NGHEO DA CHIEU: MOT VAI PHAN TICH Tir SV THIEU HUT CHIEU CANH THONG TIN NGUYSN DINH TUAN • Tir khda: ngheo da chieu lineu hut Irong liep can Ihdng lin phdt trien ngudi Ngdy nhdn bdi: 19/10/2019, ngdy giri phdn bien: 20/10/2019 ngdy duyfl ddng bdi: 16/12/2019 Dfit van de Trong moi giai doan phat trien, thong tin luon dong vai tro quan trpng doi song xa hpi va dupc coi la mpt nguon luc ciia phat trien Thong tin cung gop phan giup nang cao nhan thuc va kien thiic cho ngucri Tiep can thong tin khong chi la nhu cau ca ban cua ngucri ma la quyen ngudi Cung chinh vi vai tr6 quan trpng cua th6ng tin nen danh gia ve ngheo da chieu, mpt nh&ng chieu cajih lien quan den muc song dupc dua xem xet la nhQng phucmg ti^n/tai san ho trp tilp can thong tin Ngheo da chieu day c6 the dupc hieu la tinh trang ngucri khong dupc d^p ling mtic toi thieu mpt so nhu cau ca ban cupc song (Bp Lao dpng, Thuang binh va X3 hpi, 2015, tr 14) CJ nuac ta, danh gia ve tinh trang ngheo da chi6u dupc dua tren tieu chi thu nhap \a vi?c tiep can dich vu xa hgi co ban Tieu chi danh gia ve su thiiu hyt tiep can dich vu x5 hgi ca ban dua tren dich vu xa hpi ca ban (5 chiju) la: y te, giao dye, nha 6, nuoc sach va ve sinh, thong tin Di ciing vol no la 10 chi s6: Tilp can dich vy y te, bao hiem y tl, trinh dp giap due ciia nguoi ldn, tinh trang di hpc cua tre em, chat lupng nha 6, di^n tich nha binh quan dau nguoi, ngu6n nuac sinh hoat, hi xiVnha tieu, sii dung djch vu vien thong va tai san phuc vu tiep can thong tin Nhu vay, o chiiu canh thong tin CO chi s5 dupc de cap o day la: sir dung dich vu vien thong (hp gia dinh khong CO vien nao sir dung thue bao dien thoai va intemet) va tai san phuc vu tiep cjn thong tin (hp gia dinh khong co tai san nao so cae tai san: tivi, dai, may vi tinh; va khong nghe duoc he thing loa dai truyin xa/thon) (Bp Lao dgng, Thuang binh va Xa hgi, 2015) Tren thyc tl, ban vl tilp can thong tin, nguoi ta co thi ban den nhieu chieu canh khae nhu qu\ln dupc tilp can thong tin, kenh truyin, noi dung thong tin, each thirc tilp can thong tin, nguoi tilp nhan thong tin, nhien ph?m vi bai viet nay, phan tich vl sy thiiu hyt chiiu canh tilp can thong tin' chiing toi chu yeu tap trung \ ao phan tich nhimg chi tieu dupc dua trpng danh gii vi nghet) da chieu, la vice sir dyng dich vy vien thong (di$n thoai, intemet) va nhOng tai san de phyc vy tiep can thong tin (tivi, may vi tinh) ' TS.: Vi^n Nghien cim Con ngudi Vien Han'lam Khoa hpc xa hpi Vi^t Nam Ig nghltn ctAi Con ng\M *60{105) 201B Nguyin Dinh Tudn Ve sy thieu hut d chieu canh thong tin ngheo da chieu Danh gj^ ve tinh tr?ng ngheo da chiSu a nuoc ta duoc ap dung thuc hien tir nam 2016 IC€ tu dinjrc ^ dyng tinh toan den nay, ti le ngheo da chieu cua nucrc ta d8u co xu hudng giim, g ! ^ tir 9,88% nSm 2015 xu6ng 5,23% nam 2018 (Bo Lao dpng, Thucmg binh \k xa hOi, 2016, 2019) Xem xet ti le ngheo da chi^u nam 2018 giua cac vimg cho thSy, mien niii Tay Bac co ti 1? ngheo da chiSu cao nhat (24,23%), tilp d^n la miin ntii E)6ng Bac (12,08%), Tay Nguyen (10,36%), Bac Trung Bo (6,03%), Duyen hai miin Trung (6,49%), Dong bang s6ng Cuu Long (4,28%), D6ng bang song H6ng (1,82%) va thdp nhdt la Dong Nam BO (0,58) (BQ Lao d^ng, Thucmg binh va Xa hpi, 2019) Neu so sanh gi&a vung c6 ti I? hp ngheo da chieu cao nhSt (mien nui Tay Bac) voi vimg co ti 1? ngheo da chieu thap nhdt (Dong Nam Bp) cho thdy co s\r chenh l$ch kha lon (gap gdn 25 ldn) Xem x^t ti 1? hp ngheo thieu hut chieu canh thong tin cho thay, co din 20,01% hp nghfeo da chieu thiiu h\it vl su dyng dich vu vien thong va 16,88% thieu hut ve \k\ s ^ phyc vy tilp egn th6ng tin Con so sanh giua cac vung ca nuoc thi 6/8 viing c6 ti !§ hp ngh^o da chiiu thiiu hyt a chi tieu sii dyng dich vu vien thong cao hon chi tieu iki s ^ phyc v\i tilp c|in thong tin Hai viing co ti 1? ngupc lai la mien nui Dong Bac va miin nui Tay Bdc c6 ti 1^ h0 ngheo da chieu thieu chi tieu su dyng dich vy vien thong thdp hon chi tieu t^ s ^ phyc vy tilp can thong tin Dieu co nghla la a 6/8 vimg c6 nhieu hp ngh^o da chieu, m^c dii hp gia dinh co nhung tai san de phyc vy cho tiep can thong tin (tivi, dai, miy vi tinh, ) nhung Iai khong co dieu kien sii dung dich vu vien thong (di?n thogi va intemet) Biiu dd 1: Ti le hg nghio thieu hut it chieu c^nh thong tin tong so hg nghio chia theo viing (%) • Mien niii Dong BSc DH RB^n Trung Mien niii Tay Bac n Tay Nguyen Ngudn: Bg Lao dgng, Thirang binh vd Xd hgi, 2019 Qua biiu cCmg cho thdy ro hon sir thiiu hut o hai chi tieu thupc chieu canh thong tin cua nhQng hp ngheo da chiiu tai cac vimg chi tieu sir dyng dich vu vien thong, TSy Nguyen \k viing co ti 1? hp ngheo da chiiu thieu hut cao nhat (34,29%) Ben canh dp, Nghiin ctiu Con nputif s66(10S) 2019 19 Naheo aaenii"_^ dil E)6ng bang song H6ng \a E>6ng Nam Bp la hai viing co ti !? hp ngheo da chieu thap nhung nhihig hp ngheo da chiiu lai co su thieu hyt kha cao a chi tieu su dyng djch vy vien thong (ti le ihilu hyt ldn lupt la 30.83% va 28,36%) Con nhOng viing cd Ii '? n ^ e o da chiiu cao la Ta\ Bdc va Dong Bdc, so hp nghdo thieu hyt chi lieu la kha thdp (U l? thiiu hyt ldn lupt la 7,09% \ a I! ,31 %) Niu xet dieu kien phSt triin co so hg tang vien thong thi r5 rang D6ng bdng song Hong va E>6ng Nam Bp la nhQng viing co diSu kien tit hon so voi viing Tay Bdc va Dong Bdc, nhung ti le hp ngheo da chiiu thieu hyt chi tieu sii dyng dich \TJ \ ien thong lai kha cao Su khde biet co IS la nhihig hp ngheo da chiiu cr D6ng bdng song H6ng va E)dng Nam Bp chii yiu roi vao nhihig hp co ngucri 6m dauho$el6ntu6i, nen viec sii dyng cac thiet bj vien thong thuong bj han che CJ chi tieu tai san phyc vy tilp egn thong tin, Dong Bdc va Tay Nguyen la hai vimg CO ti Ie hp ngheo da chiiu tiiilu hyt cao nhat (22,87% va 19,32%), D6ng bdng song Hong, Bdc Trung Bp la hai vimg co ti 1? hp ngheo da chieu thieu hyt thap nhat (10,97% va 12,71%) Ll Thieu h\it dsur d^ng dfch vu vien thong Biiu dd 2: Ti 1^ hp gia dinh co di^n tho^i nSm 2010 v& 2016 (%) 100 ' 91.6 ? r ^ " " 93,4 ,,, 9(,_| g^., i 75.3- "1 78.8-S ^ 97,4 94,2 92,8 I 77,ir' 78,r~ 69,7 Nguon: Ngdn hang Thigidi 2018 Birac lien mdi- giam ngheo va Ihfnh vumig chung a Vi^i Nam tr 11 Tim hieu ve tinh trang thieu hyt cac dich vy vien thong va tai san phuc vu tilp can thong tin cho thiy, tinh din nSm 2016, trung binh 100 hp gia dinh co 193,3 dien thoai (Tong cyc Thong ke, 2018), tiic la binh quan moi hp gia dinh co gSn di$n thoai va eo den 92,8% hp gia dinh co di|n thoai Con so cho thiy su phat triin nhanh chong cua thong tin lien l?c o nuoc ta thai gian viia qua cung nhu kha nang tilp can vdi cac phuong ti?n thong tin lien lac cua nguai dan Con linh tir nSm 2010 din nSm 2016, ti Is hp gia dinh co dien thoai da tSng them 14,6 diim phAn tr5m (tii 78,2% len 92,8%) Dsic biet 2Q Nghiin ziii Con ttgiM»6t(10Sj 2010 Nguyen Dinh Tudn d vimg Trung du va mien nui phia Bac ncri co nhieu hp ngheo da co su tang nhanh vl ti 1$ hp gia dinh co di6n thoai nam qua, tir 69,7% len 93,4% (tang them 23,7 diim phan trSm) Day cilng la vung co miic tang nhanh nhdt giai doan So thue bao dien thoai, co thue bao dien thoai di dpng da tang nhanh nhihig nam qua NIU nhu nam 2005 moi chi co 15.845,0 nghin thue bao dien thoai,tiiiden nam 2010 da tang len 124.311,1 nghin va din nam 2016 la 128.698,3 nghintiiuebao dientiioai(T6ng cue Thong ke, 2016)' Con tinh rieng s6tiiuebao di dpng, dintiioidiim nam 2017, ti lp thue bao di dpng dat khoang 116tiiuebao/100 dan; ti le thue bao bang rpng di dpng dat 52,8tiiuebao/100 dan (Bp Thong tin va Tmyin thong, 2017, tr 31) Bieu 3: Ti 1^ nguoi sir dung di^n thoai thong thutmg va di^n thoai thong minh a Vi^t Nam nam 2017 (%) 1/Thanh lon 2/Thanh nho 3/Nong thon Nguon: Nielsen Vietnam Smartphone Insingl Report, 2017 Trong nhiing nSm gan day, ciing voi ti le nguoi sti dyng dien thoai cang tSng thi so ngudi su dung dien thogi thong minh cung tang len nhanh chong ca thj iSn nong thon Theo ket qua khao sat^ cua Nielsen Viet Nam dupc cong bo tai bao cao h^h vi nguM dung dien thogi thong minh nam 2017 cho thdy, 95,0% ngucri dan a ldn c6 su dyng dipn thoai, 84,0% la dimg dien thoai thong minh; 93,0% ngudi dan d ph6 nho sii dung dien thoai, 71,0% la dimg dien thogi thong minh; c6n d ndng thon, co 89,0% sii dung dipn thoai va 68,0% s6 d6 diing di^n thogi tiiongrainh.Dien thoai thong minh vdi nhilu tinh nang va duoc kit nii vdi mgng intemet s6 giup cho ngudi diing c6 nhieu co hpi hem de tiep can vdi thong tin d nude ta, s\r phat triin nhanh chdng ciia cac nha mang da giiip cho ti le phti song di dpng dat 95,0% dien tich ca nude (Bp Thong tin va Truyen thong, 2017, tr 31), cimg vdi gia chi tra cho vipc dimg dien thoai d miic vira phai da giiip cho nhieu tang ldp dan ' https://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=72l ngky truy cap 08/10/2018 ' Nielsen Vi^l Nam khao sit nhChig ngudi tir 16 tufli trcr len bao g6m: 1.882 ngu&i a nhQng thinh lim; 1.930 nguiri a thAnh ph6 nho; vk 2.027 nguiri o nong thfln Nghiin ciiu Con ngaa s6 6(105) 2019 21 IVgneo aa cn eu nam d kha nang chi tra cho cac dich vy va phuong tipn tilp egn Dieu dupc the hien ro d cac nhom mirc sdng nhu da phan tich d tren Ph5n ldn nhihig ngudi c6 mirc song kha gia deu cd dien thogi va su dyng logi dipn thogi thong minh co ket noi internet, ngudi ngheo chii yeu su dyng nhQng Ioai dien thogi it tien khdng cd nhieu chitc nSng va khong co ket noi intemet Ben cgnh dd van nhilu ngudi ngheo khong c6 dipn thoai di dpng Tucmg t\r, de tiep can vdi thong tin tir dai phat va truyen hinh, ngudi dan can phai CO nhiing phuong tien de tiep can la dai* va tivi Qua so sanh s6 tivi tinh tren 100 hp dan sd hihi giiia cac nhom miic song cho thay, nhom ngheo nhat c6 sd tivi thap hon so vdi cac nhom miic song khae Bieu S: So tivi mau tinh tren 100 hp dan chia theo nhom miic song nam 2016 (chiec) 123,2 130 107,4 100,4 110 90 70 50 - 1 77,1 A Nhflm Nhflm Nhflm Nh6m Nh6m Nguon- Tong cyc Thong ke, 2018 Kel qud khdo sdt mirc song ddn cu Viet Nam ndm 2016 Nxb Thdng ke, tr 424 - 426 Qua so lipu d bieu tren cho thay neu tinh moi hp thupc nhdm ngheo nhat cd mpt tivi mau thi van hon 20% hp d nhom chua c6 Viec thieu nhihig phuong tipn se khien cho ngudi ngheo bi hgn ehe co hpi tiep can vdi thong tin Tuy nhiSn, d day chiing toi mdi chi de cap den viec sd huu phuong tien phuc vu cho tiep can thong tin chu chua de cap den chat lupng \ a viec sir dung nhtmg phuong tien cho viec tiep can thong tin nhu the nao Bdi tren thuc te, chiing toi thiet nghT rang tai san (tivi, dai, may vi tinh) ciia nhiing ho gia dinh ngheo thudng khong phai la nhihig tai san cd chat lucmg tot nhat ma thi trudng co * day chimg tfli khflng lay d&i lam tieu chi so sinh ve phirong tifn tiep c|n thong tin gi&a nhflm nghio vfli cic nhflm mirc song khde Bfli de tiep c?n voi ihflng tin lir dai phdt thanh, nhihig hfl gid cfl tha ti^p can b ^ g nhieu phirong li^n khic nhu nghe qua intemet, qua di^n thoai, qua radio tren fltfl, y Nghiin cuU Con ngutH »tf Sffos; 2019 N^;uyen Dinh Tudn Mpt so van de Ait doi vdi phat trien ngutii M|ic dil khong the hipn ro cac chi tieu danh gia ve phat trien ngudi, nhung dupc tilp egn thong tin co mpt vai tro quan trpng viec thiic diy kha nang phat trien ngudi, nhat la boi canh toan cau hda va hpi nhap qudc te hien Va khong phai ngau nhien ma To chiic Sang kien phat trien ngudi va chong ngheo d6i tiiuOc Dgi hpc Oxford (OPHI) lai dua chi tieu vl phuong tipn tilp can tiiong tin va su dyng djch vy vien thong vao de danh gia ve tinh trang ngheo da chiiu va Chuong trinh phat trien Lien hpp quoc (UNDP) sau da sir dyng cac chi tieu va each danh gia bao cao phat trien ngudi toan cau hang nam thay cho chi so ngheo ting hpp (HPI- Human Poverty Index) Co cac phuong tipn phyc vy tiep can thong tin va dupc sii dyng dich vy vien thong sg giup ngudi cd nhieu co hpi hon tim kiim va tiep egn thong tin, qua dd gop phan nang cao nhan thuc va nang luc cho ngudi Doi vdi ngudi ngheo, khong co cac phuong tien de phyc vy tiep can thong tin va khong su dung dich vy vien thong se Iam hgn che co hpi de hp co the nang cao nhgn thuc, nang cao nang I\rc va sau xa hon la anh hudng den kha nang phat trien ngudi Dieu the hipn ro d cac chieu cgnh chii yeu ciia phat trien eon ngudi Thu nhat, tir chieu canh miic song, neu khong co cac phuong tien de ho trp tiep egn thong tin, ngudi ngheo se bi han che hon viec tiep can vdi nhihig thong tin lien quan din vipc Iam, san xuat va chan nuoi, thi trudng va thdi tiet, Trong boi canh xa hpi va dieu kipn ty nhien co nhieu bien dpng nhu hien thi ro rang viec thieu thong tin hay ndm bat tiiong tin khong kjp thdi se anh hudng khong nho den viec san xuat, chan nuoi, tieu thy san pham va tim kiim viec Iam Thong tin dupc coi la mpt nguon lyc ciia phat trien, do, viec ngudi ngheo thieu cac phuong tien ho trp tiep can thong tin va thiiu thong tin ciJng dong nghTa vdi viec hp hi han che co hpi phat trien kinh te de cii thien mirc song Thii hai, tir chieu cgnh giao due, khong co cac phuong lien ho trp tiep can thong tin va khong sii dyng dich vy vien thong se Iam han che co hpi de ngudi ngheo c6 the ty hpc tgp, tim hieu thong tin nham nang cao kien thiic, nang cao nang luc Trong boi canh phat trien cua khoa hpc cong nghe va moi trudng hpc tap md nhu hien thi ro rang cac phuong tien hd trq tilp can thong tin dong vai tro quan trpng, no giiip ngudi c6 thi tim kiim thdng tin va nang cao kien thiic KJii cd nhihig thiet bi thong minh va dupc kit nii vdi intemet thi ngudi dii d bat cur dau cung co the tham gia vao nhihig Idp hpc tryc tuyin dl trau dii kiln thiic va nang cao nang luc Doi vdi ngudi ngheo, nhat la ngudi ngheo sdng d vimg sau, vung xa, viing dac biet kho khan, neu khong cd cac phucmg tipn hd trp kit nii dl tiep can thong tin se dl dan den tinh trgng bj tach biet khoi moi trudng xa hoi va dilu se can trd kha nang phat trien ngudi Nghiin cikt Con ngudf s66(105) 2019 25 Ngheo da chia*-^ Thii ba, tir chieu cgnh cham soc siic khde, khong cd dilu kipn trang bj nhihig phuong tipn, thiet bi phyc vy cho viec tiep can thdng tin, cung nhu khdng co kha nang chi tra cho cac dich vu cung cap thong tin se khien cho ngudi ngheo bj hgn chi co hpi tiep can thong tin noi chung va thong tin ve dinh dudng, cham sde siic khoe noi rieng Vipc hgn che tiep can nhihig thong tin se khien cho ngudi ngheo thieu di nhihig kien thiic che dp dinh duong va chSm sde siic khoe cho ban than ciing nhu cac vien gia dinh, dac biet la doi vdi nhihig ngudi nghto la ngudi dan tpc thieu so song d vimg sau, vimg xa, vimg dac bipt kh6 khan KJiong cd nhihig phuong tien dl ho trp tilp can thong tin ciing khien cho ngudi ngheo bj hgn chi hon vipc nam bat va cap nhat nhihig thong tin lien quan den dich benh Va chinh nhChig thieu hyt anh hudng din co hpi phat trien, nang cao nSng lyc the chat ciia ngudi ngh6o Ket iuan Ngay ciing vdi su phat trien ciia kinh tl - xa hpi, ddi song cua ngudi dan d nude ta dS timg budc dupc nang len Ngudi dan co the trang bi cho gia dinh va ca nhan nhihig thiit hi tien ich phuc vy cho cupc sdng, dd co cac thiet bi phyc vy cho vipc tilp can thong tin nhu dipn thoai, tivi, dai, may vi tinh, Tuy nhien, doi vdi ngudi ngheo, nhat la nhung ngudi ngheo song d vimg sau, vimg xa, vimg dac bipt khd khan thi van nhieu ngudi chua c6 dupc nhiing thiet bi de phyc vy cho vipc tiep egn th6ng tin Sy thieu hyt cung vdi viec khong dupc ho trp cdc djch vy cung cap thong tin sg khien cho ngudi ngheo bi hgn che hon co hpi tilp can vdi nhihig thdng tin ve CO hpi viec lam, thj trudng, cham sde siic khoe, thdi tilt, nang cao kiln thirc, va dieu sg can trd kha nang phat trien ngudi tren nhieu phuong dipn tir siic khoe, kien thuc den thu nhap De ngudi ngheo c6 dupc co hpi tiep can thong tin ciing nhu binh dang co hpi tiep egn thong tin, chung toi cho rang nha nude cdn cd cac chinh sach ho trp, thgm chi Id cung cap cac goi dich vy mien phi cho ngudi ngheo Chang han nhu cung cdp intemet mien phi qua d6 tgo co hpi cho ngudi ngheo tiep can dupc vdi thdng tin mpt each nhanh nhat Cung cap dich vu intemet mien phi cho ngudi ngheo la chinh sach da dupc mpt so quoc gia tren the gidi thuc hien co Thai Lan Cung cdp djch vy intemet mien phi cho ngudi ngheo sg gdp phan giiip hp co dupc co hpi binh ddng hon tiep egn vdi thong tin ciing nhu giiip Chinh phu thyc hien tot muc tieu xay dung chinh phii dien tu Qua sg giup cho ngudi ngheo cd the ndm bdt dupc nhihig thong tin lien quan din \ ipc Iam, kien thiic san xuat, chan nudi, thong tin vl thi tmdng tieu thy san phdm thdi tiet, nham phat trien kinh te, eai thien mirc song Ben canh dd dupc sir dyne intemet ciing giiip cho ngudi ngheo cd them nhung kien thiic ve stic khde, xa hpi, ^^ Nghiin ciki Con ngu6f a6 9(105) 2010 Nguyen Dinh Tudn T i i lifu tham khao Bp U o dpng, Thucmg binh va Xa hpi 2019 Quyit djnh so I052/QD-TBLDXH 29/7/2019, Quyet djnh Cong bo kit qua soat hp ngheo hp egn ngheo nam 2018 theo chuan ngheo tilp can da chieu ap dyng cho giai doan 2016-2020 Bp Thong tin va Truyen thong 2017 Bdo cdo long kit cdng tdc nam 2017 vd phuang hudng nhiem vy nam 2018 (https://www.interaetworldstats.com/stats3.htm), truy cap 12/10/2018 Ngan hangThe gidi 2018 Budc tien mdi: gidm ngheo vd thjnh vugng chung d Vi^t Nam J^idsenYietramSmajtphomlrsm^RepottlOll.Stnartphcme keeps ^ increasing usage incidences in key cities; whilst rural smartphone users reaching i^ to (5S% , (https://wvvw.nielsai.coni/content/dam'nielsen^bal/vn/docs'PR_EN/Web_Nielsen_Smartphone^/o2 01nsights_EN.pdf) Tong cyc Thing ke 2018 Ket qud khdo sdt mirc sdng ddn cu Viet Nam nam 2016 Nxb Thong ke Tong cyc Thong ke, (https://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=721), truy cgp 08/10/2018 Ng/i/tfn cdu Con nguit s6 6(105) 2019 27 ... viec tiep can thdng tin, cung nhu khdng co kha nang chi tra cho cac dich vu cung cap thong tin se khien cho ngudi ngheo bj hgn chi co hpi tiep can thong tin noi chung va thong tin ve dinh dudng,... phyc vy tilp can thong tin Dieu co nghla la a 6/8 vimg c6 nhieu hp ngh^o da chieu, m^c dii hp gia dinh co nhung tai san de phyc vy cho tiep can thong tin (tivi, dai, miy vi tinh, ) nhung Iai khong... va Ihfnh vumig chung a Vi^i Nam tr 11 Tim hieu ve tinh trang thieu hyt cac dich vy vien thong va tai san phuc vu tilp can thong tin cho thiy, tinh din nSm 2016, trung binh 100 hp gia dinh co 193,3