Index microparasites 2:523–525, 2:524T, 2:525F, 5:657 Microperoryctes murina 4:688 Micropezidae 3:489–491T Microphalloidea 7:439–440T, 7:450–451F, 7:453–454 Microphallus 7:450–451F microphytic soil crusts 6:339 microplankton 4:383T, 4:460, 5:133F Micropogonias undulatus 5:38 Micropterigidae 5:385, 5:386F, 5:388F Micropterigoidea 5:387–388T Micropterus salmoides 3:123T, 3:365F, 4:465, 7:261 microsatellites 3:659, 3:663, 3:671F Microscaphidioidea 7:439–440T, 7:450–451F, 7:454 microsporans 5:660T, 5:669–670T, 5:670 microsporidians 2:524T, 5:669–670T, 6:296–297 Microstegium vimineum 4:94, 6:125 Microterigoidea 5:386F Microtermes 4:409T Microtinae 1:710 microtubules 2:327 Microtus pennsylvanicus 1:365–368 Microviridae 5:134T, 5:136 microwaves 7:297F microwhip scorpions 1:212 microzooplankton eutrophication impacts 3:362 trophic pyramid 4:670–671 Mictacea 2:416–417T Mid-Atlantic Ridge Census of Marine Life project 2:19, 2:20F hydrothermal vent ecosystems biodiversity variability 7:331 biogeographic characterization 7:330 midcontinent North American prairies 6:239 Middle Asian deserts 1:270 Middle East botanical gardens 6:505–506, 6:506T, 6:507F, 6:510T ecosystems conservation status 3:171–173T deserts 2:469–470 land-use trends 4:559F natural history museums and institutions 5:406 parasitic infections 5:671T temperate forests distribution patterns 7:116–117, 7:116T diversity patterns 7:119–121, 7:120F dominant floristic features 7:118 endemism 7:121 physiognomic characterization 7:117 see also Near East ecosystems midges 3:489–491T, 3:492, 4:371–373, 4:371T, 4:374F, 7:389–391 midocean ridges 5:53, 7:327–328, 7:330 midwife toad 4:664 Migidae 1:206 migration 5:309–320 background information 5:309 birds 1:605, 1:605T, 1:614 definitions 5:309–310 distinguishing characteristics 5:310 ecological consequences 5:316–317 evolutionary mechanisms 3:398, 5:310–311 general discussion 5:309 greenhouse effect impacts 4:27, 4:28F human disturbances ecological consequences 5:318 evolutionary consequences 5:318–319 migrant attributes 5:317–318 migratory patterns amphibians 5:315–316 birds 5:311–313 Census of Marine Life 2:7–8, 2:9F, 2:10F fish 5:314–315 general characteristics 5:311–313 insects 5:316 mammals 5:313–314 reptiles 5:315–316 Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918) 3:713T, 3:715–716 migratory songbirds 4:259 Mikado pheasant 7:223 Milankovitch cycles 1:583, 1:585F, 1:586F, 3:422–423, 5:433–434 Milaria calaudra 4:259 Miletinae 1:652 milfoil weevil 4:376 Milichiidae 3:489–491T milieu souterrain superficiel (MSS) 7:51, 7:60 militarization impacts 4:145–146 milkfish 1:190T, 3:464 milk thistle 2:543 milkvetch 2:391 milkweed leaf beetles 5:316 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 6:79, 6:208 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) agrobiodiversity valuation 3:35–36 background information 4:324–325 conservation planning 6:263–265 desertification 6:79–84 ecosystem services basic concepts 7:315–316 classifications 3:96, 3:97F climate change effects 2:79–80 conservation planning 6:263–265 desertification 2:490T historical background 3:99 marine ecosystems 5:451–452 plant conservation 6:79–84 sustainable agriculture 1:114 urban–suburban biodiversity 7:305–306 valuation measures 7:168–169 endangered ecosystems 3:170, 3:284 environmental ethics 3:276 environmental impact assessments 3:293 global agriculture 3:430–431, 3:431T urban–suburban biodiversity 7:305–306 Millennium Seed Bank 4:328, 6:63, 6:86 Millepora boschmai 3:202T Miller, Stanley 5:630–631 739 millet 2:383, 2:659, 2:663, 3:32F millipedes characteristics 4:392 developmental modes 5:426F endangered species 3:226 geographic distribution endemism 5:428 environmental characteristics 5:427–428 Eurasia 5:427F hotspots 5:429 islands 5:429 regionalization 5:428–429, 5:429T speciation 5:428 habitats and adaptations burrowing myriapods 5:430 evolutionary development 5:429–430 open-country myriapods 5:430 special habitat myriapods 5:430–431 invasive species 3:222 morphology 5:423–424 number of species 5:427T soil fauna 6:590T Milne-Edwards’ sifaka 6:256–258T milpa 7:232 Milvago chimango 1:624 Milvus migrans 5:474 Mimallonoidea 5:387–388T Mimeutermes 4:409T mimicry beetles 1:329 butterflies basic concepts 1:656 Batesian mimicry 1:656 diversity considerations 1:656657 Muăllerian mimicry 1:656 Mimidae 6:308T Mimiviridae 5:130F, 5:134T, 5:135 Mimosa 1:69 Mimosaceae 3:129T Mimosa pigra 1:165, 4:353–354, 4:354F, 4:364–365, 6:94 Mimulus cupriphilis 6:625 Mimulus guttatus 4:115, 6:625 mineral leases 2:497F mineral oils 5:694 mineral weathering 3:90T mining impacts Australian reforestation programs 6:378 biodiversity impacts 3:257–259, 7:203F Brazilian reforestation programs 6:377–378 habitat alteration 4:154 protected area systems 6:499 minisatellites 3:663 minito del monte 4:687T mink adipose tissue 7:34F introduced species 1:79, 3:192, 4:357, 4:362 skull size comparisons 1:692F species diversity 1:685 wetland ecosystems 7:390 minke whales 3:192–193, 5:88–89 minnows 1:10T, 6:479