdi ddng Xhan tha'y r i i ro nfiy, eae qudc gia ngfiy t r p n g tfii g i i i quyet ^ao? Lap lufin ve cfing chu trpng hdn tdi cae quy dinh ve moi ldi ich cdng cdng cd the' dfldc Xha nfldc sii trUdng cae dfl a n d i u tU nUdc ngoai d u n g n b u t h e nfio trUde khieu kien eiia n h i m nfing eao ehfi't lUdng nguon vo'n d i u nhfi d i u t u ve bien phfip mdi trUdng? tu Xhflng hien phfip dUdc thflc hien k h a Q u a n trpng hdn, l a m t h e nfio de da dang, cd the thdng qua b a n hfinh quy qud'c gia d a n g phfit t r i e n nhU Viet N a m rapt phara p h a p luat ve tieu chuan mdi trudng, cd t h e b a n che vfi ngfin ngfla r u i ro p h a t thiet lap cd cbe kiem t r a chat ehe ddi vdi sinh t r a n h cha'p vdi n h a d i u tU k b i thflc boat ddng eua du a n hoac ap d u n g cbe tai bien cac bien phfip mdi trUdng? Bai viet m a n h ddi vdi h a n h vi gfiy d nhidm cua nhfi n a y se t r a ldi eae eau hdi t r e n t h d n g q u a d i u t u (vi du nhu, xfl p h a t hfinh chinh, p b a n tieh thfle tidn G Q T C d a u tU quoc te yeu cfiu boi thfldng thiet hai hofic tfldc lien q u a n tdi cac bi^n p h a p mdi trfldng, gia'y phip d i u tfl) V i n de dat la nhflng dac biet t a p t r u n g vao v u bien p h a p ed t h e mau t h u i n vdi cac Resources cam ket bao hp dau tfl eiia qudc gia Ecuado/^^ cfic dfinh da'u bfldc p h a t t r i e n q u a n hiep dinb diu tu (International Inc v The Burlington Republic of mpt t r a n h chfi'p g i n day trpng Investment Agreements - IIA'^'), dae biet t r o n g each tie'p can e u a t r p n g tfii d i u tU la eac IIA the h e cu nbflng vfi'n ve v a n de mdi trUdng Tfl do, b a i viS't riit de n b u mdi trudng vfi lpi ich cdng cdng mpt so k i n h n g h i e m cho Viet N a m ehUa thflc sfl dupe q u a n tam'"** Trong t r o n g boi c a n h viee k i e m s o a t d n h i e m dd, rapt diem dae t h u linh vUe p h a p mdi trfldng ddi vdi eae dfl a n d a u tfl nfldc luat d i u t u quoc te la su ton t a i cua cd che ngofii d a n g dfit r a n h i e u t h a c h thflc giai quyet t r a n h chfi'p (GQTC) gifla nhfi d i u t u nfldc ngofii va Nhfi nudc tiep n h a n dau tu, theo dd n b a dau t u dupe quyen trUc tiep khdi kien Nba nUde r a trpng tai qudc te Do dd Nha nUde thfle bien rapt bien phfip ve mdi trfldng gfiy tbiet bai cho n h a d i u tfl nfldc ngoai tbi ed nguy cd hi n h a d i u t u khdi kien trpng tai quoc te tren cd sP mdt I LA da ky ke't gifla hai qudc gia Thflc tien cho thay cac bien p h a p ve mdi trfldng cang trd thfinh ddi tfldng bi n h a dfiu tfl n h i m tdi cfic t r a n h chap vdi Xha nudc'^' Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdi '"Trong bfii viet nfiy, thufit ngfl hifp dinh d i u tU qu6c te (International Investment Agreements - llA) d u ^ dung d^ chl cfic hi^p dmh quoc te c6 quy dinh ve d^u lU, bao gom cac hi^p dinh khuyen kMch vfi bao h6 d i u tu song phuong (BIT), cac hiep dinh thuong mai tu CO noi dung ve dfiu tu, '*' Dao Kim Anh (2018), "Bao ve moi trucfng vfi sflc khoe cpng dong cac hi$p dinh dfiu tu qu6'c te vfi mot so khuyen nghj vdi Vi^t Nam" Tap chi Nhan lUc Khoa hoc xa hgi so 11(66), 37 •••'TamaraL Slater (2015), Inveator-State Arbitration and Domestic Environmental Protection.Washington University Global Study Law Review,14(i)_ tr idfi "' Burlington Resources Inc v Republic of Ecuador Sfi 7-2020 DAO KIM \NH VO PHCOXG THAO Lap luan ve moi trfldng - ctf sot bien minh cho bien phap ciia Nha nfldc tranh chap vcfi nha dau tfl Trfldc kia, vfiii de radi trfldng giai qu_\et tranh cha'p diu tfl quoc te thfldng dflpe Nha nfldc sU dung nhU mdt lap luan de bao ve eho bien phap bi nhfi diu tU khdi kien, nbfim muc dich trfinh trach nhiem ddi vdi nhfi diu tU, hoac de giam khoan bdi thudng phai tra'^ Mdt nhflng vu viec tieu bieu dd Nha nUdc sit dung Ifip lufin ve mdi trUdng nhu mdt "la chin" de bien minh cho bien phfip eiia minh la vu S.D Myers, Inc v Government of Canada giai quye't bfing trpng tai theo Hiep dinh TbUdng mai tfl Bic My (the North American Free Trade Agreement - NAFTA) Trong vu nay, nha d^u tfl - edng ty S.D.Myers (Hoa Ky) hoat ddng linh vfle thu gom va xii Iy chat thai PCB'^' da diu tfl vao Canada, vdi boat dpng chinh lfi lap cfic cd sd tbu gora cha't thai tai Canada, sau dd chuyen vi cac nhfi may tai My de xd Iy Nam 1995, Bd trfldng Bd mdi trfldng Canada Quye't dinh ca'm xua't khau cha't thai ed chfla PCB khien dfl an cua S.D.Myers phai diing boat ddng Nguyen ddn cho ring bien phap cua Canada dfi vi pham nguyen tie ddi xfl qudc gia NAFTA tao sfl phan biet ddi x^ gifla S.D.Myers va cae cdng ty xii Iy hda cha't ndi dia vi chi phi xii ly chat thai tai nha may cua nguyen ddn tai My thfi'p hdn nhieu so vdi cae cdng ty eiia Canada Tuy nhien, hi ddn lap lufin ring l$nh cfi'm nfiy la cin thie't de bao ve mdi trudng trUdc efic tae dpng xa'u eiia viee van chuyen PCB qufi trinh van chuyen, dd Canada se khong phai ehiu trfich S6 7-2020 nhiem bdi thfldng theo Chudng 11 cua NAFTA'^' Thflc tien xet xu cho thfiy cfich tiep can ciia cae bpi dong trpng tfii dau tU ve van de mdi trUdng la khdng gid'ng Theo rapt nghien cflu ciia Tamara L Slater, tinh tdi nfim 2015 46 vu tranh chap gifla nhfi diu tu vfi Nha nflde dupc biet den lien quan de'n bien phap mdi trUdng, cd vu hdi dong trpng tAi danh Uu the eho nha diu tU, vu nghieng ve Nhfi nflde, cac vu cdn lai dfldc giai quye't thdng qua hda giai kin gifla cfic ben""' Ddi vdi nhflng vu viec rafi flu th§' nghieng ve Nha nude, trpng tai ve ed ban ung hd Ifip lufin cua Nha nfldc qudc gia dd cd the dUa cac bfing chflng khoa hpe chflng rainb rfing bien phfip bao ve mdi trfldng lfi ein thiet vfi khdng nhim muc dich ban che diu tu Cu the, vu Methanex Corporation v United States of America'^^^\ nha diu tu Methanex dfi kien •^ Nitirih Monehhurrun (2013) Is investment arbitration an appropnate venue for environmental issues?A Latin American perspective, Revista de Direitolnternacional 10(1), tr.l99 '*" Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) lfi mpt nhdm cac h^p chfit nhan t^o tru6c day duoc sii dung r^ng rai cac thiet bi dien nhUng da bj cfi'm vao cu6i nhflng nfim 1970 d nhieu nUoc bdi nhdng nguy cd gay hai cho moi trUtJng vfi silc khoe Tuy nhiea PCB lfi nhQng hdp chfit rfi't bin vflng nen qua trinh xu Iy doi hoi phUdng phap vfi cong nghe hien dai dieu dfin tdi sU doi cua ngfinh cong nghiep thu gom vk xU ly chfit thai PCB ''' S.D Myers Inc v Government of Canada Respondents Counter-memorial (UNCITRAL) dated Oct 1999 https://www.italaw.com/sites/ default/ truy cfip ngfiy files/case-documents/italaw8495.pdf 20/10/2019, doan 457 '""Tamara L Slaier tldd, tr.l46 .Methanex Corporation v United States of America Final award of the Tnbunal on Jurisdiction and Mtrits (UNC1TR.AL) dated August 2005, https://www.italaw.com/sites/default/file8/casedocuments/ita0529.pdf, truy clip ngfiy 20/10/2019 NHAN LI^C KHOA HOC XA HOI Q VAN DE MOI TRCOXG TRONG GIAI Q L ^ T T TR.\NH CHAP T h i e t h a i v e m o i trflcrtig - cd sdf d e Hoa Ky d u a t r e n Hiep d i n h X.AFTA eho r i n g lenh cfi'm s a n xua't c h a t tert-butyl ether (MTBE) " ' methyl eiia bang N h a nfldc k h ^ k i e n l a i n h a d a u tfl t a i tai quoc te California n h i m muc dich chiera la'y t h i N h u dfi phfin tich d t r e n h i u bet p h i n eua n h a d i u tU, tfl dd cd t h § hi coi cfic t r a n h la mpt hfinh vi tudc doat quyen sd hflu thudng chi dflng lai d viec sii dung ly (expropriation) bao ve mdi trUdng nbfl mot "la chan vi p h a m quy dinh tai X.AFTA Khdng dong y vdi lap luan cua Methanex, hdi ddng trpng t da bi chfi'p trUdc day Nhfi nUdc de hdp p h a p hda eho bien phfip cua m i n h v a eae hpi ddng trpng tai khac n h a u ed q u a n t h u y e t phue bdi b i n g chflng khoa hpc diem khdng gid'ng n h a u ve v a n de dflpc d u a r a bdi Hoa Ky va ket luan r i n g Tuy nhien, mot sd' t r a n h cha'p gfin b a n g California t h a t -^u dfi ban hfinh day, Nha nude khdng chi dflng lai d viec tfl lenh cfi'm vi muc dich bao ve mdi trUdng bao ve ma da b i t d i u sii d u n g lap l u a n ve trUdc nhflng tfic ddng cd hai cua ehfi't mdi trfldng nbfl mot "vu k h f de p h a n to' M T B E chfl khdng nhfim gay bfi't ldi ddi va budc n h a d i u tfl p h a i bdi t h u d n g thiet vdi nhfi s a n xufi't m e t h a n o l " " hai d nhidm mdi trUdng gay r a bdi hdat Tuy nhien, t r o n g rapt sd' trudng hdp, dpng d i u tfl Mdt vi du dien b i n h la v\i trpng tfii Iai cho rfing chinh sach mdi Burlington trfldng ma N h a nude d u a ehi la "vd of Ecuador Resources Inc v The bpc" cho mpt h a n b vi vi p h a m IIA Vi du, ddi m a t vdi cac khie'u kien cua n h a d a u tfl, vu S.D Myers n e u tren, trpng t a i Ecuador dfi p h a n td' vfi yeu c i u n g u y e n da ket lufin r i n g ly bao ve mdi trUdng ddn boi thfldng ve cae thiet h a i radi trfldng (vu Burlington), Republic t r o n g dd k h i de da gay t r o n g q u a t r i n h d a u tfl t a i nfldc C a n a d a b a n hfinh lenh cfi'm c h a t PCB, vi Hpi dong trpng tai ket l u a n n g h i e n g C a n a d a hofin toan cd t h e sd d u n g nhflng ve cfich thflc khfic hieu q u a hPn dd bao ve Burlington da gay d nbidm mdi trfldng vfi mdi trudng*"' Trong mpt so' t r a n h chfi'p boi t h u d n g cho Ecuador sd' tien len tdi hdn la hofin tofin khdng thuyet phuc phia Ecuador, khfing dinh rfing khfic n h u \-u Santa Elena v Costa Rica^^^\ ca hdi dong t r o n g t a i dong y r i n g ly bao ve mdi trUdng la hdp ly vfi e i n thiet thi Nha nUde v i n khdng t h e trfinh khdi nghia vu bdi t h u d n g h a n h VI vi p h a m IIA neu quy dinh t r o n g IIA khdng cho phep dieu nfiy Xdi each khfic, tai thfla n h a n quyen ciia cac quoc gia viec nfing cao cfic tieu c h u a n mdi trUdng, nhUng ehi phi vfi eae tbiet hai phfit sinh se Xha nude gfinb chiu chfl khdng phai la n h a d a u tfl"^* Q NHM LUC KHO/t HOG U Htl Ui) MTBE lfi mot hdp ehfi't hflu cd chu yg^u dugc pha vfio xfing de thay the chi Tuy nhien, den cuo'i thfip ky 1990, MTBE bi canh bao lfi hgp cha't co kha nSng gay b^nh cho nguoi, dfic bif t la benh ung thu "*' Methanex Corporation v United States of America, tldd, doan IV(4) 20 »*' SD Myers Inc v Government of Canada, tldd, doan 195 ""^^ CompaHia del Desarrollo de Santa Elena SA v Republic of Cost^ Rica ICSID Case \ o ARB/96/1 Award dated 17 February 2OO0' https;//www.italaw,com/sites/default/fiIe8/ca8edocuments/italaw6340.pdG, truy cap O5/I1/2019 '"•' CompaHia del Desarrollo de Surn.-i Elena •> A Republic of Costa Rica tldd doan 71 «« 7-21120 DAO KIM ANH VO PHUOXC THAO 40 tneu USD'^^ Ke't lufin nfiy danh dfi'u sfl thay doi quan trpng ve each tiep can ddi vdi cac gia tri mdi trUdng thfle tien giai quye't tranh chfi'p dau tU Vfi'n de dat lfi cfic lap lufin ve radi trudng dfi dfldc Ecuador dfla nhfl the nfio? Hdi dong trpng tai da xem xit vfi giai quyet vfi'n de nfiy sao? Tfl vu tranh chfi'p nay, lieu cae Ifip lufin ve mdi trfldng ed kha nfing dflde vien dfin nhfl rapt "vu khf hieu qua cua Nhfi nfldc cac tranh chap vdi nhfi diu tfl? Cac cfiu hdi nfiy se dflpc tra ldi phan tiep theo day 3.1 Tom tit vu Burlington Burlington Resources Inc la mdt edng ty chuyen khai thac diu rad va thien nhien Ifip theo phfip luat Hoa Ky, da ky Hpp dong hdp tac kinh ddanh vdi Chinh phu Eeuaddr de khai thfic dau tai cac md so' va 21 tai Ecuador Tfl nfim 2002, gia diu tang manh khdng the kiem soat Nfim 2006, Ecuador da ban hanh Lufit ve Hydrocarbon (Luat So' 42) dieu chinh quy dinh ve thue nhim raue dich kiem soat vfi on dinh gia dau Luat sd' 42 quy dinh ring Nha nfldc se danh thue 50% len eae san phira diu md, va mflc thue tang len tdi mflc 99% vfio nfim 2007 Ecuador siia doi lufit Vi Burlington khdng hofin nghia vu ddng thue, nen sau dd Ecuador dfi thflc thi Luat sd' 42 bfing each ticb thu tfii san eua Burlington Thang 4/2008, Burlington nop ddn khdi kien Ecuador Trung tam qudc te ve giai quyet tranh cha'p dau tfl (International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes - ICSID) cho ring bien phap eiia Ecuador da vi phara cara ket khdng tfldc doat quyen sd hflu ciia nha dau tfl dfldc t f 7-2121 quy dinh IIA gifla Ecuador va Hoa Ky Lien quan tdi cae yeu cau eua nguyen ddn, hpi dong trpng tai ket lufin rfing viec Ecuador tich thu tai san eiia nhfi dau tu da cfi'u thfinh hanh vi tfldc doat quyen sd hflu trai vdi quy dinh IIA va yeu ciu Ecuador ed trfich nhiem bdi thudng eho Burlington*"*' Tuy nhien, qua trinh xet xfl Ecuador dfi de trinh vfin ban bd sung ve yeu ciu phan to theo dd khdi kien lai Burlington hfinh vi gay d nhiem mdi trudng tai hai mo diu va yeu cau nha diu tfl boi thfldng vdi sd' tien len tdi 2,8 ty USD 3.2 Yeu cau pban to ve moi tritc/ng cua Ecuador vu Burlington a Xic dinh luit ip dung Trong vu nay, hdi dong trpng tai xac dinh lufit ap dung chii yeu de giai quyet yeu ciu phan td' ve trfich nhiem eua nhfi diu tfl ddi vdi eae thiet hai mdi trudng tai Ecuador la lufit ndi dia eua Ecuador TrUde bet, hdi ddng trpng tfii l;y' giai ly fip dung lufit ndi dia Ecuador doi vdi yeu ciu phan td' ve mdi trUdng, eu the lfi lufit boi thudng thiet hai ngofii hpp ding cua Ecuador Theo Dieu 42(1) Cdng Udc ve giai quyet tranh chfi'p dau tu gifla cfic quoc gia vfi cfic edng dan cua quoc gia khac (Cdng fldc ICSID), xem xet ndi dung tranh cha'p, hdi ddng trpng tfii cd the fip dung (i) luat mfi cac ben thoa thufin, (ii) trfldng bdp khdng cd thoa thuan, hdi ddng " ' ' Burlington Resources Inc v Republic of Ecuador, tldd doan 1099 '^"'Burlington Resources Inc v Republic of Ecuador Decision on Liability dated 14 December 2012, h ttps://www tala w co m/s tes/d ef a u I t/(i k-M/C a sedocuments/!talawl094_0.pdf, truy cfip ngfiy 22/10/2019 NHAN LlfC KHOA HOC XA H A Q \'AX DE MOI TRU(3XG TROXC GIAI QUiTT TR.\NH CHAP trpng tai cd quyen ap dung luat qudc gia la mdt ben tranh chfi'p vfi pbap luat qudc te Uen quan Trong trfldng hdp hdi dong trpng tai ifla chpn fip dung luat ndi dia cua Ecuador tren ed sd (ii) neu tren cu the lfi ap dung theo lufit npi dia eua qudc gia eung vdi phap lufit qudc te lien quan"^' Cach tiep can nfiy cd nhieu diem thfl vi Trfldc cae tranh chfi'p diu tfl cd lien quan tdi bien pbap mdi trudng, cfic hdi dong trpng tfii thudng Uu tien ap dung quy dinh IIA vfi tap qufin diu tu, la cfic ngudn luat chu ye'u phap lufit diu tu qud'c te'^*'* Theo mdt khao sfit dUa tren 98 vu tranh chfi'p dien tfl nfim 1998 de'n nfim 2006, lufit qud'c gia khdng dfldc sfl dung mdt cfich thfldng xuyen de Ifim ngudn lufit cho viec giai quyet tranh chfi'p diu tfl quoc te'"" Tuy nhien, vu Burlington, hpi ddng trpng tai da lfla chpn ap dung luat qud'c gia tie'p nhan dau tfl Cd quan diem lo ngai ring lfla chpn ciia bpi ddng trpng tai la danh sU flu tien eho Nha nfldc bi ddn vi luat qud'c gia la cdng cu the hien y ehi cua Nha nude va thudng cd xu budng bao ve quyen ldi Nha nUdc Do dd viee hpi dong trpng tai lfla chpn ap dung luat ndi dia cd the dUde eoi lfi dang gifin tie'p uu tien bao ve cho lpi ieh ciia qudc gia Tuy nhien, dieu nfiy khdng hofin tofin dung Vdi cae tranh chap lien quan tdi hanh vi gay d nhiem mdi trUdng xay qua trinh diu tU, viee ap dung luat cua qud'c gia dd la bdp ly vi dd la ndi phat sinh hanh vi va cung la ndi xay thiet hai Lfla chpn cung phu hdp vdi sU phat tnen cua phap lufit diu Q NHAN LMC KHOA HOC XA Hftl tfl qud'c te mfi vfi'n de mdi trUdng chua dUde de cfip tdi phin ldn cac IIA dfie biet lfi cac HA the be cu vd'n tap trung vfio cac quy dinh ve bao hp vfi khuye'n khich diu tU Ngofii ra, mac du bpi ddng trpng tfii lfla chon fip dung luat npi dia cua nudc tie'p nhfin dau tU, nbung viec dien giai cae quy dinh phap lufit dd nhu the nfio thudc ve hdi ddng trpng tfii Van de se dUdc phan tich dudi day Ddi vdi ndi dung tranh chfi'p ve viec diin giai lufit bdi thudng thiet hai ngofii hdp dong eua Ecuador, bai ben chii ye'u bfi't dong vi che dp trach nhiem dUdc fip dung ddi vdi nha diu tU lien quan tdi cac thiet hai ve mdi trfldng Che dp trach nhiera dfldc xac dinh dfla tren phap luat eua Ecuador, bao gom Hie'n phap, Bp lufit dfin sfl, vfi cac an le ciia Ecuador Dfla theo cac van ban phap lufit va an le, Ecuador eho ring eh§' dp trach nhiem nghidra ngfit (strict liability) se dfldc fip dung trfldng hdp nfiy, Burlington eho ring trpng tai nen ap dung che dp trfich nhiem dfla tren ye'u to^ ldi (fault-based liability) Che dp trach nhiem nghiem ngat la cbe dp ma kbi ap dung se dem Iai ldi the bdn eho hi ddn vi bi ddn ehi can ehflng minh cd tdn tai thiet hai hfinh vi cua nhfi diu tfl gfiy mfi khdng can ehflng minh yeu to ldi va nha diu tfl ehi ed the dUdc miln trach chflng minh "^'Burlington Resources Inc v Repubhc of Ecuador Decision on Ecuador's Counterclaims, tldd doan 74 ^* Saverio Di Benedetto (2013, international Investment Law and the Envircnment pi international investment law tr.l47 °' Saveno Di Benedetto, tldd tr 67 167-2028 DAO KIM AXH VO PHUOXC, THAO dupc nguyen nhan gfiy thiet hai lfi hoat ddng tiem an nguy ed, dfic hiet lfi trfldng hdp bfi't kha khang, hoac mpt ben boat ddng khai thfic diu md'-'" thfl ba, hoac nan nhan ciia thiet hai b Tinh toan thiit hai thuc te NgUdc lai, ddi vdi che dp trach nhiem dfla Sau ap dung ehe dp trach nhiem tr§n yeu td' loi - ehe dp dem lai Uu the eho nghiem ngfit vfi ke't lufin ring Burlington nha diu tu vi Nha nUde se phai ehflng phai ehiu trach nhiem boi thfldng ddi vdi minh ddng thdi bai yeu to' la ed tdn tai cfic thiet hai ve mdi trfldng gfiy tai thiet hai ddi vdi mdi trfldng va thiet hai dd Eeuaddr, hdi dong trpng tfii tiep tuc xfic dinh thiet hai thflc tephat sinh Trpng tai la 161 bit cin cua nha diu tfl*^^* De giai quyet vfi'n de nfiy, hpi ddng cho ring phfldng phap tinh toan thiet bai trpng tfii phan tieh va diln giai phap lufit mfi bai ben dfla ra, cu thd lfi phUdng phap ndi dia eiia Ecuador, cu the d dfiy lfi Bd tinh tofin dien tich vfi khdi Ifldng dfi't thfle lufit dan sU Ecuador vfi dfic biet lfi nhflng te bi d nhilm boat ddng khai thac lfi an le cd lien quan ma tofi fin Ecuador dfi ehfla ehinh xac va diy du de tinh toan so x^t xii Sau xem xdt mpt so' an le eua tien khic phue tbiet bai bdp Iy Chuyen gia cua Ecuador (Cdng ty giam Ecuador, hpi ddng trpng tai ke't luan ring che dp trach nhiem dupc sfl dung trdng dinh lEM) da sii dung phUdng phap dflng phap lufit Ecuador ddi vdi trfich nhiem boi md hinh tren phin mem may tinh de tinh thudng tbiet hai ve mdi trUdng lfi ehe dp toan tong khdi Ifldng dat bi d nhiem trach nhiem nghiem ngat, vi the Ecuador PbUdng phap da bi hdi ddng trpng tai khdng cin chflng minh ye'u to' ldi bac bd vi ly so' lieu theo md hinh khdng hfinh vi ciia Burlington*^'" Mdt diem dang khdp vdi so' lieu thfle te, tfl dd da "thdi lflu y la hdi ddng trpng tai vu phdng" kich cd thflc sfl cua vflng dfi't bi d hoan toan ed quan diem trai ngfldc vdi nhilm'^*" Ve phia Burlington, chuyen gia trpng tai vu Perenco Ecuador Ltd v cua nguyen ddn (Cdng ty giam dinb GSI) The Republic of Ecuador and Empresa Estatal Petrdleos del Ecuador(vu Perenco) ^' Burlington Resources Inc v Republic of (mdt vu viee ed nbieu tinh tiet tfldng tfl va Ecuador Decision on Ecuador's Counterclaims, dupe x^t xfl song song vdi vu Burlington) tldd, doan 225-235 1231 Burlington Resources Inc v Republic of Trong vu Perenco, trpng tfii khfing dinh Ecuador Decision on Ecuador's Counterclaims, ring ehe dp trach nhiem dfla tren yeu td tldd doan 236-239 ldi nen dfldc ap dung vfi cho ring phfin '•"'Perenco Ecuador Ltd v The Republic of Ecuador and Empresa Estatal Petrdleos del Ecuador quye't fin le ciia tofi fin Ecuador (Petrwcuadorl.lCSW Case No ARB/08/6 Interim khdng thflc cha't dfla quy dinh eu th^ ve Decision on the Environmental Counterclaim dated 11 August 2015, http8://www.italaw.coni/ che dp trach nhiem thdng qua cae fin le'-^' sites/default/fiIes/case-documents/italaw6315.pdf, Khdng ddng y vdi lap luan hdi ddng t r u y c ^ p 15/10/2019 trpng tfii vu Burlington eho ring '-'^'BurUngton Re.-ources Inc v Republic of Ecuador Decision on Ecuador's Counterclaims, tldd doan J ix Toa an Ecuador da thflc sfl thie't lap nen "^'Burlington Resources Inc v Republic of Ecuador ehe dp trach nhiem nghiem ngat eho cfic Decision on Ecuador's Counterclaims, tldd, doan 373 sti 7-2020 NHAN LOC KHOA HOC XA HAI Q \-AX DE MOI TRUOXC TRONG GIAI QU\-ET TRANH CHAP dfi sU d u n g phfldng p h a p ve dfldng bao dia de xfic dinh trach n b i e m ga.v » nhi^m q u a n h (hand contouring), theo dd t h u tbfip mdi trfldng cua n h a d i u tfl C;uh tiep L.I tfi't ca cac mfiu d eac vflng d n h i e m hoac bi eua hpi ddng trpng tfii vu viec nn> cung co nghi la d nhiem cho den m a u t h u dupc p h i n tich cflc vfi cbu ddng hdn so vdi eae la m i u saeh, tfl dd cd the phac hpa khu hdi ddng trpng tai d i u tfl khac Viec hpi vflc bi d nhiem Hdi ddng trpng tai cho ddng trpng tai vu Burlington lfla ebon di r i n g each pbae hoa vflng dat hi d n h i l m thflc dia tai dia die'm d n h i l m cho thfi'y dfla t r e n m a u thflc te lfi phfldng phfip phfl trach nhiem va sfl chu ddng cua trpng tfii hdp nhfi't vu nhien vfin qufi t r i n h giai quyet t r a n h c h a p khdng tin tudng hofin tofin vfio ket qua Dieu nfiy cung cho thfi'y trpng tfii dfiu tU giam dinh cua Cdng ty GSI, vi edng ty nfiy eang s i n s a n g hdn viee xem dfi khdng lay du mfiu de gifim dinh'^^ Do khdng thoa m a n vdi nhflng phfldng p h a p tinh tofin khdi Ifldng dfi't bi d n h i l m xet eac van de "phi t r u y e n thd'ng" nhU ldi ich ve mdi trUdng t r o n g eae t r a n h c h i p d i u tfl hai ben d u a ra, hpi dong trpng tfii L i e n h e v d i V i e t N a m quyet dinh se tfl minh tdi k h a o sat k h u Tai Viet Nara, v i n de mdi trUdng lien vflc dang t r a n h chfi'p nhfim tim r a eon sd q u a n tdi cae dfl fin d i u tfl, dac biet la dfl chinh xae nhfi't Theo ke't qua thflc dia, a n d i u tfl nfldc ngoai cfing trd n e n hdi ddng trpng tfii dfi d u a r a ke't lufin nhfle nhdl Mdt so' vu viee gay n e n lfin rfingsd' tien khfic phuc tbiet h a i thfle t e sdng bflc xfle t r o n g dfl lufin cd t h e k l dd'n se rdi vfid lfi vu Cdng ty V e d a n xa t h a i r a song Thi khoang 33 trieu USD, rapt eon sd'nhd hdn Vai sud't 14 nfim va vu Cdng ty Formosa rat nhieu so vdi sd'tien 790 trieu USD raa xa thai vfldt q u a tieu e h u a n cho p h e p d i n Ecuador yeu c i u bdi thudng, nhUng cflng de'n eai chet eiia 80 t a n h a i s a n dpc bd bien ldn hdn rfi't nhieu so vdi 1,1 trieu USD m a t i n h B i c m i e n Trung'^"' T u y nbflng sfl Burlington dfla ra'^""' cd' n a y d e u dflpc t h o a thufin gifla Nhfi cho v u n g dfi't bi d n b i e m Vu Burlington la mdt sd'it cfic vu t r a n h cha'p ma Nha nfldc t h a n h cdng viec dUa yeu cau p h a n to' ve mdi trfldng tai trpng tai d i u tfl quoc te Tuy r i n g nUdc v a n b a d i u tfl, cu t h e la n h a d i u t u d a cam ke't bdi thfldng c h o t h i e t h a i mdi t r u d n g d a gay r a , nbflng v u viee nfiy lfi da'u b i e u c a n h b a o ve r u i ro p b a t s i n h trudc dd Nha nfldc v i n phai ehiu t r a c b nbiem boi thUdng eho n b a d i u tU vi p h a m IIA, viec yeu c i u p h a n td' dUde chap nhfin dfi the hien dupe p h a n nfio sU cfin b i n g t r e n can can gifla ldi ieh cdng - ldi ich tfl thflc t i l n GQTC dfiu tfl-^' Mdt nhflng van de dfing ehu y \-u lfi viec bdi ddng trpng tfii da lfla chpn a p d u n g va dien giai p h a p luat ndi Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI ^'^'Burlington Resources Inc v Republic of Ecuador, Decision on Ecuador's Counterclaims, tldd doan 386 '^' Burlington Resources Inc v Republic of Ecuador, tldd doan 430 - 433, 889 ''«' Harnson James (2016), Environmental Counterclaims in Investor-State Arbitration The journal of World Investment & Trade, (17)^ t^ 4gg ™' Hofing Thi Hanh, Nguyin Tufi'n Dung Ban vi v&'n de bao c? moi trudng a khu vuc pDj http://moitruong.net.vn/ban-ve-van-de-hao-ve-m • truong~Q-khu-vuc-fdi truy cap ngfiy I5/10/2019 sfi 7-2020 DAO KIM AXH VO PHUONG THAO tranh chfi'p gifla Chinh phu Viet Nam vfi nhfi diu tu nUdc ngofii lien quan de'n mdi trUdng Ddi mfit vdi nguy cd d nhilm mdi trUdng ngfiy cfing tfing, Viet Nam cd xu hfldng ngfiy cang t h i t chat tieu chuin ve mdi trUdng, tfl dd cd the gfiy anh hudng kinh te khdng nhd doi vdi cae nhfi dau tU nfldc ngofii Cu the, trudng hdp thudng xay thfle tien tranh chfi'p diu tfl quoc te la Nha nflde thay doi boae ban hanb mdi efic quy dinh phap lufit nhfim nang eao tieu chuan mdi trudng Khi do, cac du fin diu tfl nflde ngoai mac dii da dap flng cfic tieu chuan mdi trfldng tai thdi diem dflpe cfi'p phep dau tfl lai trd thfinh khdng du tieu chuan ap dung theo cac tieu chuin mdi Khi Nba nfldc dfla nhflng ehe tfii tfldng flng nhfl xxt phat hfinh ehinh, tfldc gifi'y phep d^u tfl, thi hanb ddng nfiy ed the bi nha d^u tfl cho la vi pham eac quy dinh IIA vi du nhfl vi pham nguyen tie ddi xfl cdng bang va thda dang hoac eac quy dinh ve tfldc doat quyen sd bflu Nhflng mfiu thuin linh vflc phap luat bao ve mdi trfldng dd ed the trd nguyen nhan din tdi eae tranh cha'p dau tfl qud'c te gifla nhfi diu tu vfi Nhfi nude Trong bdi canh dd, viec hieu va nfim b i t thue tien xet xU tranh cha'p diu tfl lien quan tdi va'n de mdi trfldng la vd cflng quan trpng de Nha nfldc cd the sfl dung nhflng Ifip luan ve ldi ieh mdi trfldng nbfl mpt "vu khf" hieu qua de bao ve Idi ieh chinh dang ciia qud'c gia Tfl phan tich ve thflc tiln xet xfl tranh cha'p diu tu lien quan tdi eac bien phap mdi trUdng vfi dac biet lfi tfl sfl 9i7-aa edng cua Ecuador ve yeu ciu phan td* \-u Burlington, ngfldi viet dfla mpt sd' gpi y vfi khuyen nghi cho \'iet Nam dfldi day Thd nhi't, cfic ldi ich mdi trfldng dang ngfiy cfing dupe quan tfim tranh chfi'p diu tu, the hien d each tie'p cfin cua trpng tfii cd xu hfldng cfin bfing gifla ldi ieh kinh te cua nha dau tfl dupc bao hd vfi lpi ich cdng cdng ma qud'c gia tie'p nhfin diu tu hudng tdi Viec sii dung quyen phan to' ed che GQTC diu tU quoc te de yeu cau nhfi diu tU bdi thfldng thiet hai ve mdi trfldng cd the giup Nhfi nflde bao ve quyen ldi chinh dang ban hanh vfi thfle thi cfic ebinb sach edng Nhfl da phan tich, xu the hien ehd tha'y trpng tai diu tfl dang eang cd cfich tie'p can "md" hdn xem xet va'n de mdi trudng Vi vay, xay tranh chap vdi nha diu tu lien quan tdi Idi ich mdi trUdng, Viet Nam cd the xem xet sfl dung quyen phan td' eua minh de budc nhfi dfiu tU phai chiu trfich nhiera ve thiet hai mdi trUdng gay bdi boat ddng diu tU Thd hai, Viet Nara can hofin thien phap Iuat qud'c gia, dd bao gdra ca phfip lufit ve dau tU vfi phap luat ve bao ve mdi trudng de ed the ehie^ra Uu the lap luan trUdc bdi ddng trpng tai Nhfl dfi pban tieh via Burlington, ddi vdi yeu eau phan td' ve radi trfldng, hpi ddng trpng tfii da lfla chpn fip dung phap luat ndi dia eua Ecuador, dac biet la cfic fin le eua tofi an nUdc nfiy Hien tai, he thd'ng fin le ciia Viet Nara dang mdi phfit trien, eu the lfi cbo tdi nfim 2019 mdi cd 29 an le dflde edng bd' va NHAN LMC KHOA HOC XA HOt Q VAX DE MOI TRU(i)XG TRONG GIAI Q U ^ T T TRANH CHAP chfla cd a n le n a o lien q u a n den moi k h o a n dau tu) Iai p h i i dUdc d u a trUde trfldng'"' Ben c a n h dd, quy d i n h phap k h o i n dfiu t u dude hinh thfinh (vi du lufit ve mdi trUdng eua Viet N a m vfin n h u tbdng qua viec dfinh gia tac ddng moi chfla t h a t chfit che t r o n g dd cd t h e k e trfldng kbi Ifip dfl a n d i u tfl) Ddi vdi den Id h d n g t r o n g h e thd'ng quy c h u a n ky trfldng hdp nfiy ne'u tfl d i u viec n g h i e n sofit eflu va gifim dinh dfi khdng cbiuin xfic, thi nguon t h a i , eu t h ^ la tieu c h u i n ky t h u a t qud'c gia se khd cd thd bao ve dfldc q u y e n thufit ve mdi trfldng t r o n g ki^m vfin cdn thfi'p, e h u n g e h u n g vfi lac h a u so ldi eua minh k h i t r a n h chfi'p Hen q u a n vdi t h e gidi Vi vay t r o n g trfldng hpp xay de'n tieu chufi'n mdi trUdng dd xay r a r a t r a n h c h a p neu l u a t Viet N a m dfldc Vi vfiy, Viet N a m n e n xfiy dflng m o t dpi lfla chpn a p d u n g thi trpng t a i se g a p khd ngu chuyen gia k h o a hpc vdi c h u y e n m d n k h a n t r o n g viee dien giai p b a p lufit ndi vflng v a n g de cd t h e bao ve tdi da q u y e n dia De khfic p h u c dieu nfiy, Viet Xam ldi cua N b a nfldc t r o n g t r a n h chfi'p vdi e i n tiep tuc hofin t h i e n p b a p l u a t ve bao n h a d i u tfl ve mdi t r u d n g pbu hpp vdi cfic tieu chufin qud'c te, tfing cfldng cac quy dinh ve t h u c tbi p h a p luat, ddng thdi xem xet ghi nhfin cac fin le t r o n g linh vUe t r a n h cha'p mdi trUdng Thd ha, thflc t i l n GQTC d i u tfl h e n quan tdi thiet hai ve mdi trfldng cho thfi'y Tdm lai, v i n d e mdi trfldng xufi't hien cfing n h i e u t r o n g cac t r a n h chfi'p d a u tfl qud'c t e Thflc t i l n giai quyd't t r a n h c h a p cho tha'y sfl t h a y dd'i t r o n g each tie'p can e u a cac qude gia c u n g nhfl q u a n diem e u a hdi d o n g t r o n g t a i k h i bfing ehflng khoa hpc lfi rapt ye'u td' q u a n xem x6t ldi ich mdi trfldng t r o n g moi trpng de xac dinh trach n h i e m ciia n h a q u a n h e vdi nhflng t i e u c h u i n ddi xxi d i u t u cung n b u t i n h toan mflc dp bdi t r u y e n thd'ng t r o n g cac hifep d i n h d i u tfl thfldng Trong vu Burlington, hpi ddng Ne'u nhfl trfldc day, eac quoc gia hi ddn trpng tfii da khdng chi diing lai d viec xem chfl ye'u sd d u n g l a p lufin ve mdi trfldng xet b i n h thflc cua b i n g chflng k h o a hpe, n h u rapt "la c h i n " b i e n m i n h cho bien ma da yeu eau k h a o sat lai va trflc tie'p p b a p eua N h a nflde trUdc k h i e u kien eua thflc dia de kiem t r a t i n b cbinb xac cua nhfi d a u t u t h i g i n d a y cac gia t r i mdi cae van de ky t h u a t b i n g chflng t r u d n g edn dflde vien d i n nhfl mdt "vu Ngofii vfi'n de ky tbufit, vfi'n de tbdi diem kbi" de N h a nflde dfla r a yeu eau p h a n to' dua b i n g ehflng khoa hpc ciing vd cimg n h i r a budc n h a d a u tfl chiu t r a c h n h i e m quan trpng Thudng thi bfing ehflng khoa ve h a n h vi gfiy d n h i i r a gfiy r a t a i nfldc hpc se dfldc dUa trUdc hpi ddng trpng t a i tiep nhfin dfiu tfl .Mac du so' t r a n h chfi'p sau t r a n h cha'p phfit sinb, nbien, mpt sd' vu viec bfing chflng khoa hpc (bao gdm viec nghien cflu, gifim dinh ve viee d a p flng tieu c h u a n mdi trfldng ciia '^" Danh sfich cac an le da duoc cong bo tai https://anle.toaan.gov.vn/webcenter/portal/anle/anl truy cfip ngaj 16/11/2019 '-'Nuish Monebhurrun tldd, tr.202 Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHOI $67-2020 DAO KIM AXH VO PHUOXC THAO dflde ghi nhfin ehfla nhieu va cdn nhieu vfi'n de chua thd'ng nhfi't quan diem cua bdi ddng trpng tfii, nbflng phan quyet gin day nhfl vu Burlington Resources Inc v Republic of Ecuador la vi du tieu bieu eho thay trach nhiem boi thfldng ve cac thiet hai mdi trfldng gay bdi nha diu tfl hoin toan cd the dflde xem xet tai trpng tfii diu tfl Kinh nghiem cua Ecuador viee dua yeu ciu phan to' ve mdi trUdng cung nhu nhflng nhfin dinh cua hdi dong trpng tai vu viec tren mang lai nhieu gia tri cho Viet Nam bdi canb ehung ta phai ddi mat vdi ngfiy cang nhieu vu viee nhiira mdi trUdng eae du an diu tfl nfldc ngoai Cflng vdi viec tie'p tuc hoan thien eae quy dinh phfip lufit nfldc ve mdi trfldng va dau tfl, Viet Nam cung can ein chuan bi sfin sang trfldc nhflng tranh cha'p cd the pbat sinh vdi nha diu tfl nfldc ngoai lien quan tdi cae bien phfip mdi trfldng eiia Nhfi nflde Tfl dd, Nha nflde ed the bao ve quyen vfi ldi ich cbinh dfing cua qud'c gia trfldc cfic khien kien cua nha diu tfl tai trpng tai qud'c te ddng thdi theo dudi chinh saeh thu hiit diu tfl can bfing gifla ldi ieh kinh te'vfi eac ldi ieh mdi trfldng TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Dao Kim Anh (2018) "Bao ve mdi trfldng va sflc khde cdng ddng cac hiep dinh diu tfl qud'c te vfi mot sd khuyen nghi vdi Viet Nam" Tap cbi Shan lUc Khoa hpc Xa hpi, so 11 (66) t f 7-2120 Thi Hanh, Xguyin Tuan Dung Bin vi vail de bao vi mdi trUdng d khuMJc FDI, http://moitruong.net.vn/ban-ve-vande-bao-ve-moi-truong-o-khu-vue-fdi truy cap 15/10/2019 Burlington Resources Inc \ Repubhc of Ecuador (vu Burlington) ICSID Case Xo ARB/08/5 Decision on Ecuador's Counterclaims dated February 2017 https://w\vw.italaw.com/sites/default/fil es/case-documents/italaw8206.pdf truy cap 20/10/2018 Harrison James (2016) Environmental Counterclaims in Investor-State Arbitration, The journal of World Investment & Trade, (17) Kyla Tienhaara (2006), What You Don't Knov^ Can Hurt You: InvestorState Disputes and the Protection of the Environment in Developing Coun tries.Global Environmental Politics 6:4 Nitish Monebhurrun (2013), Is in vestmen t arbitra tion an appropria te venue for environmental issues?A Latin American perspective, Revista de Direitolnternacional, 10(1) Tamara L Slater (2015), InvestorState Arbitration and Domestic Environmental Protection, Washington University Global Study Law Review,14(l) Saverio Di Benedetto (2013), International Investment Law and the Environment Elgar International Investment Law NHAN UfC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q ... ed the trd nguyen nhan din tdi eae tranh cha'p dau tfl qud'c te gifla nhfi diu tu vfi Nhfi nude Trong bdi canh dd, viec hieu va nfim b i t thue tien xet xU tranh cha'p diu tfl lien quan tdi va'n... moi trfldng - ctf sot bien minh cho bien phap ciia Nha nfldc tranh chap vcfi nha dau tfl Trfldc kia, vfiii de radi trfldng giai qu_et tranh cha'p diu tfl quoc te thfldng dflpe Nha nfldc sU dung... quye't tranh chfi'p dau tU Vfi'n de dat lfi cfic lap lufin ve radi trudng dfi dfldc Ecuador dfla nhfl the nfio? 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