Nguyen Manh Cudng Ddng gdp cua Mahatma Gandhi ©2019 Vien Nghien cihj An Oo vi l a y Nam A Tgp chi Nghien cihj An Dg va Chau A So (81), thang 8-2019 httpr//wiisas.vass gov.vn ISSN: 086G-7314 Dong gop cua Mahatma Gandhi doi voi bao chi An Do Nguyin Manh Cuotng* Truang Dgi hgc Khoa hgcXa hpi vd Nhdn van, Hd Ngi Ngdy nhdn bai: 18/6/2019, ngdy giri phdn bien: 01/7/2019, ngdy duyet ddng: 17/7/2019 J rang cudc d&i M Gandhi, mdt linh vuc cdn it dugc di cap Id su nghiep cua dng vai tu cdch mdt nhd bdo Ld mgt chinh tri gia, Gandhi da sit dung bdo chi nhu mdt cdng cu hiiu qud vl ddc lap vd tu ciia ddn tgc Gandhi tiing Id nhd bdo vd Id chu but cho ndm t& bdo ndi tieng: Indian Opinion (Quan diim An Do) & Nam Phi vd Young India (An Do tre), Navajivan (Cudc sdng m&i), Salyagrahi (Chiin si Chdp tri chdn ly) vd Harijan (Nhiing dua thdn thdnh) Ddy la nhiing vi du co dien vi bdo chi dua tren nhiing gid tri dgo diic vd cdch mgng nhung v&i dng, muc dich cua bdo chi la phuang lien cho nhiing tu tuong vd cudc ddu tranh vi ddn tdc ciia nguai cd dnh huong nhdl An Do Bdi viel di cap din bdn ndi dung chinh: (i) Gandhi vai tu cdch nhd bdo; (ii) Nhung yeu td mai cdch viit bdo cua Gandhi; (iii) Ddng gdp cua nhd bdo Gandhi cho phong trdo gidnh dpc Igp vd (iv) So sdnh giua Gandhi vd Hd Chi Minh ITnh vuc bdo chi Tu khda: Mahatma Gandhi, bdo chi An Dp Mffdau Ddi vdi phan Idn ngudi dan tren the gidi nay, Gandhi la mpt anh giai phdng An Dp bang bat bao dpng thien Ong duge tdn siing la mpt nhftng nhd tu tudng vT dai nhat ve ehinh trj vd tao lap hda binh ciia the ky XX Mahatma Gandhi la luat su vd ehinh tri gia nhung it ngudi biit rdng dng cung la nha bao vdi mpt su nghiep bao chi dac biet ddng nguong mo Ong bdt ddu viet bao d Nam Phi nham bao ve cdng dong An Dp chdng lai su bdt cdng ciia nha nude Apartheid De hd trg cho su nghiep do, dng phat hdnh va bien tap mpt td tudn bao nham mye dich thdng tin va khuyen kln'eh tranh luan cho ngudi An Dp va Nam Phi Trong sudt eupc ddi, Gandhi gdn bd vdi nghe bao, tat ca cac bai viet eua dng deu nham ho trg cdc y tudng chinh tri va dugc eiing cd bdi mpt cam ket khdng lay chuyen doi vdi thuc te dau tranh vi tu vd dpc lap ciia dat nude Mahatma Gandhi vol tir each nha bao Trong eac hogt ddng da dang ciia minh, Gandhi timg la nha bao vd la chu biit cho bdn td bdo noi tieng: Indian Opinion (Quan diem An Dp) a Nam Phi vd Young India (An Dp tre), Navajivan (Cudc sdng m&i), Salyagrahi (Chien si Chdp tri chdn ly) vd Harijan (Nhiing dua thdn thdnh) d An Dp 19 * dothuha2000@gmai.com Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A Sd - 2019, tr.70-77 70 Nguyin Manh Cudng Ddng gdp cua Mahatma Gandhi tudi, Gandhi di London va lan dau tien dng dpc bdo Ong viet tu truyen rdng: "OAn Dd, tdi chua bao gia dgc mgt t& bdo tru&c dd" (M.K Gandhi, VlOlS, pp.20-21) Ong rdt muon vigt bdo va bdt dau ddng gdp cho Tgp chi Vegetarian Society of England (Hdi nhiing ngudi an chay d nude Anh) Ba ndm d London, dng viet bai cho tap chi ve am thue, phong tuc, le hpi, v.v eiia An Dp Biiu ndy cho dng ca hdi de bdt ddu su nghiep ciia mpt nhd bdo Trong cupc ddu tranh gianh dpc lap tai An Dp, tieng ndi eua Mahatma Gandhi chinh Id tidng ndi ciia An Dp Cac td bao dng sdng lap khdng phdi Id nhimg td bdo theo nghTa thdng thudng ciia thuat ngu vi chung truyen dat den ddc gid vi nhiing gi Mahatma nghT doi vdi mgt loat cdc chii de vdi pham vi rdt rgng, gan nhu Id nhimg cuon bach khoa loan thu Gandhi cd nhung quan diem rieng vd khdng du viec bieu dat chung Ong viet ve chinh tri, kinh te, xa hdi hpe, tdn giao, Ong khdng ngai nhftng cdu hdi khd ma ludn doi mat vdi chiing, tinh trung thuc tri tue cua dng Id mot vii sdc ben Ddi khi, dng cung ggi nhung phan ling manh me kem theo nhiing binh luan hdm hinh Td Harijan (Nhiing diia thdn thdnh) id nai Mahatma the hien tinh da dien su nghiep ciia minh: mdt ngudi ban, triet gia, ngudi hudng dao, chinh tri gia, nhan Ong la tdt ed nhirng dieu dd vd edn ban the niia Ong la mdt bien tap vien hoan hdo Thdi dai da lam nen ngudi nhung ngudi cung ddng gdp cho thdi dai theo nhimg each ky dieu Gid ddy, chiing ta doc eac bai viet ciia dng vdi sy kinh ngae trudc sir dpc dao ciia Gandhi vai trd nha bao NhQng yeu to moi each viit bao cua Mahatma Gandhi Gandhi dd mang lai nhieu yen to mdi vao ITnh vuc bdo ehi tai An Dp Chinh phuang phdp tiep can ngudi da tgo cho cdc bai viet eua dng mpt phong cdch dgc bipt Tieng ndi ciia dng Id ti6ng ndi cua nhdn loai - khdng phdi la tieng ndi ciia mpt td bao nhd Ong muon mang din mpt su thay doi thuc su dat nude dng vd the gidi Chuc ndng cua bdo chi vd tam quan trpng cua Su that Gandhi tin rdng, "miic dich nhdt cua bdo chi Id phuc vu Chiic ndng thuc su cua bdo chi la gido due tdm tri cdng chiing vd dpc dugc suy nghT cua ddt nuac vd hiin ro rdng vd khdng sp hdi tdm tri vd suy nghi dd" (D G Tendulkar, M Chalapati Rau, Mridula Sarabhai, Vithalbhai K Jhaveri, 1944, p 147) Theo dng, mpt nhd bdo cd the la mpt ngudi yeu nude, dang vien cua mdt chinh dang hodc mpt nhdn vien trung thdnh, nhung Idng trung ciia hp chu yeu phai danh cho ddc gid Cdng ehiing ed quyen biet su that Hp phdi dugc thdng bao khach quan ve nhung gi dang xay Neu bdo ehi Idm mat niem tin ciia dpc gid, nd da mat tat cd nhirng gi cd gia tri bao chi Trong td Young India ngdy 3/4/1924, Gandhi viet: "Tung tin sai l§ch Id tgi dc chdng Igi tinh nhdn vdn" (Laxmi Narain, 6/1965) Cdc bai viet dugc thuc hi?n theo phong each ciia rieng dng Cdu cua dng ngan gpn va dng ludn nhanh chdng d6 cdp thdng vdo trpng tam van de Ong viet de mgi ngudi ed th^ hieu dng dl ddng Ong khdng CO trd thdnh nha van nhung nhihig gi dng viet Id vdn hpc (M V Kamath, 1994, p.2) Dd la vi dng da viet vdi ca trai tim chii khdng phdi chi vdi tri tue Ong muon truyen dat npi dung chii khdng phdi cd tinh tao phong each Neu Mahatma ed phong each thi dd khdng phdi la mpt thii duge dao tao md la ban chat ngudi dng Ngudi ta choang vang vi s\r dan gian cua nd Nd mang den niem tin vi tinh trung thuc von cd Nghien ciiu An Dp vd Chdu A So - 2019, tr.70-77 Nguyen Manh Cudng Ddng gdp cua Mahatma Gandhi Chiing ta cd the nhin nhan mire dp anh hudng thdng qua bao chi ciia M Gandhi theo hai each: (i) vdi tu cdch mdt nha luan Iy hpc lam bao chi va (ii) Id nhd bao da thuc hien mpt cudc thdp tu chinh d^o diic Viec khang dinh M Gandhi la mot dinh cao xuat chiing cua cupc thap tu ehinh ve nhan pham ngudi la dieu khdng the nghi ngd Cd the ndi, dng dd tien hanh cupc thdp tu chinh vi dao diic chinh tri vd ddi song cdng cpng Theo Gandhi, bdo chi cd ba muc dich chinh: "mdt Id, di hieu cdm gidc cua nguai ddn vd biiu hien nd; muc dich thii hai Id de khai day nhdn ddn nhUng tinh cdm ddng mong mudn vd muc dich tha ba Id khdng sp hdi bdc trdn nhiing nhuac diem phd bien cua ddn chiing" (Communist Party of Great Britain, 12/1927) Sau dng qua ddi, hgc trd cua dng da co gdng giir cho td Harijan tiep tuc tdn tai nhung Harijan ma khdng cd Gandhi thi gidng nhu mpt ca the khdng cd linh hon Nhftng tin trung theo chii thuyet ciia Gandhi da cd gdng tri td bdo nhung hp da khdng the lam dugc Gandhi la mgt ehien sT chien ddu hdng hdi cho tu bao chi Ong ndi, "Tu bdo chi Id mpt dgc dn quy gid md khdng mgt qudc gia ndo cd the chdi bd Tudo bdo chi Id mgi dgc dn thiit yeu, nd cdn dugc khuyin khich nhung khdng nen Id cdch thi hiin khdc cua su bdt tudn dan sif' (M K Gandhi, 1990, p.213) Chac chan bao chicd quyen I\rc nhung viec lam dyng quyen lue la mgt tgi dc Nhd bdo vd ngu&i bien tap v&i phong cdch khdc biit Gandhi da chimg minh rdng phong cdch bdo chi rdt quan trpng Nhieu nha nghien ciiu nhan xet rdng tieng Anh ciia dng rdt chudn muc Thgm chi, mdt sd ngudi so sanh nd vdi tieng Anh cua cae bac thdy nhu Ruskin hay Thoreau (M K Gandhi, 5/1922, p.216) Ong rat ti mi vi?c sii dyng tieng Anh Ong lira ehpn vd sii dyng tir rdt can than, cau cua dng rat gian di vd ro nghTa Ong viet tir trdi tim nen cung tiep thu duge Phong cdch Id mdt su khdi dau hoan todn mdi, khac hdn nhung gi thinh hanh d An Dp trudc dng ve nude Nhftng ngudi ndi tieng nhu Surendranath Banerjee, Bipin Chandra Pal, Balgangadhar Tilak, Aurobindo Ghose deu viit theo phong cdch Maeaulay': Nhung tdc pham ngng ve hinh thiic, cdu ddi bdt thudng, ngudi dpc cd trinh dp trung binh rat khd theo ddi Cach vi6t kinh vi?n "kieu Maeaulay" so vdi su phong phii ciia cdch diln dat, ngdn ngft true ti8p, ro rang vd ti?n dung ciia Gandhi that Id khdc biet Gandhi khdng chi each mang hda tu tudng ehinh tri eiia thdi dgi ma cdn viet bdng thii tiSng Anh "mai" cho ddng bao dng: Nd khdng cd tieu di giat gan hay kieu chai chft ma thugt ma dugc dpc gia ddn nhan rdng rai Ddi khi, bdi viet kha hai hudc Vdi dng, ve dep eua su biiu hi?n phai la "mgt ngu&i giiip viec" khiem nhudng eho Su that Td Harijan dupe xuat bdn nam 1933, Jawaharlal Nehru dpc nd dang bi giam giu d Dehradun "Tdi rdt vui mim^\ Nehru viet cho Gandhi sau dpc hai sd dau tien cua Harijan, "khi thdy long tot vd su kien nhdn vd tdn cd thi dap tat, hogc nhu anh ndi, trung hda dupe ddi phuang' (Millie Graham ' Thomas Babington Maeaulay (25/10/1800 - 28/12/1859) Id nha sii hpc va chinh trj gia ngudi Anh Maeaulay timglaBp trudng B6 Chiin tranh Anh 0839- 1841), T6ng thu ky (1846 - 1848) Ong dong vai tro quan trong viec gidi thieu cac khai niem ve tieng Anh va phuong Tay vao giao due An Dp va cong b6 lap luan ciia ong ve chu de '"Maeaulay Minute" ndm 1835 Ong ting hp viec thay thd tiing Ba Tu bdng tiing Anh nhu ngon ngit chinh thirc, viec sir dyng tieng Anh nhu phuong tien gidng day d tdt ca cac tnrdng va dao tao ngudi An Dp n6i tieng Anh ldm giao vien Dieu ddn din chii nghTa Maeaulay An DO, xoa bo cic he thfing giao due va day nghe truyen thong va co dgi ciia An Dp Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A So - 2019, tr.70-77 72 Nguyen Manh Cudng Ddng gdp cua Mahatma Gandhi Polak, George Allen, 1931, p.209) The he tre cdc nhd van, nhd bao da chiu dnh hudng manh me bdi phong each ciia Gandhi Khdng chi nhiing ngudi lam vi?c cho Young India hay Harijan ma cd nhiing td bao va tap chi khdc ciing bdt dau viet bdng tieng Anh dan gian Mdt the he mdi cac nha bao da ddi Vai Gandhi, quan trpng hem phong cdch Id npi dung bdi viit Ddi tugng md dng ehpn Id tdng l&p du&i Gandhi da chuyen hudng su chu y ciia cdc nhd van, nhd bao tir phd sang lang que Ong nhan manh rang thue te An Dp sdng cdc ngdi Idng; rang cdng viec cua nha bao hodc tac gia la viet ve Idng vd dan lang Vi vay, dng da dua cdc ngdi Idng ciia An Dp vdo mpt biic tranh rpng Idn va sdng ddng ciia van hpc va bao chi An Dp Chu tri hpi nghi van hgc Gujarat vao 2/11/I936, Gandhi hdi, "Lpi ich cua nin vdn hpc cua chiing ta Id gi vd ddnh cho ai? Chdc chdn khdng phdi ddnh cho nhiing nhd quy tgc viing Ahmedabad Hp cd thi thu hiit nhiing ngh? si vdn chuang nghi thuat vd cd thu vien l&n nhd Nhung ndng ddn ngheo thi cd gi vd cdn gi? Khi tdi ndi v&i cdc bgn, tdi nghive Dean Farrar vd cudn sdch cita dng ve cugc d&i Chiia Kitd Tdi co the chdng lai sir cai tri cua Anh, nhung tdi khdng ghet tieng Anh hogc vdn hpc nghe thuat cua hp Vd cuon sdch cua Dean Farrar la mdt nhiing kho tdng quy hiem bdng tiing Anh Banco biit cdch dng lao dpng di viit cudn sdch khdng? Ong dgc tdt cd mpi thir ve Chiia Giesu bang tieng Anh, din Palestine, xem xet mpi nai vd dpc Kinh thdnh Sau dd, dng viet cudn sdch dire tin vd cdu nguyen cho cdng chiing bdng tieng Anh v&i thu ngdn ngu md tdt cd hp deu hiiu dupe Nd khdng theo phong cdch cua Tiin sT Johnson md theo phong cdch di hiiu cita Dickens O day cd nhu Farrar, nhirng ngu&i se viet nen nen vdn hgc vT dgi cho ddn ldng khdng? " (M K Gandhi, 1922, p.67) V&i tdm thi dd Gandhi da gi&i thieu mot yeu td m&i vdo ITnh vuc bdo chi- dd Id cdch tiip can nhdn vdn, ddc ddo Ong khdng bao gid coi ngudi dgc nhu myc tieu tuyen truyen 6ng eoi hp nhu mpt thue the sdng cd sd thich vd sir ham mudn ma dng sdn sang hieu va chia se de mang lai su thay doi thirc su nude va tren the gidi Ong thupc ve mpi ngudi bdng each xac djnh minh ludn ddng hanh vdi hp va viet ve cdm xuc vd nguyen vpng eua hp V&i Gandhi, ddc gid Id quan trpng nhdt (Mahadev Desai, 1927, p.258) Tien bp khoa hpc vd gido dye lien tyc nang cao trinh dp tri thiie ciia cdng chung Mpt so td bdo dugc truyen cdm hiing de trd kenh truySn thdng ly tudng Dieu ndy dac biet diing thdi dai Victoria bao chi Anh bat dau gido due ngudi \k cac gid trj chinh tri vd dao diic Gandhi bat ddu su nghiep bao ehi d Nam Phi va su nghiep dd phdt trien bau khdng Mgc dii nen van minh cdng nghipp sau thong tri mpi khia eanh eiia ddi song ngudi, Gandhi van thuyet giang ve cac gia tri nhdn vdn qua cdc tac pham cua minh Sii menh giao dye ma bao chi cd khd ndng hodn phy thupc vdo tdi ndng eiia cdc nha bao Tuyen truyen cho dpc gia v6 chinh tri cdng ddi hdi su kheo leo va kien nhan vi neu cdng chiing khdng hilu dugc, hp se mat hiing thii vdi nhiing dien bien chinh tri - xa hdi phiic tap Nhd bdo phai d vi tri lien ket cdc su kien cupc sdng vdi eon ngudi Ddy ehinh la phep thuat ciia Gandhi khien cho dpc gia say me nhiing gi dng viet vd coi chung nhu chdn Iy, nhu su hiep thdng thi?n vdi Thien Chiia (Chandrashankar Shukla, 1949) Anh hu&ng cua Gandhi ddi vai vdn hpc An Dp duang th&i rdt l&n Cy thi nhu anh hudng cua Gandhi d6n su lya ehpn ngdn ngii ciia cac nhd van la s\r uu tien cho tieng mp de hogc phucmg ngd' Nhd Nghien ciiu An DO vd Chau A So - 2019, tr.70-77 73 Nguyen Manh Cudng Ddng gdp cua Mahalma Gandhi., su quan tam eua Gandhi, thien tai su dan gidn hda de dat dugc s6 lugng ngudi dpc Idn nhat, chat nhan vdn day tinh thuyet phye cac boat dpng ciia dng, da cd mpt sir chuyin doi nhanh chdng bao chi An Dp Nhieu ngudi dd chuyen sang viet va xuat ban bang cae ngdn ngii An Dp, vd bdt chudc phong each true tiep ciia Gandhi, hp viet vdn xudi dem gian Bdo chi khu virc bat ddu cd dnh hudng vd hau nhu khdng cd mpt khu vuc ndo eiia An Dp tu dd khdng ed bao chi (Mahadev Desai, 1927, p.54) Gandhi la ngudi rat tu hdo ndi phuang ngft cua minh Phong each ndi tieng Gujarati eua Gandhi cung duge khen nggi nhu phong each tieng Anh ciia dng Ong da thiet lap mdt phong each mdi vdn hpc Gujarati Ngdn ngft Gujarati da ed thdi hoang kim Gandhi chinh siia vd viet cho to Navajivan va, sau nay, phien bdn bdng tieng Gujarati ciia td Harijan Trudc do, dng ciing da tiing gdp cac bdi bdo bang tieng Gujarati phdn Gujarati eua td Indian Opinion Ngoai van ban ban gde tieng Gujarati, Gandhi cdn dan dau viec dich cdc tdi li?u hihi ich khac sang ngdn ngu Gujarati Trong thue te, dng dd tao mpt nhdm cac dich gid tdA''crvfl/'/van Hp dich nhieu sdch vd xudt ban chiing thdng qua Navajivan Gandhi quan tdm din su thinh vuang cua tdt cd cdc ngdn nga An Dp Den cuoi ddi, dng cdn co gang hpe tieng Bengali Cac bdn viet tay ciia dng bang tieng Bengali vdn dugc luu trii din ngdy Ngay trudc bi am sat, dng da viit mdt doan van bang tiing Bengali vd dua nd cho giao vien - ba Abba Gandhi Tai Nam Phi, Gandhi cung hpe tieng Tamil de ed the de dang giao tiep vdi ngudi Tamil eu tni d ddy Trong biic thu giri Chhaganlal Gandhi ngdy 17/4/1905, Gandhi viet, "Tdi dang hpc tieng Tamil rdt chdm chi vd neu dn, tdi cd the hieu khd ro cdc bdi bdo Tamil vdng hai thdng nua Tdi mudn cd nhiing cudn sdch bdng tieng Tamil" (Tendulkar, el at, 1944, p.82) Gandhi eoi vi?c bien Hindustani ngdn ngft chung cua nhan ddn Id sii menh ciia minh La mpt ngudi theo chCi nghTa dan tpc, dng mudn cd mdt ngdn ngft chung cho dat nude va dii nhan thiie dugc sir phong phii cua van hgc Gujarati, dng khdng ngdn ngai ung hd vd tuyen bd danh vinh du eho Hindustani Ong nd luc lam cho ngdn ngft duge chap nhan tren khdp An Dp Gandhi Id mdt nhd bdo nhiet huyet Tren dudng tu Anh den Nam Phi ndm 1909, dng bdt ddu ban thdo cudn Hind Swaraj a dang 20 cupe ddi thogi ngan gifta "Ddc gid" va "Ngu&i Biin tap" Sdch "bao gdm eac chu de nhu An Dp vd Anh, Nen van minh, Swaraj - Tir tri, Mdy mdc, su thdng nhdt gifta Hindu - Islam gido, Bdt bgo ddng, Satyagraha - Chdp tri chan ly, v.v Nhftng dieu Gandhi nghT, ndi vd da lam sudt 40 ndm boat dpng tir 1908 - 1948, dugc thu nhd ban thao va tim thdy nguyen ven sau nhieu ndm Ong Prabhudas Gandhi ndi, "Qua cdc trang bdn thdo, ngu&i ta nhdn thiin tdi ciia Gandhi vai tu cdch mdt nhd bdo Trong 275 trang viet tay, chi cd ba ddng bi tdy xda v&i mdt vdi tit bi thay ddi Neu Gandhi cdm thdy met mdi viet bdng lay phdi dng ben viit bdng tay trdi" Sau ndy, dugc hdi lieu dng cd mudn thuc hiin bdt ky thay ddi ndo cudn sdch hay khdng, dng chi thay ddi mdt ti^'' (Servants of Untouchables Society, 1933, p.237) Bong gop cua nha bao Gandhi cho phong trao gianh doc lap Ngodi viec trd nhd Idnh dao qudc gia va cai each xa hdi, Gandhi Id mpt ngudi giao tilp tuy?t vdi Hon bat ky khac, dng nhan rdng giao tiep Id cdng cy hieu qua nhat de dinh hinh y kiln vd huy dpng sir hd trg ciia nhdn ddn Gandhi cdng vi dng cd mot ky ndng giao tiep da dugc tdi luyen d Nghien cihi An Dp vd Chau A So - 2019, tr.70-77 74 Nguyen Manh Cudng Dong gdp cita Mahalma Gandhi., Nam Phi, eho phep dng tap hgp hang trieu ddng huang trd ve An Dp Bdo ehi eiia Gandhi thudc vl mdt thdi dai khdng ed dai phat vd truyen hinh Dd la siic manh cua "giao tiip linh hdn"\ Nhung gi dng ndi vd viet rat nhanh chdng da cham din nhung gde xa nhat eua An Dp va the gidi Trong thdi gian ddu tranh cho tu Young India va Harijan la hai td bao da trd thdnh phuang tien manh me truyen dat quan diem ciia Gandhi, nhdt la dl tuyen truyen quan diem va gido due cdng chiing ve phong trao Chdp tri Chdn ly - Satyagraha Vdo dau nhung ndm 1900, lam bao chua duge coi la nghi nghiep d An Dp trir bdo eht An - Anh Quang cdo khdng cd vai trd gi va cae td bdo phai dua vao khuyin mai va hd trg tdi chinh tir cac ca nhdn Mac dii bao ehi An - Anh hien dai v6 mat ky thuat nhung nd khdng phd bien nhung ngudi An Dp Ngay cd bao chi An Do dd phd bien dan chiing An Dp nhung cdch tiep can khdng chuyen nghiep vd chat lugng in dn kem Cac chiln sT dau tranh cho ty ndi tiing da su dung bao ehi nhu mpt phuang tien dl phd bien quan diem va y tudng ciia hp: New India ciia bd Annie Besant, At Hilal cua Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Kesariet ciia Bai Gangadhar Tilak Xu hudng dugc Gandhi phat triln va cac bai viet ciia dng ed thi dugc eoi Id cau chuyen ve cudc dau tranh gianh ddc lap eua An Dp Cae td bao cua dng bat ddu phong trdo ehinh tri dua tren cdc gid tri dao diic Ddng gdp to Idn eiia Gandhi ciing duac ehiing minh bdng sd tdc pham sudt cupe ddi dng Dudi ap luc nang ne ciia cdng viec, dng van viet den bdi bao moi tudn Khdng td bao nao dng dieu hdnh bi thua Id Ca hai td bang tieng Anh va tiing An Dp ciia dng diu dat tdi 40.000 ban Khi dng hi bdtii, sd phat hanh bi giam xudng 3.000 ban (Tendulkar, el al 1944, p 134) Ndm 1956, Chinh phii An Dp khdi xudng mdt dy an chua timg ed nham cung cap mdt tdi lieu xac thuc vl tdt cd cdc tac phdm eiia Gandhi, dugc in bdng ba ngdn ngu: Gujarati, tieng Anh vd tieng Hindi Vd Quy Gandhi hai dn bdn Id No Ashardaha (tieng Gujarati) vd Sampoorna Gandhi Vangmaya (tieng Hindi) ddnh eho The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi (CWMG- Tuyen tdp tdc phdm cua Mahatma Gandhi) Hien taied 100 quyen CWMG, 82 quyen Gandhi No Akshardea va 91 quyen Sampoorna Gandhi Vangmaya Tdm Igi, Gandhi ddng vai trd quan trpng phong trdo dpc lap An Dp khdng ehi vdi tu cdch mpt nha lanh dao, nha cdi each xa bdi md cdn Id mdt nhd bao xudt sac Qua do, chiing ta ed the thay vai trd eiia bao chi phong trao ty ciia An Dp quan trpng nhu the nao So sanh giira Gandhi va Ho Chi Minh Ilnh vue bao chi So vdi bdo chi An Dp, bdo chi Viet Nam ddi mudn han nhieu, Nd dugc sinh xa hpi bj thuc dan Phap xam chiem Do do, ed hai trudng phai bao chi tai thdi diem dd Mdt la de hd trg ke xam luge va hai la de hd trg cugc each mang vi dpc lap tu dan tpc Trong su nghiep hogt ddng each mang, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh ludn coi bao chi va nhung ngudi lam bdo Id mdt bp phan ciia su nghiep each mang Id vu sac ben cdng cudc dau tranh gidnh dpc lap cho dan tpc va xay dung cupc sdng mdi cho nhan ddn Cudc ddi boat dgng eua Ngudi khdng tdeh rdi hogt dpng bao ehi Ngudi lam bao la Idm each mang vd de lam each mgng Tu tac phdm ddu tien Quyen cua cdc ddn tpc thudc dia dang tren bao Nhdn dgo 18/6/1919 den tac phdm cudi ciing Thu trd l&i Tong thdng My dang tren bao Nhdn ddn ngdy 25/8/1969, Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da lam bdo gdn nhu cd cupc ddi, de lai hon 2.000 bdi bao eae loai (Hd Chi Minh, 2006, tr.5), ve nhieu de tdi, the logi, ket cau va van phong cung nhu hinh thiic the hien, vdi mot myc dich nhdt Id phuc vu nhan dan lao dpng, phye vy chii nghTa xd hpi, phuc vu Nghien cuu An Dp vd Chdu A S6 - 2019, tr.70-77 75 Nguyen Mgnh Cudng Ddng gdp cua Mahatma Gandhi eho ddu tranh thdng nhdt nude nha, cho hda binh the gidi (Hd Chi Minh, 1959, tr.3, tr.423) Ngudi coi bdo chi Id mpt vu chien dau trdn chien ciia tu tudng ma nhd bao can phdi chiem ITnh Giong nhu Gandhi, Hd Chi Minh la mdt nhd bdo xuat sac khdng ehi hieu qua eupc chien tai Vi^t Nam ma cdn dau trudng qude te Ngudi sir dung bdo ehi nhu mot chat kit dinh hieu qua de ket ndi cae quoc gia thupc dia gidng nhu Viet Nam Ngodi ra, Ngudi edn viet rat nhieu tap chi, tho ca de khuyen khich vd ndng cao nhdn thiie eiia nhan dan Ld ngudi sang lap Ho Chi Minh da true tiep lap chin td bao cdch mang: Ngu&i Cimg Khd (ndm 1922); "Qudc Ti Ndng Ddn" (n&m\924); Thanh Nien (nam 1925); Cdng Ndng (nam l925),"Linh Kdch Menh" (nam 1927); Viet Nam Tien Phong (nam 1927); Thdn Ai (nam \928); Red (nam 1929), Independence (nam 1941); Ciiu Qudc (nam 1942) Ngudi da ddng gdp hang ngan bai bao cho cdc td bdo ndy vdi muc dich gidi phdng ddt nude Theo thdng ke Ho Chi Minh dd cd ban 170 biit danh vdi 2.000 bdi bao, 300 bdi tho va khoang 500 truyen ngan dang tren bao (NguyetHa, 17/1/2011) Cd mpt sd diem tuong ddng giiia y tudng eiia Gandhi vd Hd Chi Minh ve bdo chi Ca hai vT nhdn deu nhgn thay vai tro quan trpng ciia bao chi vdi tu each la vu tu tudng chiln dau eho tu dan tpc Cd hai deu la nhiing nhd bao xudt sac va cd nhieu ddng gdp cho Hch su bao chi dat nude, trd tdm guong cho nhftng ngudi khac noi theo Cho den nay, eac chinh tri gia vdn hpc cdeh su dyng cdng cy mpt each hieu qua de ket ndi mpi ngudi, lang nghe nhirng gi hp muon vd y tudng cua hp viec xay dung ddt nude Ket luan Tai Gandhi ehpn bao chi va bien tap nhu cdng eu ddu tranh chinh trj? Gandhi viet tren td Young India 2/7/1925 rang: "Tdi ldm bdo khdngphdi vi Igi ich cua chi'nh nd md vi nd la mdt su trpgiup cho nhOng gi tdi coi Id sii menh cua tdi cupc sdn^W\ vdy, Gandhi tin chdc rang, myc dich cua bao chi Id phuc vy Ong khdng chi Id mdt nhd bdo, bien tap vien md edn la mdt nha vdn vT dai Khdng su dyng ngdn tu tren quy md Idn ban Gandhi Su doc dao cua Gandhi vugt ngodi mpi ranh gidi, la trai nghiem ed chu y de de dang hgp nhdt bdn than dng vdi nhdn ddn An Dp bdi canh xd hdi duong dgi Tai heu tham Idiao M.V Kamath- Former Editor of The Illustrated Weekly of India, Journalist Gandhi (Selected Writings of Gandhi), Compiled by Sunil Sharma First Edition: August 1994, p.2 Communist Party of Great Britain (12/1927), Is India Different? Being correspondence behveen Shapurji Saklatwala and M.K Gandhi, 16, King Street, London, W.C.2 M K Gandhi (1990), Gandhiji's Correspondence with the Government 1942-44, Navajivan Publishing House, Ahmedabad Second Edition, p.2l3 M K Gandhi (5/1922), Speeches and Writings ofMahatma Gandhi Fourth Edition G.A Natesan & Co Madras, p.216 Millie Graham Polak, George Allen (1931), Mr Gandlii: The Man, Unwin Ltd Museum Street, London, p.29 M K Gandhi (1922), Speeches and Writings of Mahatma Gandhi, Fourth Edition G.A Natesan & Co Madras, p.67 Nghien ciiu An Dp vd Chdu A s6 - 2019, tr.70-77 76 Nguyen Manh Cudng Ddng gdp cua Mahalma Gandhi Mahadev Desai (1927), Gant/Ai/j/n/ni^/an Villages, S Ganesan, Triplicane, Madras, p.258 Chandrashankar Shukla (1949, edited), Incidents in Gandhiji's life: Vora and Co Bombay Mahadev Desai (1927), Gandhiji in Indian Villages, S Ganesan, Triplicane, Madras, p.54 10 G Tendulkar, M Chalapati Rau, Mridula Sarabhai, Vithalbhai K Jhaveri (1944), Gandhiji: His Life and Works, Edited, Kamataka Publishing House, Bombay, p.82 11 Servants of Untouchables Society (\932), My Soul's Agony Being Gandhiji's statements issuedfi-om Yeravda Prison on the Removal of Untouchability among Hindus Bombay Provincial Board, The Recluse, Marzban Road, Fort, Bombay, tr.237 12 Ho Chi Minh (2006), Nhung bdi but chiin, Nxb Thanh ni6n Ha Ndi, tr.5 13 Hd Chi Minh: Todn tap, Bai phdt biiu tai Dai hdi nhd bdo Viet Nam Idn thii 2, 17/4/1959, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Tdp 9, tr.423 14 Nguyet Ha (17/1/2011), "Xuat ban Hd Chi Minh Todn tap vdi 800 tai lieu mdi", VGP News NghiSn ciiu An Dp vd Chau A S6 - 2019, tr.70-77 ... Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi (CWMG- Tuyen tdp tdc phdm cua Mahatma Gandhi) Hien taied 100 quyen CWMG, 82 quyen Gandhi No Akshardea va 91 quyen Sampoorna Gandhi Vangmaya Tdm Igi, Gandhi ddng vai... eac bai viet ciia dng vdi sy kinh ngae trudc sir dpc dao ciia Gandhi vai trd nha bao NhQng yeu to moi each viit bao cua Mahatma Gandhi Gandhi dd mang lai nhieu yen to mdi vao ITnh vuc bdo ehi tai... giao vien - ba Abba Gandhi Tai Nam Phi, Gandhi cung hpe tieng Tamil de ed the de dang giao tiep vdi ngudi Tamil eu tni d ddy Trong biic thu giri Chhaganlal Gandhi ngdy 17/4/1905, Gandhi viet, "Tdi