656 Index Entomopoxivirinae 5:136 Entoprocta 3:684F entoprocts 4:382F, 5:669–670T Entosiphon 6:293 Environmental Easement Program 3:719 environmental ethics 3:267–277 biodiversity protection 3:309–318 animal rights 3:313–314 basic principles 3:309 conservation biologists personal choices 3:317–318 professional considerations 3:317 role models 3:316–317, 3:317F environmental philosophies deep ecology 3:274–276, 3:275T dominant worldview 3:275T humanism 3:276–277 goals ecological integrity 3:310–311, 3:312F economic factors 3:309–310 long-term healthy ecosystems 3:309–310, 3:310T, 3:311F sustainability 3:311–312 human flourishing artistic expression 3:273, 3:274F general discussion 3:273–274 historical understanding 3:274 life-support systems 3:274 recreational activities 3:273, 3:273F religious inspiration 3:274 scientific knowledge 3:273–274 human obligations 3:271–272 human rights challenges 3:314–315 less-developed countries 3:315–316, 3:316F logging industry–owl population controversy 3:314–315, 3:315F property rights 3:315 intrinsic value anthropocentric denials 3:269 economic arguments 3:267 ethical holism 3:269–270, 3:270F extensionist arguments 3:267–268 nonextensionist arguments 3:268–269, 3:269F management versus nonmanagement 3:312–313, 3:313F religious traditions Asian traditions 6:383–384 Buddhist declaration on nature 3:272, 6:383 Christian declaration on nature 3:272–273, 6:381, 6:381 Hindu declaration on nature 3:273, 6:383 Jewish declaration on nature 3:273, 6:381, 6:382 Muslim declaration on nature 3:273, 6:381, 6:382 pantheistic traditions 6:384–385 stewardship 3:272, 6:381–383 environmental philosophies deep ecology 3:274–276, 3:275T dominant worldview 3:275T humanism 3:276–277 ethical holism 3:269–270, 3:270F human flourishing artistic expression 3:273, 3:274F general discussion 3:273–274 historical understanding 3:274 life-support systems 3:274 recreational activities 3:273, 3:273F religious inspiration 3:274 scientific knowledge 3:273–274 human obligations 3:271–272 intrinsic value anthropocentric denials 3:269 economic arguments 3:267 ethical holism 3:269–270, 3:270F extensionist arguments 3:267–268 nonextensionist arguments 3:268–269, 3:269F religious traditions Asian traditions 6:383–384 Buddhist declaration on nature 3:272, 6:383 Christian declaration on nature 3:272–273, 6:381, 6:381 Hindu declaration on nature 3:273, 6:383 Jewish declaration on nature 3:273, 6:381, 6:382 Muslim declaration on nature 3:273, 6:381, 6:382 pantheistic traditions ecosystem-like concepts and applications 6:386–387, 6:387T indigenous peoples 6:384, 6:384–385 traditional ecological knowledge 6:385 traditional social restraints 6:385–386 research summary 6:387–388 stewardship 3:272, 6:381–383 traditional social protection background information 6:385–386 biological communities/habitat patches 6:386 critical life history stages 6:386 long-lived (K-selected) species 6:386 stewardship 6:386 translocations 7:239 virtue ethics 3:275 environmental impact 3:278–296 biotic impoverishment characteristics 3:279–281, 3:280T direct biotic depletion biotic homogenization 3:284 genetic engineering 3:284–285 habitat fragmentation and destruction 3:283–284 nonhuman life 3:283 overharvesting/overcollecting 3:283 direct degradation of human life cultural diversity loss 3:286 cumulative effects 3:288 emerging and re-emerging diseases 3:285–286 environmental injustice 3:286–287 historical perspective 3:285–286 political instability 3:287–288 quality of life reductions 3:286 indirect biotic depletion altered biogeochemical cycles 3:282 chemical contamination 3:281–282 general discussion 3:280–281 global climate change 3:282–283 soil depletion 3:281 water degradation 3:280–281 causal factors fragmented worldviews 3:288–289 gift economies 3:288–289 historical perspective 3:288–289 overconsumption 3:289–290, 3:290F Development by Design (DbD) 2:495–507 background and characteristics 2:496–497, 2:497F framework and components basic concepts 2:497–498 landscape conservation planning 2:498 mitigation decision-making approaches 2:498–500, 2:499F offset contribution estimation 2:500–503 research summary 2:505–506 residual impact/optimal offset determinations 2:500, 2:501F, 2:502–503F sustainable landscapes 2:503–505, 2:504–505F Wyoming Basins Ecoregion (WBE) study 2:503–505, 2:504–505F research summary 2:505–506 government policies and regulations 3:294–295 human impact timeline 3:278–279 management strategies 3:294–295 measurement and analysis biological assessments 3:292–294, 3:292T, 3:293F, 3:293T ecological footprint analysis (EFA) 3:291–292 environmental quality indicators 3:290–291, 3:291T general sustainability indexes 3:290–291 index of biological integrity (IBI) 3:292–294, 3:292T, 3:293F, 3:293T research summary 3:295–296 risk assessments 3:294–295 single species impacts 3:278 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1:95–97, 4:90–91 Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN) 1:506 environmental stress 7:39–44 assessment measures appraisals 7:42 biomonitoring processes 7:43 early warning 7:43 functional role 7:42 predictions 7:42–43 biospheric life support system 7:43 characteristics 7:39 characterization studies 7:39–40