Index future outlook 3:15 landscape diversity ecological consequences 3:13 general discussion 3:13 organism spillover 3:13–14 spatial structure 3:14–15, 3:14F nutrient cycling 1:95–97, 1:96F pest control 1:373–385 agricultural intensification effects 1:374–375 agricultural landscapes 1:380–381 background information 1:373–374 conservation biological control 1:382 crop diversity 1:375–376 habitat heterogeneity 1:381–382, 1:381F influencing factors 1:374F multiple trophic levels 1:380 natural enemies hypothesis 1:375–376 natural habitat proximity 1:381 noncrop habitats 1:380–381 noncrop plants 1:376, 1:376F predator diversity 1:376–377 research background 1:373–374 summary discussion 1:382–383 vegetation diversity 1:375–376 planned diversity characteristics 3:9–11, 3:10F host–parasite interactions 3:11–12 pest control 3:11–12 productivity 3:9–11, 3:10F soil processes 3:12 stability 3:9–11 planned versus unplanned biodiversity 1:127F, 3:9, 3:31–34 termites 4:432T unplanned diversity ecological services 3:12–13 pest control 3:12–13 soil processes 3:13 weed management biodiversity effects 4:91–92 chemical weed control 4:88–89 general discussion 4:88 integrated weed management (IWM) 4:88 tools and methodologies 4:88 wildland weed management 4:93–94 agroforestry 2:382–383 biodiversity conservation biodiversity-friendly farming 2:299–300, 2:300 biodiversity stewardship 2:300 conservation approaches 2:298–299 management practices 2:299 biodiversity–ecosystem services relationship 1:346, 2:298–299, 3:345 biodiversity-friendly farming 1:418–429 background information 1:418–419 biodiversity conservation 2:299–300, 2:300 biodiversity stewardship 2:300 disadvantages 2:544 influencing factors 2:544, 2:554F landscape-scale effects general discussion 2:544 landscape connectivity 2:544–545 landscape heterogeneity 2:544 local management strategies chemical use minimization 2:542 crop production 2:542–544 disturbance events 2:542–544 general discussion 1:419–420 livestock grazing 2:542–544 native vegetation benefits 1:419, 1:419–420, 1:419F, 1:420F pest control 2:544 pollination 2:544 shade coffee plantations 1:420–421, 1:421, 1:422F, 1:423F structural complex agricultural areas 1:420–421, 1:421, 1:422F, 1:423F management practices 2:299–300, 2:300 research summary 2:545–546 biodiversity impacts 7:203F biofuel crop production agroenergy sprawl 1:534–535 biodiversity-friendly energy-crop production strategies 1:535–536 biodiversity management strategies 1:533 biodiversity responses 1:529–530, 1:530F first-generation biofuel crops economic importance 1:529T, 1:530 feedstock management 1:530–531 feedstock selection 1:530 second-generation biofuel crops economic importance 1:530F, 1:531–532 native polycultures 1:532–533 perennial monocultures 1:532 short-rotation woody biomass 1:531–532 Chinese Grain-to-Green Program (GTGP) background information 3:379–380 biodiversity/biophysical effects 3:379F, 3:380 future outlook and challenges 3:381–382 program goals 3:379–380 socioeconomic effects 3:380–381, 3:381F spatial distribution 3:376F, 3:379F, 3:380 summary discussion 3:382 commercial farming industry 4:144 crop genetic diversity 1:85–94 agricultural intensification 1:86, 1:122–123, 1:374–375, 4:558, 4:565–566 agrobiodiversity conversation 3:33 basic concepts 1:87–89 commercialization effects general discussion 1:91–92 intensified environments 1:92 non-intensified environments 1:92–93 crop genetic resources 3:39–40 551 genetic narrowing 1:89–90, 1:404–405 genetic trends 1:90 landrace–modern varieties comparisons 1:89 research summary 1:93 seed selection evolution 1:86–87 spatial distribution 1:87–89, 1:88T cropland conversion 3:427, 3:428T, 4:154, 4:665T cropping systems agricultural production–ecosystem maintenance relationships 1:116F animal integration 1:116 bush-fallow rotation systems 1:114–115 ecosystem services 1:114 intercropping 2:382–395 above-ground–below-ground species interactions 2:386 above-ground species interactions 2:386–387 Africa 2:382–383 Asia 2:383, 2:384F below-ground species interactions 2:388–389 crop pest and disease control 2:391 definition 2:382–383 importance 2:382–383 intercropping patterns 2:383 land equivalent ratio (LER) 2:386 Latin America 2:382–383 summary discussion 2:392 yield classifications 2:386 multifunctional agriculture 1:115–117, 1:115F, 1:116F, 1:116T, 1:117F resource conservation 1:113–114 crop plant domestication 2:657–664, 4:279–292 basic concepts 4:279 conscious versus unconscious selection 2:660 crop maintenance 2:660–661 domestication mechanisms 4:280–281 environmental factors 4:285–287, 4:286F evolutionary development African Savanna belt 2:659 East Asia region 2:658–659 fertile crescent region 2:658 founder crops 2:658 pre-Columbian America 2:659 genetic diversity opportunities 4:280–281 genetic drift 4:280F growing purposes 2:661 high care-level plants 4:289T historic land-use patterns 4:570, 4:570F human–crop coevolution 2:657, 4:570, 4:570F indigenous peoples 4:281–285, 4:282F, 4:283F, 4:284F low care-level plants 4:288T management systems 4:287–290, 4:288T, 4:289T, 4:290F native crops 2:662 reproductive isolation 4:281F, 4:285 reproductive systems