Nghề Gốm Nam Bộ Qua Các Phát Hiện Khảo Cổ Học

NGHE GOM NAM B O QUA CAC PHAT HIEN KHAO CO HOC NGUYEN TH[HOAI HUONG" iVJLd diu Trong hiu hit eac di tich khao cd hpe tiln su - so sir Nam Bp diu phat hien dugc dfl gflm Dfi gfim khfing chi dupc phit hifn rat nhieu d nhung di chi sin xuil mi edn tim thiy rit nhilu dd gdm vd ken day cae ting vSn hda cua cic di lich cu trii hoic dd gfim lim dupc ihiy cic mfi ting nhu dfl tfly ting vi gfim bi dgp vd vun rii ben trin mfi Q Nam Bfi, ben canh nhu'ng hifn vat gdm, cdn phit hifn nhilu hifn vii lien quan din nghi lim gdm thu cdng nhu: cdng cy bin xoa gdm, khufin in nip day, nguyin lilu dit set, diu vii nung gfim ngoii trdi, Vife phit hifn eae hifn vat khio efi liln quan din ky thuat gdm bing lay dung ban dap va hdn kf (paddle and anvil) va khudn in (mould) la nhihig ky thuit co bin chi lac dd gdm ed irong giai dogn tien su vi so su d Ddng Nam A ndi ehung va Nam Bfi Vift Nam ndi riing I Do gom cic di tich khao co hpc d Nam Bp / / D6 gom phdl hifn cdc di tich fhdi lien sir Dd gfim li logi di vgt phd biin hiu hit cac di tich thufic thdi ky niy d Nam Bd nhu Binh Thuin, Ddng Nai, Binh Duang, Binh Phudc, Ba Rja - Vung Tiu, Thinh phfi Hd Chi Minh Tiy Ninh va mpt phin dgc sdng Vim Cd Ddng cua linh Long An (nhu An Son, Lgc Giang, Rgch Niii) Dudi day xin gidi thieu so bp gdm phit hifnfrongmdt sfi di tich: / / / Viing Ddng Nam Bg - Do gdm irong di tich Cdu Sdt tinh Bong Nat (nien dgi 5.000-4.500BP) Dfi gfim phat hifn duge di lich niy gflm eac loai hinh: chgu, bat, nfii, bat chan eao (dgu), cfic, nhflng manh gfim ghe trdn (Bin vg 2) Chit lieu gdm ed cic logi gdm ying, dfi mjn, den thd d Idp tren Lop dudi cd gfim dfi thd, den li chu yiu Theo kit qui nghiln cuu ciia Difp Dinh Hoa, nguyfn lieu gfim li loai set mii va set phu sa sfing vdi ylu tfi vi lugng kem la 0,01%, phdt li 0,1%; ed loai set cao lanh cd thinh phin khoing chinh li thach anh vi felspal Dfi nung dgt khoing 500-600"C vi nung d nhift dg niy, khoang cao-linii bj hiiy gin hit Thinh phin gflm tir xuong ra, khflng efi ao vi vd, ed Ioai gfim den pha cit, c6 io, dfi nung cao; lai cd logi gdm xdp hay cdn gpi la gfim "bich quy" Gfim "bich quy" li logi gfim co chit Nghiln cuu sinh - Vifn Nghiln ciiu Phit triln TPHCM Khdo CO hoc, sd 2/2014 lifu khoang set phu sa sdng chda nhilu voi vi bi thye vat Logi gfim niy lim thiy d Ciu Sit, Sudi Di (Hing Gdn 9), Bin Dd (TP HCM) (Difp Dinh Hoa, 1978:31- 42) vl kj thuit tao hinh, gflm Ciu Sit dupc chi tic bing bin xoay, cd mdt sd dupc nin bing tay Phoi gdm dugc tao bing kJ thuit dai cufin vife ehi tgo mfit sfi loai hinh Trang Iri bang kJ thu§t bin dip, hdn kl, bing lin thung, khic vach vi die bill li tfi thd hoing tren dd gdm (Le Xuin Difm, Bfli Chi Hoing 1991:138) - Do gdm di tich Sudi Linh huyen VTnh Cuu linh Dong Nai (nien dgi 4.500-2.500BP) Cac cupe khao sit, khai quit d day da tim dugc 15.780 minh vd dyng 39 chile ban xoa va 397 minh vd ban xoa Gdm Sudi Linh cd cac chit lifu nhu gdm ihd, pha nhiiu eat, bi thue vat vi vd nhuyen thi nghiin vyn Gfim ehu yeu cd io ngoai mau niu dd hay nau sim, xuang gfim miu nau nhat hay cflng miu vdi io (chilm hon 80%) Gdm c6 xuong den khfing nhiiu Gdm mm ed mau xim niu hay xim ving ehilm ti II il (khoing 15%) vi loai ed xuang den tim thay rat il (Lf Xuan Difm vi cfing sy 1991139) v l ky ihual lao hinh, dfi gfim Sufii Linh cd nhilu dang mifng loe, mifng khum khdng co cfl, loai ehan dl liln ed tilt difn hinh tam giac, loai diy bing Gdm cd hoa van khie vach va in chim ehiem ty If eao Cic dd an hoa vin Ihudng Ihiy li cic hing in cham trin vanh mifng; cic bing hoa vin vdi eie hpa tilt khic vach nua hinh udn, hinh ring cua, ring sfii, hinh lam giic nfii tilp; vin dip nfli thinh dai Cie nhi khio cd cho ring du cd nhirng nit die trung riing, nhung gfim Sufii Linh cd nhung net luong dfing, gin gui vl logi hinh dyng, vl hoa vin vdi cic di tich My Lgc, Ddc Chfla (Binh Ducmg) vi Binh Da, Cii Van, Sudi Chdn (Ddng Nai) va Bin Dd (TP.HCM) Dd gdm d diy chu yeu dugc lim bing bin xoay (ban ve 7, 8) - Do gdm Irong di tich Nui Gdm - ggi Id di tich Hdng Gdn I huyen Xudn Loc tinh Ddn Nai (nien dgi khodng 4.000 nam cdch nay) Dd gfim d day ed eae Ioai hinh ndi, bit nhd, bit tfi, dia Cic loai bat va dTa d d^ thufing cd chin di Gdm ehu yeu cd hai logi chit lifu: Loai xuong gdm den Iam bing sit Iron bi thyc vat va loai gfim xuong mau xam sang ed trfin cit thgch anh, felspal vi sgn quing sit Cic logi gom diu mjn, dupc nung eung, chic, Idp io mjn miu niu dfi hoic dd (Lf Xuan Difm, va cpng sy 1991: 81, 97) Theo cich phin loai ciia Saurin, cd logi chit lilu gom di lich Niii Gfim nhu sau: Logi I: gfim thfi, xuong mau xim nhgt hoJc xim sam, mil ngoii nau dd hoic nau den, chit phu gia efi nhilu hgt khoing thgch anh, felspal lin eic hat ecolithes ferrugineux, dfi nung cao Logi hinh thudng thiy li cic chum Idn, dudng kinh mifng 30 - 40cm, diy 1cm, eiing cd nhflng vd nhd hon Dfii cd dudng ranh d mifng de day nip Khdng cd hoa vin trang tri, ddi manh ed phu io gdm Logi 2: li loai xuong ed miu ving nhal hoic xam, mil ngoai efi miu vang nhat hoge xim hay niu Trong ehit phy gia cd hat Ihaeh anh, felspal, cd lin viy mica, hat leolithes ferrugineux, hgt tinh the mau den ferro magnesiens Loai hinh dfl gflm cd vd kich thudc trung binh vi nhfi, khflng day qui Nguyen Thi Hoai Hirong - Nghe gom Nam 89 0,5cm; binh vi dTa efi chin dl, ndi cd dai hinh trdn Mil gfim cd phfl lop io miu nau dd hoic dd luoi bdng, CO trang tri sd il vin ihimg va nhiing dai bang khic vgeh tren nin vin thflng Loai 3: la loai gfim mau vang xam cd xuong xim xanh, chit phy gia li nhung hgt phen - xpit, khdng ed viy mica Logi gdm niy rit il, chi cd mpt vii manh ehan dl vfi Loai 4: li logi gom miu den hoic xim sSm, xuong den, dfi nung thip Chit phy gia gflm thach anh, felspat Ian hgt ferro magnesiens, pisolithes ferrugineux day, tgp chit than phd biln vi nhiiu, hgt khoing ril hilm, loai gflm niy cd sd lupng nhiiu va cd nhilu logi hinh C6 cic logi ndi diy 0,7cm, nhihig vd ed gd eanh d than, nhflng dia diy bing mi dfi co nhiing chile cd thi la nip d^y tren nhirng vd cd chin de vi nhung chin nhd hinh try cd ehin de Hoa vin hiu nhu gidng gflm Ioai Ngoai ra, cflng ed dai hoa vin khic vgch Dd gflm logi diu cd phii Idp io Logi 5: li logi gdm miu xim, xuong xam hoJc den, dfi nung eao, ed vet than Ifl Irln be mil Chit phy gia li khoing dupc nghiin rit nhd, il Id ngoai, hilm hgt thgch anh, nhifu dau than Logi gfim niy dugc chi lie can thin, logi hinh gfim nhflng logi ndi cd rit mdng (Imm), Ip nhd, dTa ed diy Idi trdn Dya vio su khic thinh phin hda hgc ciia xuang gom, Saurin ghi nhgn cac loai gdm ndi trin cd ngudn gfle lir nguyen lieu sit vflng ba dan tai ehd (Xuin Lgc, Dau GiSy), nhung dupe chi lac d nhihig "xudng gdm" khac Nhiing ehit phy gia co thi khai thac tfl- ngufin dit phu sa cua cac sflng, sufii LL2 Vimg Tdy Nam Bg Dd gdm d mien Tay Nam bp eung da phit hifn thugc giai dogn tiln su frong cic di tieh tifu bilu nhu An Son, Rach Nui, giai dogn sdm cua Gd Cao Su, Gd Chiia thupc tinh Long An; giai doan sdm eua Gd Cay Tung, Gd Tu Trim (An Giang), Trong di chi An San, cd logi nguyin lifu dil sfl cd pha trfin them nhilu bi thyc vat, Ih^im chi nhiiu vd triu At tgo hinh nhimg loai g6m tiid nhu ndi Ion, bip 16 dun niu (ei ring) rit phfi bien cie di ehi tiln su luu vyc sdng Ddng Nai Ngoii cdn cd logi gfim mjn pha cit, tfi miu vi trang Vci hoa vin chim dai, khic vach vdi nung cao, rit mdng vi diu din (Bin vl 3,4,5,6) Ve ky thuat Iam gfim, nghien ciiu gdm va eic nguyin lifu lim gfim di ehi An San, cie nhi khio cd nhgn thiy nhiiu diu in kJ thuat giii cufin, nin bing tay vi nhihig dfi gflm nhu thi cd sy tham gia cua bin xoay cic di tich An Son, Lpc Giang, Rach Niii Dd gdm di tich Rgch Nui khac bift vdi cic di tich tren vl ci logi hinh lan chit lifu Gdm d diy thfl, day, pha nhilu san sfii, ba thye vit Ky thuit tgo hinh dfi gdm bing nin tay vdi nhihig diu vit Ifii kim lit rd Gfim d day chi ed hoa van ky thuat (Ihimg, chaiX lit it hoa van khic vach nhu cac ditichkhic (B^ 8:1-12) Nhin chung, khu vyc niy tfin tgi hi thfing gfim khac nhau: (I) Hf thflng gfim cdng, pha cit cd chgn lge phS biin trang nhilu di ehi nhu Binh Da, An San, Lgc Giang, Dinh Ong, Rgch Nui, Su6i Linh, ciu sit Bin Dd Hf thfing gfim dugc tgo hinh bing dai cufin, thao tac vu6t han thfi eae vlt cufin 34 Khdo CO hoc, sd 2/2014 chiim Iy le rit cao nen gdm thudng mdng, gflm chic; loai hinh dfi gflm phong phu, die bift la loai hinh dTa cd chan dl eao hinhflngdie vdi nhiing trang tri bang dii chfl- S Iam chu dao phdi hgp in diu vii rit mjn vi milt bdng gin gui thii phip tao hoa van trin gdm Phung Nguyen, nhung vl ea bin logi hinh vi mfl lip hoa vin thi khic vdi Phung Nguyin Cic loai vin thirng, van chii irin dfi gfim logi cung diu rit mm vi diu din; (2) Hf thfing gfim xfip nhe, chit lifu set chda it eit va bi thyc vat Gfim logi niy thudng cd miu xim tring, xim den cd hoa vSn ihimg dgp ben ngoai, diu vet tgo gfim bing tay dl nhin thiy ben dfi gdm vdi cdng cy phy trg li bin dap vi hdn ke Do chat lifu gfim thfi nin thin dfi gflm thudng diy, chu yeu la cic logi noi, vd 1.2 Dd gSm thdi ky tiin sir mugn (niin dgi 23O0BP-I AD) Giai doan thugc thdi ky tiln su mudn tfln tgi hai nhom di tich: Nhom di chi cu tni - mp huyft dit vi nhdm di chi mp chum Nhdm di chi cu tni m§ huyft dat bao gdm Dde Chiia, Cu Lao Riia, Bung Bac, Bung Tham, Long Bim, Gd Cao Su, Gd Chiia vi nhdm edn lai vdi dai difn li Gifing Phfl, Gifing Ci Vfi, Phu Hoi, Diu Giay, Hing Gdn, Sufii Chdn GiiJa hai nhdm niy vfl^a ed mfii lifn hf som muon vua cd mfli liln hf dflng dai Diu hifu chuyln mdn hoa sin xuit thii cfing xuat hifn rat sdm nhung tinh da dgng Igi dugc bio luu moi mpl cgng ddng cho din tan giai doan so sir: Mdt lang, khflng chi nfli trdi mgt nghi Ihu cfing mi lim nhieu nghi khie nhu chi tie di, niu thuy tinh hay lim trang sue bing nhuyen the nhu nhimg "ling" Sufii Linh, Giflng Phfl, Gidng Ci Vfi Dfi gfim lilu biiu thdi ky niy cd thi Ihiy d Gidng Phit, Giong Ca Vd (Cin Gid, TPHCM) vdi ky thugt nan lay, gia cd bing bin dip (cufin Ihimg), chai (nhieu ring bing mep vd sd) hay in in (que cd dau del) vi hdn ke bing di cudi Hoa vin khic vach trang tri Ihl hifn trinh dg thim my cao, Gdm Irong Ififp cu irii hoa vin ky thugt li chii yiu vdi kilu in in d vudng, in dip kilu xuong ci thfi, d ehum gdm li in dap van thung d than vi gia c6 thim diy chum bing vin chii Ihfl Dfi gfim'cfi nung eao, nhift dg nung kha dn djnh Tuy nhien vl each nung gfim, ed thi dfi gflm duge nung ngoai trdi 1.3 DS gdm thdi ky lich su s&tn (nien dgi TK I - XII AD) Den giai dogn lich sd sdm, dd gom dugc tim thay chu yeu eie di ehi cu trii thupc vin hda 6c Eo, phan bd chu ylu d vflng Tiy Nam Bg v i mit nguyfn lilu, dd gfim 6c Eo dugc chi tic tu loai dit sit co ngudn gfic tir sy phin huy di hoa euang va nhirng chit lilu co ngudn gfic phu sa, Tuy nhiln, dfli vdi timg loai hinh dd gfim, cd Ihl ngudi xua da dung nhifu nguyin lifu khic dl chi tie, di phfl hgp vdi myc dich su dung Theo Louis Malleret, chit lifu dfi gfim Oe Eo vl co bin ed Ioai: sfl mjn, set pha eit min, set pha cit thd, gdm xdp pha eat thd, bi thyc vat vi gfim xfip nhe Dfl gfim dugc lim bing ky thuat ban dip - hdn ke (cic nhi khao ed thudng ggi li bin xoa) va ky thugt bin xoay nhung vin vdi cich nung gfim ngoii trdi Logi hinh dd gdm Oe Eo rit phong phu vdi cac loai nfii, vd, hu, binh, Ip, chiu, bit, Iy ed chan di, chan din, nip vung, ci ring (blp Id)., Qje bift la logi hinh dd dyng lim bing dit set lgc ky rit min, cd ihl dugc nung Id g^m binh kendi, binh ed vfii hinh chop, lp dung huang lifu, ly cd ehan Logi gdm mjn niy ed io ngoii miu tring xim, iring Nguyin Thj Hoai Hirorng- Nghe gom Nam Bo mfic, kem nhat, dfi hflng dd nhal vi den Xuong gdm cd miu xam tro nhat, xam tro tring, do, dfi hfing va den Nhilu xuong gfim efi phin ldi xim den,ria2 ben xim tring hoic kem nhal, hfing nhat Chat lieu gfim g6m.2 logi thfi vi mjn Gfim thd ehu yeu duge lim bing dit set pha ba thyc vit va cat, phd biln vdi cac loai hinh nfii, binh, vd nip cd niim, thd/chau, chin cde nhd Gfim ehu ylu dupc lam bing dil set min, dugc Igc ky, gan gidng nhu nguyen lieu sinh sii, thinh thoang cd lin it hgt laterit va it eat Nhin chung, cd the cho ring, dd gflm 6c Eo ed nhung dae diim gidng mang tinh truyin thdng efla dfl gdm giai doan tiin su d vung Nam Ddng Duong (Ll Xuan Diem vi cfing sy 1995:383) Tuy nhiln, eho din nay, hf thfing gfim 6c Eo cung chua cd mfit phan ky thuc su rfi ring vi van edn rit it di tieh duge bill cd dja tang diy vi liln lyc O Nam bd, giai doan niy chi cd di tich eu tni Gd Tu Trim, nim quin ihl khu di lieh 6c Eo - Ba The ed dja ting diy va kha dn djnh, cd niin dgi tdn lai tir thi ky I BC din thi ky XII AD, dd cd cie giai doan cu tni: giai doan tu thi ky I EC din ihi ky II AD; giai doan tCr ihl ky III din Ihl ky VI vi giai dogn cd kiin tnic tir ihl ky VII - XII (Nguyen ThjHi2012)(BinvgI0) Nhi khio cd hgc Nhit Bin Nishimura Masanari dya trfn nien dgi tuyft dfii vi sy phai triln cua cae logi hinh dd gdm va dfi di di phan ehia qui trinh phat triln vin hda tiin sii d khu vue Nam Bg thinh giai doan (Bang I) Theo dd, giai doan cd niin dgi khoang 2000BC, giai doan II cd nien dgi khoang 2000I500BC, giai dogn III nien dgi mugn hon khoing sau 1500 BC, giai dogn IV nien dai khoing 3000BP va giai doan tiln su mugn trd ve sau Trong sd niy cd nhimg di tich cd sy phit trien lien lyc eiia cac loai hinh dd gflm qua Ihdi giantirgiai dogn den giai dogn (Nishimura Marasari 2002:50) Bang 1: Phan chia giai do^n cic di tich thoi ky tiln sa Nam Bp GD GD GD4 Tiln su mupn GDI An Son Loc Giang Rach Rung Raeh Nui ? Gidng Cay Trdm Dinh Ong NDll ? BInDd Lon^Buu Binh Da Cai Van Gfi Ca Sdi Sudi Chdn Ciu sat Sudi Linh Ddc Chfla DaKai Ghi chu: kha nang ed hoae kh3ng dd gdm: • : e d ; - : k h fing cd; ?; edkhi ning efi • • • - • • • • • - - • Ngudn: Nishimura Marasari, 2002:50 Khdo CO hoc, so 2/2014 D i e diim ky t h u i t che t i c dh gom d Nam B§ Dac dilm nfli bat ciia gfim thu cdng tiln su Nam Bp Vift Nam la mang tinh da dang va dung ngp nhiiu loai ky thugt giai dogn tiln su, hiu hit dfl gfim phit hifn thugc thdi ky niy diu li cie sin phim dil nung chu ylu dugc ehe lac bing lay, nung ngoii trdi v i nung thip Do dd, cae hien vat gflm duge lim thiy it cdn nguyin ven, ehiing Ihudng bj vd vyn qua thdi gian Bin canh cie san phim dil nung, eic cdng cy v i eae vlt tich lien quan din vife sin xuit dd gdm li nhiing bing chdng cho Ihiy ngudi xua d Nam Bd dS biit chi Igo dd gflm d i sd dyng sinh hogt hing ngiy giai dogn Ijeh sir sfinm, xuil hien nhilu logi dd gdm cimg chic hon, xuong gflm danh cung gin nhu sinh; cic logi dfl gflm sinh theo nhilu phong cich gdm Kulen (Khmer), gdm Vift, gdm Cham, gdm Trung Quflc vdi eic dd gfim sii su dyng nhilu kaolin, cic loai dfl gfim (cd men hoic khfing men) giai doan niy tuong ung voi logi ky thual lam gfim bing ban xoay nhanh v i nung 16 vdi nhift dp cao 2.1 Cdc vit tich liin quan din nguyen li^u vd kp thugt ldm dd gdm I.Nguyen li?u ddt set Diu vlt vf nguyen lieu set lim gfim dugc phat hiln nhilu cic di lich liln sir d khu vye huyen Cin Gid (TPHCM) nhu: Khu Bao Ddng, Giflng Ca Vfi, Gifing C i Tring, Gifing Dit Dfi, Gifing Phf t (anh I), Niii Dit (anh 2), d di tich Go Chia (Long An) ciing phat hien nhilu dau vet hfi dat set Anh V^ ddt set trdng & nui Ddt Anh V^ dat saT trdng & Gidng Ph$t 2.1.2 Ban xoa gom ( cdc ten ggi khac: cong cu ldm gdm hinh ndm bdn in, bdn ddp, hon ke) Ban xoa gfim la dung ey su dyng vife lao ding cho c i c sin phim gflm Bin xoa gflm cd ding hinh chiec nam, gdm efi phin chufii va phin bin xoa Phin chudi la hinh try Iron, mfll diu dupc vufit nhpn, trdn diu hoic bing, diu dudi lo din gin liln vdi phin ban xoa; phin ban xoa ihudng Iron nhSn, hoi eong Ifii, ria mep c6 gd hoic vf trdn, mit tilp xuc phing Mot sd ehiic cd 16 thflng chinh giiia d mpt diu than (dudng kinh 0,6-1 em, siu 0,4em hoic dudng kinh 2,2-2,5cm, siu 0,5-0,6cm), ed ehilc dugc xuyen 16 Uen thin chufii (dudng kinh 1-1,2cm, siu 0,4cm) Bin xoa cd nhilu kich cd khic tiiy Iheo cich su dyng dl ehi tie dfi gdm Idn hay nhd Cd nhihig ban xoa thufic cd Idn ed chieu cao trung binh 11-I4cm, dudng kinh mat xoa 12-I4cm; loai bin xoa trung binh cd ehilu cao tir 9,5-11,5cm, dudng kinh mit xoa 9-]2cm; loai ban xoa nhd ed chiiu eao lir 6,3-7,3cm, dudng kinh m§t xoa 6-7,6cm Cflng dyng cua bin xoa lim tgo ding sin phim lim cho Nguyen Thj Hoai Hirgng- Nghe g^m Nam B$ be m|i deu, phing, nhin vi phdi gom dupc nen ehit Chit lifu gom lim bin xoa ed the khic theo timg dia phuang vi timg giai doan phit trien Hau hit chiing duge lim bing lay, nung cao, xuang cdng chie Ddng Nai, bin xoa phit hifn Uong mdt sfl di lieh thdi ky Di mdi - Ddng Bin xoa thudng lam bang set pha nhiiu cit hgt Idn, bflt vfi nhuyin thi, ba thyc vat, sdi san vi lin viy mica Ao gfim miu niu dfi, xam ving ho$c xim niu Bin xoa dugc tim thiy nhiiu d di tieh Sudi Linh vdi nhiiu loai kich cd Idn nhd (cd 39 chile, 60 chudi cam vi trin 300 minh vd) mpt so chile cd lo thung ehinh giua d mgt dau thin (Ll Xuin Difm vi cgng sy I99I: 146) di tieh Cii Vgn phat hien ifing cpng 32 ehilc, frong dd cd chile chudi vufit gin nhgn vdi mat cit ngang hinh trfin, cdn Igi li bin xoa g6m vdi chudi cim gin thing ho$c cong; mat nam phing hay lugn cong; mpt vii chile cd lo thflng d chinh giiia mit xoa (Pham Due Mgnh 1996: 81) Bin xoa d di tich Cii Ling ed chile, dd mflt chile di bj mil phin chufli cim, chi cdn phin nim trdn d dudi (Bao ling D6ng Nai 2006: 87) di tich Gd Me (ip Chinh NghTa, xi VTnh Thanh, huyfn Nhon Trgch), hfl khai quit s6 2, nim 2004, tren bl mil da thiy cd rit nhilu minh gom, die bift li nhung hdn dit bj nung chiy, Irong dd cd nhflng hdn cdn bim mfit Idp men, chflng 16 da bj nung chay Trong ting vin hfia tir Idp (dp siu each m^t dil lir 0,700,85cm), ed nhilu khoing dil miu dd hfing, niu hfing kil chit bj chiy, xen kl vdi nhirng vft dit set mau ving, phin bfi khoing han 12m^ chda Ifip gflm ken diy, cym gdm vd, mgt viln di cufii ed vit mdn ling vi nhiiu dau vlt than, Bin xoa phit hien d di tich Od Me cao khoing 5em, dudng kinh nim 6,5cm dudng kinh diu chufii 3,5cm Phan dau chufii ed tao Id d giiia Mat ngoii chuoi cim ed trfi 16 xung quanh xuflng tan vdng ehan cua nim bin xoa (Bio ting Ddng Nai 2006: 62 - 63) Kit qui khai quit di chi Gfi Me thu duge vdi rat nhieu gdm vi nhiing hifn vit liln quan din cic vife chi lao dd gdm nhu: minh gflm ghi Irdn, minh gflm hinh lam giac, cic dfl g6m hinh try bj nung chiy, bin xoa, h6n cugi cd vft mdn ling, nin dit chiy, dit sit, nhung manh gflm ed diu vet ldi ky thugt qui trinh sin xuit (mop mIo, dau vlt gin chip vi phdi gflm bj niit ne edn luu lai trin nhihig dd gdm sau nung (Bio tang Ddng Nai 2006:121) Riing logi gdm hinh try, dupc cie nhi khio cd gpi y cd thi chflng li loai gia dO dl nung cic logi bit bdng Ve ky thugt che tie, d6 g6m d day dugc lam bing tay vi nung ngoii n-di Binh Duong, loai hinh bin xoa gdm rat hiem gip cac di tieh khio c6 hpc, eho din nay, ehi tim thiy di tich Ddc Chua vdi ehilc va mdt s6 minh vd irong di lieh Hing Ong Dai (Bfli Chi Hoang 2010: 306) Nhin chung, d miln Dong Nam Bd, cac dyng ey liln quan den vife che tgo dd gfim nhu bin xoa gdm tim thiy chu ylu mgt sd di lich thdi dai tiln sir, nhilu nhit la di tieh Sufii Linh (Dfing Nai) vlt tich lifn quan din vife nung gfim ngoii trdi tim thiy nhiiu d Cin Gid vdi cac gd dit chira nhiiu gdm vyn Tgi cac di tich khao cfl d Cin Gid (nhu Giong Phfl vi Giflng Ci Vd) cdn lim thiy nhiiu hdn di cugi hinh trdn, biu dye chfin theo cic mp chum So sanh vdi tii lieu diin da dan tpc hpc d Tay Nguyfn vi nghf thu edng eua ngudi Bana (Konlum) vi cic viln da cugi trdn tim thiy cie di Khdo cd hoc, sd 2/2014 chi khao efi hpc Lung Leng, cae nhi khio c5 cung nh^n'djnh ring nhihig vien eupi dd hen quan din vife ehi tgo dd gfim (Phgm Ly Huong, Le Hii Ding 2006:77-86) Theo nghien cuu, eic ky thuat chi tic gom cua mgt sfl dan tfic it ngudi thudng dimg hfin eupi, qui trim thay vi dflng bin xoa qua trinh tao ding dfi gfim Vi vay, ed ning ngudi cd Cin Gid cung su dung ky thugt lao ding gdm vdi cfing cu li hfin cugi, eie vdng Ire, vdng miy va nung gfim ngoii trdi nhu tai lieu dan tpc hpe ghi ehep d cic dan tflc viing,Trudng Son - Tay Nguyin Tai An Giang, hifn d Bio ling tinh edn luu gia hifn vgt ban xoa gdm, dd ehilc khdng rd ngudn gfie, nhung cd ll chflng dugc lim thiy d khu vuc Ba The - 6c Eo (Anh - 4) * JI ^^^AS^^" BTAO3120S BTAa3i2o _„•?:?:?:• Aiih4 BTLA:GH89.GM.105 ^ AnhS — - - BTITOH89.GM.106 Anh6 Anh3-4: Bdn xoa gom trung bay tgi Bdo tdng tinh An Giang Anh 5-6: Bdn xoa gom trung bdy tgi Bdo tdng dnh Long An Tai Gfi Hing tinh Long An, phat hifn hifn vgt gifing hinh chile nut chai bing gflm mau tring mfle, Ii tir ehat lifu dat set tring (Anh 5-6) Tgi Gd Cao Su phit hiln dupc mdt chile dyng cy hinh nim, tay cam hinh thdi trdn, diu su dung cd vet mdn nhin; ao gdm miu tring mfle, xuong miu den, dugc lim bang lay Diy li mfit dang ban dap de sua vi milt gflm Nhu vgy, nhflng hiln vat hinh "nut chai" van hda 6c Eo chinh la bin dgp gfim, no la sy phat triln tilp tye ciia logi hinh ban dap g6m trudc dd (Trin Anh Dung va cdng su 2001:70-88) Gd Hing, di thu thap dugc chile bin xoa, d6 cd chile edn nguyin ven, chiic bj vd phye nguyfn ding vi chiic chi c6n phin nim Chflng diu cd dgng hinh nim, vdi nhifu kich ed khic nhau, lam bing dat sit mjn miu xim tring, xim den Trong van hda 6e Eo, loai hifn vgt dugc ggi li bin xoa hay ban in ed tflng sd 12 chiic, thu thap eic di tich 6c Eo (4 chile) Nin Chfla (3 ehilc), Cgnh Din (chiie 3), Thanh Trung (1 chile) vi Gd Thip(Ichiic) Thudng nhthig di vat dugc ggi libin in efi dgng hinh nim, diu Idn loe rgng hai I6i Trfn diu Idn eua nhiiu chile cd hoa vin trang tri nhflng vdng trdn ddng tim rit sic nit vi cd tim li mdt v6ng trdn nhd hoic mdt Id trdn xuyin thing theo chiiu dpc; thin hinh try trdn, hai thon d giiia vi nhd din vi phia chuoi Diu nhd cd ding hoi loe, tgo thinh gin hinh ciu trdn hay mim nhd Phin nhilu cic ban in dugc nin bing loai dit set mjn, chgn Ipc rit kJ, nung d nhift dd eao Ao gom bin ngoii ed miu tring moc hay fring xam Xuong gdm ben cung cd miu tuong ty io gdm ben ngoii, ho^e cd miu xim h-o nhgt d khoang giaa Rieng I bin in dugc tim thiy d Nfn Chiia, h-ong hfi khai qugt NC82.BCX4 thupc loai g6m "sa thach" (theo phan loai ciia L.Malleret thupc logi VI) miu xim cflng, gin nhu sinh (Lf Xuan Difm va cpng sy 1995: 379) Tuy nhien, theo quan sil ciia ehung toi, nhOng hifn vit mi eic Nguyen Thj Hoai Hiro-ng - Nghi gom Nam Bo tie gia neu tren co ie khfing phai cd chiic ning nhu vay m i ed nhieu k h i ning chung la nhiing nip day Trong sd nhflng hien vat dugc cho li bin xoa hay ban in thupc vin hda e Eo thi ehi cd chile Ja bin xoa dieh thyc Nhu vgy, cho din tat ca eac thdi Iq' tiln su cho din so su Nam Bd diu vlt nghi gdm cdn d l Igi vdi nhSng bing chimg rd ring Dau vet nung gdm ngoii udi dugc lim thiy phd biln d eic vimg dit dfii gd eao, nien dai sdm, vdi lugng bin xoa Ion nhu Sufii Linh (39 chiic) v i Cai Van (32 chile) Diu vet 16 nung ehi dugc tim thay d giai doan mupn hon sau ihl ky V Tai cie nude lan can, ban xoa gfim eung duge lim thiy mfit sd 16 sin xuit gdm d Trung Qudc; tai Thai Lan, khai quat khu Id gfim Sankamphaeng cd niin dgi the ky XVI • XVIII eung lim thiy dyng ey niy (Tran Anh Dflng v i nnk 2001: 80) 2.1.3 Khudn ndp dgy Cho din nay, ky thuat lim gdm bing khudn d i duge phit hifn (ed ehilc) di tich Gfi Thip Dd la khudn in eho loai nip day hinh dTa, dgng hinh trfin, mil chinh cong Ifii, irln b i mat cd van khic chim mfl tip hai Idp canh hoa sen hinh thoi Chinh giiia than khudn cd mfit lo trdn xuyin tu bl mat, cong Ifii khdng thung sang mit ben, phin dimg d i tgo tryc giiia cua num cam (diu num duge gin vio sau phin than nap da duge hoin chinh Khudn dugc nin bing tay, xoa mill ling va khic vach lao hoa van chim Kieh thude khufin: cao 4,]-7,9cm, ducmg kinh khudn I3,8-22cm, dudng kinh Id tao num 0,4-2,2cm, chieu diy than gfim lir 4,2-6,5em, diy d giira v i mdng din ria mep khudn (Bin ve 1, inh 7) (Nguyin Quflc Manh 2009:76-77) Banve 1: khudn n ^ Anh Khufin nap 2.2 Vet tich nUi nung gom Id nung gom Nam Bfi chi tim thiy mgt sd vk tieh nung gfim ngoai trdi vdi nhung vit d i l chiy lorn trai rgng trin nhung gd dil nhu d Gifing Ca Vfi (huyfn Cin Gid, TP HCM) Do li diu vlt eac \ap dil chay, c i c Idp than tro xen lin vdi c i c lop minh gdm eiia mgt logi hinh dd dyng (Le Xuan Difm v i cflng su 199: 87-88); hoic phin bfl difn tich nhfi d nhieu di tich nhu Gd Me (Ddng Nai), Gd Hang (xi VTnh Dgi, huyfn VTnh Hung, Long An) vfii cic dac dilm nhu milu la sau: "Tgi mgt diim gdn irung tdm Khdo cd hgc sd 2/2014 go phdl hiin mgt "sdn" rdt cung cung nhiiu mdnh gdm vyw, ket dinh Diin tich sdn ndy cd chieu dai /, 7m rgng 0,3m ddy khodng 0.7m " (Le Xuan Difm vi cfing sy 1995: 91; 159) Diu vlt id nung d Nam Bfl ehi xuit hifn tfl' vin hda 6c Eo vdi phit hien d di tieh NIn Chiia (KUn Giang) Ld nung d ^ dung dl nung nhflng binh gom dgng "chai gom" cd nien ^ tfli IQ'IV - VI Logi sin phim "chai gdm" niy cflng vdi nin dit chiy, dit chiy sIm cd bgt thuy tinh miu xanh bim hin nhimg "chai gfim" vi nhung thfii dit nung dugc cho Ii cfing cy hinh nem dupe su dyng nhu nhihig dh vat ke sin phim gfim Id nung cung dugc tim thay d Giflng Am (Cin Gid, TPHCM) niin dgi thi ky IV-V AD Bing Cdc vet tfch liin quan den sdn xudt gdm Irong cdc di tich khdo c6 hgc & Nam Bg STT Dia di^m phat hi$n Tinh, khu vuc Suoi Litih Dong Nai Cai Van Dong Nai Loai cong cu Khuon Hinh ndm; n^p manh vft 39;397 G6 Cao Su Long An C4i Lang Dong Nai G6 Me (Nhon Trach) Giong Ca Vo Gi6ngDStD6 Nui Dat Gi6n^ Dil Do Gidng C4 TrSng Doc Chua Hang Ong Dai D6ng Nai 2; II 12 3.360±80BP 3.195±70BP 3370 ±80; 2650±70BP 3.070-2.850BP 2.900- 2.770BP 2.700-2.500 BP Can Gift, Cin Gift Cil Gift, Can Gift Can Gift Binh Duong Binh Duong Nien dai di tich 4.500-2.500BP 32 10 Dau vet nung gftm X X X 2500 ± 100 BP 2500 ± 100 BP 2.500-2.300BP X X Mpt so manh vft 13 Giong Ph|t Can Gift 14 G6 Tu Trim An Giang 15 16 17 G6H4ng 06 Dung OcEo Long An Long An An Giang 5; 18 19 20 21 22 VTnh Chau A 06 Thap Nhon Thanh Nen Chiia Oiong Am Long An Dong Thip Can Tho Kien Giang Can Gift 2.495 ±50BP X X 2420± 484 BP 2I00±50BP 2030 ±SOBP (Iftp sdm nhat) I970±60BP X X 1665±40BP Nguyen Thj Hoai Huong - Nghe gom Nam BQ Kel luin Nam Bd, vife sin xuil gflm da xuil hifn tu thdi dgi Di mfii vi phit triln rit mgnh giai dogn so ky Ddng thau hong dd tieu bilu li cic di chi nhu An Son, Rgch Niii, Dinh Ong, Binh Da, An Son hay Lge Giang va dac bift la eic di tich Sudi Linh vi Rgeh Niii dugc coi la nhihig mii gdm Trong giai doan tiln su mugn tim thiy nhiiu dd gfim d khu vuc Cin Gid nhu d di tich Gidng Ci Vd Gidng Phit Nui Dit, Khu Bao Dfing Nhung minh vd dfi gfim ken chat ting vin hfia ciia cic di lieh vdi sd lugng hing trim ngan manh Day li mgt yong nhung chung cir chic chin vl vife sin xuit gfim vi su dung phd biln dfl gdm gia dyng eua cu din thdi tiln su mugn d Nam Bfl Ve nguyen lifu lam gdm, Ioai dit set da phin duge su dung theo chit lieu vdn efi ma cd thi quan sit dugcfrongxuong gfim li set pha eat cd iin nhilu hat khoing thgch anh, felspal lan cac hgt ecolithes ferrugineux, vd nhuyin thi, hoac cd pha Iron thim nhilu bi thue vat, thim chi nhilu vfi yiu dl lao hinh nhChig loai ndi thd, blp Id (ei ring) rit phd biin cic di ehi tiln sd mugn va sa su' d Nam Bg Tuy nhifn tiiy theo chit lieu d mfli vung mi ed su khie bift nhit dinh diiu minh chimg cho suy doin frude day la cd ed co sd "ed nhiiu ning tinh dia phuangfrongdfi gfim ta ngufin nguyin lifu quylt dinh vi vi loai hinh khfing efi sy khic bilt rd rang giua cic khu vye ndi Irln" (Han Vin Khin 2008: 307) Vi ky thugt lim gdm, frong eic di chi lieu bilu nhu An San, Dinh Ong, Gifing Ci Vfi Nfli Dat, cd kha nhieu gdm cd dau vet kJ thuit dai cufin, nin bing tay, dung bin dap hdn ke, nhung dd gdm rat mdng va deu dan, dau vet vdng quanh than tucmg ty nhu diu vlt dl Igi eiia ban xoay gfim Mfll kha ning khic, gfim dugc chi tic tren mfit bin xoay cham hoic ngudi thg gfim di chuyln vdng quanh voi tdc dfi rit nhanh va thuan thuc, dieu luyfn Nhimg quan sit dan ifie hgcfrongphuang phip lim gom eiia ngudi Khmer Nam Bfi cho thay cd cac dau vet tucmg ty Rieng loai hinh dd gfim ihude giai doan lien su mugn - ijch sir sdm phat hien nhifufrongcic di tich 6e Eo di dugc lim bing ban xoay Vf ky thugt nung gdm: vife nung gfim ngoai frdi rat phd bien d Nam Bg xua Cic phai hiln khio CO ve vet tich nen dit chay nung gdm ngoii trdi nhu d Gd Me, Gd Hing, Gifing Ci Vd, Gidng Phfl hay dau vlt mau sic io gdm va xuong gdm khfing diu muc dfi tilp xue vdi lua vi dg nung khdng eao Hifn vife nung gdm ngoii frdi cd the quan sit d cac ling gfim Chim (Ninh Thugn, Binh Thuan) hoic cie ling gfim Khmer d An Giang, Kiln Giang Loai gfim mjn frong eie di lich vin hda 6c Eo sdm efi chit iif u gdm danh chic, tucmg img voi giai doan sdm cua dfi gflm Gd Tu Trim (An Giang), Gd Chiia va Gd Cao Su (Long An), neu nung gfim ngoii frdi thi nung khfing thi dgt dugc dl tao sin phim cd cimg chic nhu thi Dii lo nung chua lim thiy dau vll, song logi gfim ed Ihl da dugc nungfronglo Co Ihl ndi, san xuit dd gdm thuc sy la mfit nghi quanfrongfrongddi sflng ciia ngudi Nam Bd ed xua Vife tim dugc bin xoa (hdn ke) irong hiu khip eic di ehi cho thay cfing vife lim gfim duge thyc hifn tgi noi cu trfl, da sd cie edng dfing cu dan diu bill lam gfim Nghe gfim thdi ky niy d Nam Bd cd le chua tich hintfiinhmdt nghi thfl cfing riing bill nhung da phan nao mang tinh chuyfn hda Nghiln cuu diln da dan tfic hgc hifn tgi cic ling gdm thu cflng cdn su dyng ky ihuit ban dip bing tre, gfl va hdn ke (bin xoa) bing gfim eiia ngudi Khmer d An Giang, Kiln Giang, so sinh vdi cac hien vat khao cd liln quan din vife ehf tic dd gfim d Nam Bfl xua cho thiy, vl hinh dang, kieh thudc va chit lifu cua nhung chiic bin xoa xua tim thiy frong cac di tich khao cd vi hien khflng Khdo cd hgc, sd 2/2014 khic ding kl Vdi ky thuit ban dip v i hdn ke, ngudi thg gfim di vdng quanh bin theo chilu kim ddng hd d i tgo ding gfim Ky thuat tgo hinh la ehgeh kit hgp dat bin d l dung hinh ding gfim Cie dang hoa vin ky thugt duge khic sin irln bin dip va dgp fryc tilp Ien dfi gdm udt Til nhOng phin tich trin eho thiy, truyin thfing ky thu^t chi tie dfl gfim d Nam Bfi cd truyen thfing tix thdi ky liln su Ky thuit chi tic gom bing bin dgp, hdn ke, phuong phap tgo hinh dii cufin dfing vai frd chii dgo, hoa vin dan gian vdi cic dfi in khie vach, thung, d i p nfii, chim dii v i nung gfim ngoii frdi Loai hinh sin phim gdm hinh ciu, mifng loe khdng ehin de hoic cd chan de Chat lifu chfl ylu khai thic tir ngufin nguyen lilu sin cd, it pha trdn hoic cd pha trfin cung theo edng dyng cua tung logi hinh dfi dyng, chii yiu theo kinh nghifm Din giai dogn tien sii: muon (khoang dau Ihl ky I sau Cfing nguyin frd di) xuil hifn dd gdm cung, danh, d^e bift li eic logi hinh dd gfim cic di tich c Eo cho thiy rfi cd su tdn lai cflng luc hai ddng gdm chinh: gdm nung frong Id v i nung ngoii trdi Vl chit lifu, diu vlt ky thugt va logi hinh dfi gom cung khac Logi gfim nung ngoai trdi vdi gdm thfi set pha eit mjn hoic cil thfi; v i logi gdm xdp pha cil, ba thyc vat hoic chat phu gia khie Nghien cuu fruyin thdng gfim d khu vyc Bic Bg cho thay, tir giai dogn Ddng Dgu, Gd Mun frd di gdm da dugc nung frong nhimg Id gdm chuyen dung ky thual khfing ehe liia rat eao Cd the 16 gom gidng vdi logi Id gfim dan gian hifn tgi d Mudng Chanh (San La) Cdn d Nam Bg, giai dogn tiln sir CO the giflng vdi eie tde ngudi cdn sin xuat gdm Ihu cdng, nung gdm ngoai frdi nhu ngudi Khmer (linh An Giang v i tinh Kiln Giang) vdi ky thugt ehe tie gfim bing bin d i p va hfin kf; lu giai doan tiln su mudn trd di dfi gfim phfi biln lim bing bin xoay v i nung gom frong Id Tuy nhiln hai ddng ky thuat lim bing lay/bin xoay, nung ngoii trdi/trong Id vin ton tgi song song TAI LIEU DAN BAO TANG TINH DONG NAI 2006 Vdn hoa khdo co thai dgi kim vimg ddt ngap man a Dong Nai Nxb Tong hgp Ddng Nai DAO LINH CON 2004 Di chi cu Hit van hoa Oc Eo - Ba The (An Giang), Toyota Foundation Nhat Bin tii trg, Vifn K! IXI1 vflng Nam Bg LE XUAN DIEM, PHAM QUANG SON, BUI CHJ HOANG 1991 Khdo c6 hoc Dong Nai Nxb Dong Nai LE XUAN DIEM NGUYEN THI HAU NGUYEN THj HOAI HUONG 1997 Mot trdm cdu hoi dap vi Khdo c6 hoc Thdnh phd H6 Chi Minh Nxb VHSG: 275 NGUYEN KIM DUNG 2006, Cdc nghi Ihu cong liin sa sir Vi?t Nam (Nhirng 1^ thugl cS iiinsu) Giao Innh giing dgy sau dai hgc, DHQG Ha Ngi, bin danh may T R A N ANH DUNG, BUI VAN LIEM, NGUYEN DANG C U ' N G 2001 Khai qualdi chi Gd Cao Su (Long An) lan thit nhit Khdo cd hgc, so 4: 70-88 NGUYEN TH] HA 2012 Di lich Go Tu Trdm (An Giang) Lugn vin Thgc sT Dgi hoe Quoc gia TPHCM !2g^;yen_Thj Hoai Huang - Nghe g6m Nam By DIEP DINH HOA 1978 N ^ i e n ciru ve gfim cficac tinh phia Nam Khao co hoc sd 3: 31-42 BUI CHi HOANG (cb) 2010 Khao cfl hoc Binh Duong tir tien sd den so su Nxb KHXH PHAMLYHU'ONG 1994 Viky thuat nung gom lien sirvasasirdVift Nam /c:teiocoAcic s62:32-36 HAN VAN KHAN 2005 Thu tim mli quan hf ciia ngudi Phiing Nguyen vdi nhirng cu dan ciing ihoi a Dong Nam A va nam Trung Quoc Khao cdhoc so 2: 15-27 HAN VAN KHAN (cb) 2008 Casd K/ido co IIQC, NXB DHQG Ha Nfii PHAM DUG MANH 1996 Baa cdo khai quai di lich khdo c6 hoc Cdi Van Tu lieu Vifn Nghien cdu phat trien ben vung vimg Nam Bg NISHIMURA MASASARIN 2002 Chronology of the Neolithic Age in the Soulhein Vietnam Journal of Southeast Asian Archaeology 22, pp.25-57 NGUYEN QUOC MANH 2009 Do gdm Oc Eo Irong di chi cu Ini khu di tich Go Thdp (iiuy^n Thdp Mudi linh Ddng Thdp) Luin van Thgc sT KHLS, Trudng DHKHXH&NV TPHCM VU CONG QUY 1978 Gidi thilu each nung gom mot s6 dan tdc Dong Nam A Nfmng phdl liien mai vi Khao CO hoc nam 1977 Nxb KHXH.: 260 - 264 CERAMIC INDUSTRY IN SOUTHERN AREA OF SOUTHERN VIET NAM THROUGH ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES NGUYEN THIHOAI HUONG This paper sums up all the discoveries and the studies on the ceramics from the archaeological sites in the southern Vift Nam from Prehistory to the early history, with the generalization of their characteristics in every area and period of their development In addition, it also refers to the traces related to clay material, tools for making and techniques for burning ceramics The archaeological remains related to the production and the use of ceramics are rather popular in the Southern Viet Nam, wilh the nature as a semi-specialised handicraft in Ihe agricultural villages and the tendency to gradual development to specialised production Khda ci hoc, sd 212014 cac loai hinh ^^m C^u Sdt Bin ye 2: Cdc logi Hah di gim Ciu Sil (Bang Ndi) Ngudn: UXuSn Dilm, Phfm QiidngSm, BU CM Hoing, 1991 Nguyen Thj Hoit Hiromg - Nghe g^m Nam B$ t * p van h«attn>2 (An Scm) uujtLM IAULM B i n v l : Cdc hgi hinh dd gdm Idp v&n hda An San (Long An) Nguon: Nishimura, 2002 Khdo cd hoc, sd 2/2014 Ban ve 4: Cdc logi hinh gdm Idp van hda An San (Long An) Nguon: Nishimura, 2002 Nguyen Th) HoM Hiroiig - Nghi g i m W«m B j - ^^"w^^ ^ ^ ^ • ^ ' ^ = ^ ^ B i n v I S : Cdc logi hinh dd gom Idp van hda An San (Long An) Ngudn: Nishimura, 2002 i fe-£;;V iy / » % ^ • ^ - /^^e^ _^'"'t~wr r^ '."'iBl^^^ ru ^ B i o ve 6: S^ thay doi cdc logi hinh gdm An Sffn theo Idp van hda Nguon: Nishimura, 2002 Khio ci hoc, sd 212014 ^ ^ 7/" ^ ^^ T' < - \ < ^ -X- ^ ^^ ^W l|.0ôvur>(Mr*iô-iS| M>aqMn|Hlr#i ãã> Ban ve 7: Dd gom Ddc Chita (1-S); Cii V911 (6-150 v i Sudi Chdn (16) Ngudn: Nishimura, 2002 Nguyin Thj Hoil Hinrag - Ngtl gim Nam Bj ^ Y'm^, ^v ^mk^4^^t SS.W-": BiD ve 8: Bi gom Rfch Niii (1-12); Binh Da (13-21) Nguon: Nishimura, 2002 Khdo cd hgc, sd 2/2014 lAt M4 a u «tW MJl UM U* Ml —S^SS" z7 \ \^ ^ L— • Ban ve 9: Do gdm Binh Da (khai quSt 1993) Ngudn: Nishimura, 2002 '^guytn Th| Heal Hirong - Nghe gom Nam B9 iPP fP^ \i r=^ TST' Ban ve 10: M«t s i loai Unb g i m G i TIT Tram (An Giang) Nguon: Nguyin Thj Bk, 2012 f^ ^ - ^ ^M mv^ m w mgBB0 $ Ban d£p hoa van gdm GA Tw TrSm (An Giang) Nguyen Thj Hi, 2012  ... nung gom lien sirvasasirdVift Nam /c:teiocoAcic s62:32-36 HAN VAN KHAN 2005 Thu tim mli quan hf ciia ngudi Phiing Nguyen vdi nhirng cu dan ciing ihoi a Dong Nam A va nam Trung Quoc Khao cdhoc so... ehiing Ihudng bj vd vyn qua thdi gian Bin canh cie san phim dil nung, eic cdng cy v i eae vlt tich lien quan din vife sin xuit dd gdm li nhiing bing chdng cho Ihiy ngudi xua d Nam Bd dS biit chi Igo... Dong Nam Bd, cac dyng ey liln quan den vife che tgo dd gfim nhu bin xoa gdm tim thiy chu ylu mgt sd di lich thdi dai tiln sir, nhilu nhit la di tieh Sufii Linh (Dfing Nai) vlt tich lifn quan